畜禽粪便中铜、锌、砷在土壤—蔬菜系统的迁移和富集
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摘要
规模化畜禽养殖业快速发展，随之产生大量畜禽粪便，已成为我国农村主要的面源污染物，将畜禽粪便通过生物发酵生产有机肥料并用于农田是治理畜禽粪便污染、提高土壤肥力的重要途径。然而，随着含高Cu、高Zn、高As等饲料添加剂在畜禽养殖中的广泛使用，加之畜禽对微量元素的低利用率，导致畜禽粪便的重金属污染。本研究在对福建省4种主要禽畜粪便(猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪和鸭粪)的基本性状及重金属含量进行分析测试的基础上，研究了猪粪中Cu、Zn、As在土壤-蔬菜系统的迁移和富集。主要结果如下：
(1)畜禽粪便中含有丰富的有机质及营养元素，4种畜禽粪便的有机质、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn和B的全量变幅分别为340.81～751.25g·kg~(-1)、6.97～48.02g·kg~(-1)、8.82～89.81g·kg~(-1)、3.84～16.45g·kg~(-1)、3.12～37.67g·kg~(-1)、4.12～18.21g·kg~(-2)、1281.71～6999.55mg·kg~(-1)、105.15～676.09mg·kg~(-1)和3.52～53.38mg·kg~(-1)。从平均含量看，4种畜禽粪便中猪粪和鸡粪的养分较高。
(2) 4种畜禽粪便均存在Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Cr和Pb中一种或几种重金属的超标问题，其中以猪粪Cu、Zn、As超标最为严重。参照我国“农用污泥中污染物控制标准”(GB4284-84)和德国“腐熟堆肥中部分重金属限量标准”，猪粪中Cu含量的超标率为93.56％～98.39％，Zn含量的超标率为91.94％～95.16％，参照我国“有机肥料行业标准”(NY525-2002)，猪粪As含量的超标率为38.71％。
(3)土壤Cu全量、有效态含量和菜心Cu含量随猪粪施用量增加而提高。施用猪粪明显降低了土壤残留态Cu含量，提高了土壤交换态、松结有机态、紧结有机态和固体颗粒态Cu含量，其中尤以交换态、松结有机态Cu的增加最为明显。菜心Cu含量与土壤各形态Cu含量的逐步回归分析表明，交换态和松结有机态Cu是菜心吸收Cu的主要来源。
(4)施用猪粪可明显提高土壤Zn全量、有效态含量及菜心Zn含量，连续2茬施用猪粪达到或超过40g·kg~(-1)时，土壤和菜心均出现Zn污染。施用猪粪提高了土壤的松结有机态、紧结有机态和固体颗粒态Zn的含量，而交换态和残留态随猪粪用量的增加而出现下降趋势。菜心Zn含量与土壤各形态Zn含量的逐步回归分析表明，交换态和松结有机态Zn是菜心吸收Zn的主要来源。猪粪处理土壤的松结有机态Zn的含量和分配系数均高于交换态Zn，尤其是猪粪施用量大的处理差异就更加明显，表明松结有机态Zn对提高菜心Zn的贡献远高于交换态Zn。
(5)施用猪粪明显提高了土壤As全量、有效态含量和菜心As含量。相关分析表明，菜心As含量与土壤有效态As含量具有极显著的正相关，表明施用猪粪提高土壤有效态As含量是菜心As含量增加的原因。
With the rapid development of scale livestock and poultry industry, large amounts of manure is generated, which has become a main surface source pollutant of the countryside in China. It is an important method for governing the livestock and poultry excrement pollution, and enhancing the soil fertility by producing and applying the organic fertilizer treated with biological fermentation in the farmland. However, the widely use of the feed additive which includes the high-copper、high-zinc、high-arsenic in poultry cultivation ,as well as the low use factor of livestock and poultry, causes the heavy metal pollution in the livestock and poultry excrement. After analyzing the basic character and the heavy metal content of the 4 kinds of main livestock and poultry excrement (pig, cattle, chicken and duck dung) in Fujian Province, this article has further studied the move and concentrate of copper, zinc, arsenic in the pig excrement in the soil-vegetables system. The Main result as follows:
(1) The livestock and poultry excrement were rich in organic materials and the nutritive elements, the content of organic materials, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese ,boron was in range of 340．81～751．25g·kg, 6．97～48．02g·kg, 8．82～89．81g·kg,3．84～16．45g·kg,3．12～37．67g·kg,4．12～18．21g·kg,1281．71～6999．55mg·k g,105．15～676．09mg·kg,3．52～53．38mg·kg respectively in four kinds of livestock and poultry excrement. According to the average content, the content of nutrient in the pig and chicken manure were higher than that in the others.
