摘要
本实验的目的是研究热敏性饲料添加剂维生素和酶制剂等的乳状液的配制,筛选出热敏性饲料添加剂维生素和酶制剂等的乳状液真空喷涂于硬颗粒饲料的最佳工艺参数。实验的主要研究内容是:(1)影响热敏性添加剂液体组分真空喷渗于颗粒饲料内深度等因素即它们的优化;(2)热敏性添加剂维生素K_3、植酸酶混合乳化液的最佳配比;(3)通过正交试验筛选出硬粒饲料的热敏性添加剂乳化液的真空喷涂最佳工艺参数组合;(4)真空喷涂产品的储藏、运输稳定性的研究。
实验结果表明:(1)对硬颗粒饲料的维生素K_3、植酸酶溶液真空喷涂参数即真空度、液体添加量,释压时间、混合时间对最终喷渗深度的影响均不显著。真空喷涂最佳工艺参数为液体添加量135 ml/2kg,真空度0.046 MPa,混合时间5 min,释压时间40 s,此工艺参数下的颗粒喷涂深度为0.1270 mm。(2)硬颗粒饲料在外加压力真空喷涂热敏性添加剂水溶液的渗透深度整体有提高。外加压真空喷涂的最佳工艺参数为真空度为0.080 MPa,液体添加量为120ml/2kg,释压时间为35s,混合时间为5 min,在此工艺下的喷涂深度为0.150 mm;(3)维生素K_3和植酸酶混合乳化液的乳化剂最佳组合是单甘酯、司盘60和大豆卵磷酯,三者之间的比例为4:9:1,且油水比例为1:1;(4)维生素K_3、植酸酶混合乳化液真空喷涂技术的因素实验表明:喷涂液体添加量、真空度、释压时间对喷涂均匀度和热敏性添加剂损失率的均有影响,其中喷涂液体添加量对热敏性添加剂乳化液喷涂均匀度和热敏性添加剂损失率的影响最大。(5)热敏性添加剂乳化液真空喷涂的最佳工艺参数是:液体温度为50℃,真空度为0.050 MPa,液体添加量为120 ml/2kg,释压时间为130 s,混合时间为5 min。
The aim of the experiment is to study the emulsion confecting parameters with heat labile feed additives, such as vitamins and enzymes, and the optimal vacuum infusion parameters of vitamin K_3 and phytase emulsion into hard pellets. The main study contents are: (1) The factors influencing the infiltration depth of the liquid thermo-sensitive feed additives into hard pellets, and the optimization of these parameters. (2) The optimal proportion of the emulsion ingredients including the emulsifiers, and oil and water ratio. (3) Screening of the optimal vacuum infusion parameters of vitamin K_3-phytase emulsions. (4) The storage and transportation stability of the heat sensitive additives of the vacuum coated products.
The results showed that: All the factors including liquid volume, vacuum pressure, release time, and mixture time have no significant influence on the final infusion depth of vacuum coated liquid. The best vacuum infusion parameters are: liquid volume: 135 ml/2kg, vacuum pressure: 0.046 MPa, mixing time: 5 min and vacuum release time: 40 s. The depth of infiltration under this process condition is 0.127 mm. (2) When the additional spray pressure added, the infiltration depth of feed additives aqueous solution was enhanced. The best process parameter for penetration is that: liquid volume: 120 ml/2kg, vacuum pressure: 0.080 MPa, mixing time: 5 min and vacuum release time: 35 s, and the depth of infiltration under this process condition is 0.151 mm. (3) The best compounding ratio of the emulsifiers in the emulsions of vitamin K_3 and phytase is that monoglyceride: Span60: phosphatidylcholine = 4:9:1, and the better oil to water ratio in the emulsion is 1:1. (4) The experiment of vacuum infusion of emulsion to hard pellets showed that: liquid dosing, vacuum pressure and release time all had effects on spraying uniformity and lost rate of vitamin K_3 and phytase. Liquid volume had the biggest effect. (5) The optimal vacuum infusion parameter of thermo-sensitive feed additives emulsion were that: liquid dosing: 120 ml/2kg; liquid temperature: 50℃; vacuum pressure: 0.050 MPa; mixing time: 5 min; release time: 130 s.