(2) There was one or more kinds of heavy metal (copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead) exceeded heavy metals limitation in the four kinds of livestock and poultry excrement, and the exceed heavy metals limitation standard of copper, zinc, arsenic in the pig excrement were the most serious. In reference to GB4284-84 for the control agriculture pollutant standard in China and the heavy metals limitations standard of mature compost in Germany, about 93．56%～98．39% and 91．94%～95．16% of copper and zinc in the pig excrement exceeded the heavy metals limitation standard respectively. According to NY525-2002 of organic fertilizer industry standard in China, the exceeded percentage of arsenic was 38．71%in pig excrement.
(3) The content of total and extractable copper in soil and copper content in Brassica campestris increased with the by the application quantity of pig dung increased. Applicationof pig dung significantly declined the content of residual fraction of copper in soil, whileenhanced the content of exchangeable, organically complex, organically bound, solidparticulate, and the exchangeable, organically complex copper were especially significantlyincreased. Stepwise regression analysis between copper content in Brassica campestris andvarious fraction of copper in soil showed that copper in Brassica campestris mostly camefrom the exchangeable and organically complex.
(4) Concentration of total zinc, extractable zinc in soil and content of zinc in Brassicacampestris were increased by application of pig dung. When the application quantity of pigdung is 40g·kg or above, both the soil and Brassica campestris would be polluted by zinc.The content of organically complex zinc, organically bound zinc, solid particulate increasedby application of pig dung, when the content of residual fraction and exchangeable zincdecreased with the quantity of application pig dung increased. Stepwise regression analysisbetween zinc content in Brassica campestris and various fraction of zinc in soil showed thatexchangeable and organically complex zinc were the main source of zinc in Brassicacampestris. The content and partition ratio of organically complex zinc in the soil applied pigdung were higher than that of exchangeable zinc, the discrepancy was especially obvious inthe treatments which were applied large quantity of pig dung. Therefore, it could beconcluded that organically complex zinc contributed more for the zinc content of Brassicacampestris than that of exchangeable zinc.
(5) The content of total and extractable arsenic in soil as well as the content of arsenic inBrassica campestris increased by application of pig dung. Correlation analysis showed thatthe arsenic content in Brassica campestris had positively significant positive correlation withthe content of extractable arsenic in soil, which indicated that the increasing of the content ofextractable arsenic in soil coursed by application of pig dung made the increasing of thearsenic content in Brassica campestris.
(1)畜禽粪便中含有丰富的有机质及营养元素，4种畜禽粪便的有机质、N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn和B的全量变幅分别为340.81～751.25g·kg~(-1)、6.97～48.02g·kg~(-1)、8.82～89.81g·kg~(-1)、3.84～16.45g·kg~(-1)、3.12～37.67g·kg~(-1)、4.12～18.21g·kg~(-2)、1281.71～6999.55mg·kg~(-1)、105.15～676.09mg·kg~(-1)和3.52～53.38mg·kg~(-1)。从平均含量看，4种畜禽粪便中猪粪和鸡粪的养分较高。
(2) 4种畜禽粪便均存在Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Cr和Pb中一种或几种重金属的超标问题，其中以猪粪Cu、Zn、As超标最为严重。参照我国“农用污泥中污染物控制标准”(GB4284-84)和德国“腐熟堆肥中部分重金属限量标准”，猪粪中Cu含量的超标率为93.56％～98.39％，Zn含量的超标率为91.94％～95.16％，参照我国“有机肥料行业标准”(NY525-2002)，猪粪As含量的超标率为38.71％。
(3)土壤Cu全量、有效态含量和菜心Cu含量随猪粪施用量增加而提高。施用猪粪明显降低了土壤残留态Cu含量，提高了土壤交换态、松结有机态、紧结有机态和固体颗粒态Cu含量，其中尤以交换态、松结有机态Cu的增加最为明显。菜心Cu含量与土壤各形态Cu含量的逐步回归分析表明，交换态和松结有机态Cu是菜心吸收Cu的主要来源。
(4)施用猪粪可明显提高土壤Zn全量、有效态含量及菜心Zn含量，连续2茬施用猪粪达到或超过40g·kg~(-1)时，土壤和菜心均出现Zn污染。施用猪粪提高了土壤的松结有机态、紧结有机态和固体颗粒态Zn的含量，而交换态和残留态随猪粪用量的增加而出现下降趋势。菜心Zn含量与土壤各形态Zn含量的逐步回归分析表明，交换态和松结有机态Zn是菜心吸收Zn的主要来源。猪粪处理土壤的松结有机态Zn的含量和分配系数均高于交换态Zn，尤其是猪粪施用量大的处理差异就更加明显，表明松结有机态Zn对提高菜心Zn的贡献远高于交换态Zn。
(5)施用猪粪明显提高了土壤As全量、有效态含量和菜心As含量。相关分析表明，菜心As含量与土壤有效态As含量具有极显著的正相关，表明施用猪粪提高土壤有效态As含量是菜心As含量增加的原因。