引文
[1]彭建林,叶彩芳.饲料热敏性组分在加工中的损失及其后添加技术[J].上海农业科技, 2003(2):46~48
[2]王卫国,杨洋等.水产膨化颗粒饲料的加工质量分析[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2003(5): 19~20
[3]冯毛,王卫国,于海洋.饲用纤维素酶热稳定性研究[J].饲料工业, 2006, 27(10): 21~22
[4]刘志成,王卫国. VC-2-三聚磷酸酯热稳定性研究[J].饲料工业, 2006, 27(4):46~47
[5]徐学明.饲料热敏性组分在加工中的损失及其后添加技术[J].中国饲料, 2002 (6):20~22
[6] Barrett A H. Maximizing caloric density by vacuum infusion for porous foods [J]. Activities Report of the R&D Associates, 1987, 38: 56~62
[7]董颖超,秦玉昌,等.颗粒饲料中真空后喷涂添加芽孢杆菌的实验研究[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2007, 12:23~24
[8]李俊.颗粒饲料液体真空后喷涂工艺的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2001
[9]董颖超,秦玉昌等.真空后喷涂技术在颗粒饲料中添加微生态制剂的应用[J].中国饲料, 2008, 4:37~41
[10]钱云霞.维生素K对鱼类的营养作用[J].水利渔业, 2003, 23(6):58~59
[11]杨凤主编.动物营养学.中国农业出版社, 2003
[12]赵宝森,李相安,等.种鸡维生素缺乏原因及新的解决方案[J].山东畜牧兽医, 2008, 29(8):23~24
[13]李北.产蛋高峰后提高蛋鸡效益的措施[J].河南畜牧兽医, 2004, 25(12):50
[14] Poston HA. Effect of dietary vitamin K and sulfa guanidine on blood coagulation time, micro hematocrit, and growth of immature brook trout. Prog [J]. Fish-Cult, 1964, 26: 59-64
[15] Grail-Madsen E&Lie Q. Effects of different levels of vitamin K in diets for cod (Gadus morhua) [J]. Aquaculture 1997, 151:269~274
[16] Taveekijakarn P, Miyazaki T, Matsumoto M, AraiS. Studies on vitamin K deficiency in amago salmon, Oncorhynchus rhodurus(Jordan & McGregpor). Fish Dis, 1996, 19: 209~214
[17] Udagawa M& Hirose K. Physiological abnormality and the tissue vitamin K level of mummichog Fundulus heteroclitusfed with a vitamin K free diet [J]. FisheriesSci.1998, 64 :612~616
[18] Kitamura S, Susa T, O’Hara S, Nakagawa K. Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow trout-Ⅱ. The deficiency symptoms of fourteen kinds of vitamin [J]. Nippon Suisan Gakka -ishi, 1967, 33:1120~1125
[19]蒋明,王卫民,等.维生素K3对草鱼生长、体成分和凝血时间的影响[J].淡水渔业, 2007, 37(2):61~64
[20]陈璎.金亚颖母猪日粮中添加维生素K对母猪及仔猪生产性能的影响[J].浙江畜兽医, 1993, 4: 3
[21]王明江,王新均,等.硝苯吡啶与维生素K3对家兔输尿动作电位和尿流量影响的实验研究[J].中国应用生理学杂志, 2007, 23(1):50~65
[22] Foveau S. Effects of calcium, channel blockers and bay k8644 on contractions induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation of isolated bladder muscle from rabbit and man [J]. J Ural, 1987, 137(4): 798
[23]袁苏徐.钙离子对维生素K3镇痛作用的影响[J].苏州医学院学报, 1994, 14(1): 8~9
[24]董亮,张汝化.维生素K治疗肾输尿管绞痛疗效观察[J].现代医药卫生, 2001, 17(12):1046~1046
[25]赵新华.维生素K与骨代谢[M].国外医学卫生学分册, 1998, 25(6):363~367
[26] Udagawa M. The effect of dietary vitamin K (Phylloquinone and menadione) levels on the vertebral formation in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus [J]. Fisheries Science, 2001, 67:104~113