With the rapid development of scale livestock and poultry industry, large amounts of manure is generated, which has become a main surface source pollutant of the countryside in China. It is an important method for governing the livestock and poultry excrement pollution, and enhancing the soil fertility by producing and applying the organic fertilizer treated with biological fermentation in the farmland. However, the widely use of the feed additive which includes the high-copper、high-zinc、high-arsenic in poultry cultivation ,as well as the low use factor of livestock and poultry, causes the heavy metal pollution in the livestock and poultry excrement. After analyzing the basic character and the heavy metal content of the 4 kinds of main livestock and poultry excrement (pig, cattle, chicken and duck dung) in Fujian Province, this article has further studied the move and concentrate of copper, zinc, arsenic in the pig excrement in the soil-vegetables system. The Main result as follows:
(1) The livestock and poultry excrement were rich in organic materials and the nutritive elements, the content of organic materials, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese ,boron was in range of 340．81～751．25g·kg, 6．97～48．02g·kg, 8．82～89．81g·kg,3．84～16．45g·kg,3．12～37．67g·kg,4．12～18．21g·kg,1281．71～6999．55mg·k g,105．15～676．09mg·kg,3．52～53．38mg·kg respectively in four kinds of livestock and poultry excrement. According to the average content, the content of nutrient in the pig and chicken manure were higher than that in the others.
(2) There was one or more kinds of heavy metal (copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead) exceeded heavy metals limitation in the four kinds of livestock and poultry excrement, and the exceed heavy metals limitation standard of copper, zinc, arsenic in the pig excrement were the most serious. In reference to GB4284-84 for the control agriculture pollutant standard in China and the heavy metals limitations standard of mature compost in Germany, about 93．56%～98．39% and 91．94%～95．16% of copper and zinc in the pig excrement exceeded the heavy metals limitation standard respectively. According to NY525-2002 of organic fertilizer industry standard in China, the exceeded percentage of arsenic was 38．71%in pig excrement.
(3) The content of total and extractable copper in soil and copper content in Brassica campestris increased with the by the application quantity of pig dung increased. Applicationof pig dung significantly declined the content of residual fraction of copper in soil, whileenhanced the content of exchangeable, organically complex, organically bound, solidparticulate, and the exchangeable, organically complex copper were especially significantlyincreased. Stepwise regression analysis between copper content in Brassica campestris andvarious fraction of copper in soil showed that copper in Brassica campestris mostly camefrom the exchangeable and organically complex.
(4) Concentration of total zinc, extractable zinc in soil and content of zinc in Brassicacampestris were increased by application of pig dung. When the application quantity of pigdung is 40g·kg or above, both the soil and Brassica campestris would be polluted by zinc.The content of organically complex zinc, organically bound zinc, solid particulate increasedby application of pig dung, when the content of residual fraction and exchangeable zincdecreased with the quantity of application pig dung increased. Stepwise regression analysisbetween zinc content in Brassica campestris and various fraction of zinc in soil showed thatexchangeable and organically complex zinc were the main source of zinc in Brassicacampestris. The content and partition ratio of organically complex zinc in the soil applied pigdung were higher than that of exchangeable zinc, the discrepancy was especially obvious inthe treatments which were applied large quantity of pig dung. Therefore, it could beconcluded that organically complex zinc contributed more for the zinc content of Brassicacampestris than that of exchangeable zinc.
(5) The content of total and extractable arsenic in soil as well as the content of arsenic inBrassica campestris increased by application of pig dung. Correlation analysis showed thatthe arsenic content in Brassica campestris had positively significant positive correlation withthe content of extractable arsenic in soil, which indicated that the increasing of the content ofextractable arsenic in soil coursed by application of pig dung made the increasing of thearsenic content in Brassica campestris.
引文
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