[27]刘德忠.新型酶制剂—植酸酶的应用与开发[J].饲料工业,1998, 19(3):19~20
[28]于旭华,冯定远.植酸的抗营养特性和植酸酶的应用[J].中国饲料,2003, 8(9):16~18
[29] L Barrientos, J J Scott, P P Murthy. Specificity of hydrolysis of physic acid by alkaline phytase from lily pollen[J]. Plant Physiology, 1994, 106(4):1489~1495
[30]汪世华,吕茂洲,等.植酸酶的现状及其研究进展[J].广州食品工业科技, 2002, 18(1):54~57
[31]黄慧,宋代军.植酸酶的研究进展及应用[J].添加剂与预混料, 2006, 27(3): 27~29
[32]刘林.植酸酶基因分子改造研究进展及其应用前景展望[J].经营管理者, 2009(11):14
[33]王康宁,方热军.植物性饲料中植酸磷和植酸酶的研究进展[J].中国饲料, 2002(20):4~6
[34]姚斌,范云六.植酸酶的分子生物学与基因工程[J].生物工程学报, 2000, 16(1): 1~5
[35]郭松林.植酸酶营养学研究近况[J].上海饲料, 2000(5):24~27
[36]李路胜,冯定远.饲料添加剂植酸酶的特性[J].饲料工业, 2001(11):45~47
[37] L.G. Young, M.Leunissen, J.L.Atkinson. Addition of microbial phytase to diets of young pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1993, 71:2147~2150
[38] John Goihl. Phytase effects on mineral utilization in weaning pigs explored[J]. Feedstuffs, 1996, 1:15
[39]代发文,周响艳,等.植酸酶在饲料中的应用研究进展[J].饲料工业, 2007, 28 (4): 20~22
[40]程万莲,林东康,贾晓燕,等.植物性植酸酶对蛋鸡生长性能的影响和营养物质的利用情况[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2005, 2:35~36
[41]吴东,程广龙,等.植酸酶对肉鸡生产性能及钙、磷代谢影响的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2004, 3:40~42
[42] Schafer A, Kopper W M. Effect of a microbial phytase on the utilization of native phosphorusby carp in a diet based on soybean meal[J]. Water Science and Technology, 1995, 31:149~155
[43] Riche M, brown P B. Availability of phosphorus from feed stuffs fed to rainbow trout [J]. Aquaculture, 1996, 142:269~282
[44]王正凯,杨智辉.植酸酶在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中的应用[J].中国饲料, 1998, 9(1): 19
[45]余丰年,王道尊.植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及饲料中磷利用率的影响[J].中国水产科学, 2000, 7(2): 109~111
[46]刘春雪,等.微生物植酸酶在水产饲料中的应用[J].中国饲料, 2003(19):23~24
[47]占海红,高春生,杜明山等.植酸酶对黄河鲤鱼生长性能及植酸磷代谢的影响[J].河南水产, 2004, 3: 31~33
[48]赵红霞,吴建开,等.南美白对虾营养与饲料研究进展1[J].饲料研究, 2006(5):46~51
[49]赵红霞,吴建开,等.南美白对虾营养与饲料研究进展2[J]. 2006(6): 44~47
[50]葛建东,杨凌.饲料工艺对预混料中维生素的影响[J].饲料研究, 1998, 1:15~– 17
[51]史文超,金征宇.膨化饲料中热敏感物质的后添加工艺[J].中国饲料, 2000, 8:22~23
[52] Van der poet,Expander processing and feed additives stability, Feed Milling international,1997(7)
[53] M. B.Coelho, Effects of processing and storage on Vitamin stability, Food Inter- nation al, 1991(12)
[54]吴德胜.饲料加工新动势—液体喷涂机器技术[J].饲料广角, 2001(9):45~47
[55] M.B.Coelho, Fate of vitamins in premixes and feeds, Feed Management, 1991,42(10):24~35
[56] Coman W D, Beford M R, Sliversides F G. Process sability and methods of detection of feed eazymes incomplete diets [J]. CAB International, 1993, 14(11):23~26
[57] Inborr J. Enzymes in monogastric feeding [J].Agriculture Food industry Hi Tech, 1994(2):45~48
[58] Israelsen M,Jacobsen E,Hansen I D. High product temperature key to salmonella control[J]. Feedstuffs, 1995(9): 23~26
[59] M.Israelsen,Effects on pellet quality,starch and phytase, Feed International,1995(7)
[60] Vesa Nissinon, Enzymes& Processing, International Milling Flour&Foed, 1994(5)
[61] Clayton Gill,Errect of expander processing: what happens to microingredients [J]. Feed International,1997(9)
[62] Dvorakova, J., Volfova, O. and Kpoeck, J. Characterisation of phytase produced by Asperillus niger[J]. Folia Microbiology, 1997, 42:349~352
[63]周岩民.加工工艺过程对饲料养分及动物生产性能的影响[J].饲料工业, 199920(5):
[64]邓春来,邓斌,张曦.热敏性营养素在饲料加工中的损失及其后添加方法[J].工艺与设备, 2004(4):39~40
[65] Gill, C. Lobop Vacuum infusion:Cut to the core[J]. Feed Mangement, 2000b, 51(6):21~26
[66] Cvlayton Gvill. Keeping Enzyme Dosing Simple[J]. Feed International, 1999(10): 32~38
[67]程忠刚,林映才,等.复合维生素添加剂的稳定性及品质保护[J].粮油食品科技, 2002, 10(5): 33~35
[68] Sio Zwart. Concerns in phytase use [J]. Feed Tech, 2006, (10):26~28
[69] BestP. Danish Innovation.Spraying vitamin son to pellets [J]. Feed International, 1999, 20 (9):39~46
[70]王杭.颗粒和膨化饲料的后置添加技术及装备[J].粮食与饲料工业, 1997(1): 31~32
[71]李俊.颗粒饲料液体真空后喷涂工艺的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 1998
[72] YeboLi, JunLi, ZheLiu, etal. Vacuum coating of heat sensitive liquiding redientin to feed pellets [J]. SAE Meeting Presentation, Paper Number: 01-6008
[73]李军国,任广跃,牛力斌等.液体饲料添加剂真空后喷涂工艺技术研究[J].饲料工业, 2003, 24(11): 7~10
[74]王卫国,杨洋,左朝晖.液体饲料组分真空喷涂技术进展[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2003(12): 42~44
[75] Lobo, P. Enzyme addition Q&A: Experts answer eleven common questions[J]. Feedmanagement, 2001, 52(2):25~27
[76] Clayton Gill. Vacuum infusion: Cut to the core[J]. Feed Management, 2000, 51(6):21~26
[77]李吕木.饲料生产中的后置添加技术与真空喷涂[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2004(6): 31~32
[78]文怀兴,等.蜜饯食品的真空加工技术[J].食品加工工业, 2000(2):48~49
[79]徐成海.真空千燥设备[J] .粮食与饲料工业, 1995, 1(1): 21~29
[80]刘谦.传递过程原理.北京:高等教育出版社,1990
[81] R.B.基伊.干燥原理及其应用.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社, 1986
[82] A.L莱德森.工程传质.北京:烃加工出版社, 1988
[83] R. B.伯德等.传递现象.北京,化学工业出版社, 1990
[84] W.J.比克等.传递现象.北京:化学工业出版社, 1983
[85] Roundtable on micro liquid proportioning. Feed International, 1996, 17(8):30~34
[86]冯秋兰,杨毅.真空饲料喷涂机简介[J].渔业现代化, 2005, 1:45~46.
[87]尤海明.颗粒饲料真空喷涂系统设计和研究[J].广东饲料, 2001, 10(6):26~28
[88]程秀花,葛东升.真空后喷涂技术及其设备[J].粮食加工, 2005, 5:39~40
[89]冯毛.颗粒饲料纤维素酶真空喷涂技术的研究[D].郑州:河南工业大学,2002
[90]曾广厅.液体饲料组分真空后喷涂技术的研究进展[J].饲料工业, 2005, 26(10):34~38
[91] Member of the matador group, vacuum coater for extreme product quality[J]. Fe ed International, 2000(3):22~28
[92]邓君明,张曦,等.液体饲料补充料真空后喷涂技术的研究[J].饲料广角, 2004, 2:24~27
[93]彭永康,李永华.颗粒饲料表面油脂喷涂技术[J].广东饲料, 2001, 10(2):18~19
[94]吴德胜.液体喷涂技术[J] .饲料广角, 2001(9):22~23
[95] Eric Aicher. Post-pelleting liquid systems for enzymes. Grain And Feed Milling Technolo -gy/June-July, 2001, 46(6), 11~13
[96]杜宗亮,韩有文.膨化加工对饲料生物学特性的影响[J].饲料博览, 1998, 10(4): 12~14
[97]曹建明.喷雾学研究的国际进展[J].长安大学学报, 2005, 25(1): 82~87
[98] Marett BH. Simulation of the Vacuum Infusion Process Using Idealized Components: Effects of Pore Size and Suspension Concentration[J]. Feed international, 2001, (5):11~17
[99]杨洋.液态维生素真空喷涂技术的研究[D].郑州:郑州工程学院,2004.
[100]刘志成.维生素C聚磷酸酯真空喷涂技术的研究[D].郑州:河南工业大学,2005
[101]李古军,王卫国,等.膨化颗粒饲料维生素K3乳状液的真空喷涂技术研究[J].饲料工业2008 , 29(7):25~27
[102]杨帆,王卫国,等. V_C在膨化颗粒饲料中的真空喷涂工艺参数研究[J].新饲料, 2008, 3:11~13
[103]杨炳南,唐金秋.水产饲料生产新技术及装备[J].渔业现代化, 2002, 5:24~28
[104] Dabrowska H, Dabrowski K, Meyer-Burgdorff K, et al. The effect of large doses of vitamin C and magnesium on stress responses in common carp[J]. Comparative Bioc- hemistry and Physiology , 1991, 99:681~685
[105] Dunier M , Vergnet C. Effect of lindane exposure on rainbow trout immunity :ⅣPrevention of nonspecific and specific immunosuppression by dietary Vitamin C[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental safty, 1995, 30(3):259~268
[106] Blom J H. Dabrowski K. Ascorbic acid metabolism in fish is there a maternal effect on the proegeny[J]. Aquaculture, 1996, 147:215~224
[107] Dabrowski K, Ciereszko A. Ascorbic acid protects again smile infertility in a teleost fish [J]. Experiential, 1996, 52:97~100
[108]赵宏科,王卫国,等.真空包膜对膨化颗粒饲料油脂溶失的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业, 2008, 4:27~28
[109]翟洪玲,王红英,等.对颗粒饲料真空后喷涂液体维生素的试验研究[J].农业工程学报, 2005, 21(12):89~92
[110]李古军.膨化饲料维生素K3真空喷涂技术研究[D].郑州:河南工业大学,2008
[111]李言波.膨化饲料液体植酸酶水溶液真空喷涂技术的研究[D].郑州:河南工业大学, 2009
[112]许正.成型饲料液体真空喷涂技术[J]粮食与饲料工业, 2001(1):19~20
[113]林英庭.乳化剂在仔猪饲料中的应用效果及其影响因素[J]. 2008, 29(12):1~2
[114]赵晨伟,过世东.水产饲料外喷涂悬浮液化学稳定性的研究[J].中国粮油学报, 2006, 12(3):434~438
[115]王卫国,杨洋.膨化颗粒饲料真空喷涂油、水的工艺参数研究[J].中国粮油学报, 2005, 20(4): 23~25