论伍慧明《骨》中华裔美国女性身份建构模式
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摘要
伍慧明是继汤亭亭、谭恩美之后备受关注的新生代美国华裔作家。1993年，她发表了处女作《骨》，这部作品得到了学术界以及广大读者的一致好评。同其它很多华裔小说或移民作品一样，它探究了少数族裔的文化身份问题。在《骨》中，伍慧明描述了处于东西方两种文化冲突中的第二代华裔美国女性所经历的身份危机以及寻求自我身份的不同经历，再现了中国城里的华裔美国人的生活。《骨》被认为是华裔美国文学中的杰出作品。
本文在总结和梳理现有对《骨》这部小说研究成果的基础上，综合运用霍米·巴巴后殖民理论中的翻译理论、流散理论和女性主义理论，分析第二代华裔美国女性在文化冲突中，通过文化翻译、自我流放以及消解性别的二元对立来完成其女性自我身份建构的不同模式。本论文首先，根据女性主义理论，分析了叛逆者安娜，以生命为代价抵抗父权制，诉求自身女性主体的历程；其次，运用离散理论探讨了移动者尼娜通过自我流放、穿梭于不同文化之间进而解构了宿主国文化和母国文化的二元对立，在霍米·巴巴的第三空间内建构了流动性的华裔美国人的身份。再次，通过运用霍米·巴巴文化翻译理论，研究了小说中的主人公莱拉在“第三空间”中对两种对立的文化进行了翻译、协商，由此，消解其面临的二元文化对立以及自我分裂，完成了其华裔美国女性主体性身份的构建。
本论文通过对小说中第二代华裔美国女性身份建构模式的分析，旨在揭示文化翻译、离散、以及消解性别二元对立对于少数族裔女性的文化身份及其主体性身份构建的有效性。论文论证了在文化、性别的二元对立中，华裔美国族裔女性从迷茫、自我分裂到最后在霍米巴巴的“第三空间”里通过文化翻译、消解性别的二元对立而建构华裔美国女性主体性自我身份的过程和不同模式。通过辩证分析证明伍慧明的《骨》为美国少数族裔女性提供了摆脱二元文化以及性别对立的束缚，在第三空间内确立女性自我主体性、实现文化身份的认同与建构的有效途径。
Fae Myenne Ng is one of the noted Chinese American novelists after Maxine Hong Kingston, Amy Tan, and others. Her debut novel, Bone came into publication in1993and it has received great attention in academic circles and high praise from readers. Like many other Chinese American fiction and immigrant works, Bone represents a vivid portrait of life in Chinatown, and the identity crisis caused by the cultural conflicts for the second-generation Chinese American daughters and their different ways of establishing women selfhood.
This thesis, based on the comprehensive researches on Bone, intends to apply Homi Bhabha's theory of cultural translation, diaspora, and feminist theory to analyze the three different models each daughter used to establish their female identity by means of culture translation, establishing fluid identity in diaspora, and the deconstruction of gender differences. Firstly, from the perspective of feminist theory, the thesis argues about Ona's resistance against the patriarchy with her death to obtain her woman subjectivity in Bone. Secondly, based on the postcolonial theory, it contends that constant migrations of Nina between different cultures destruct the binary opposites between the American culture and the Chinese culture, and thus enable Nina to confirm a Chinese American with a fluid identity in the "Third Space." Lastly, it applies Bhabha's post-colonial theory of culture translation to demonstrate that Leila, the protagonist in Bone, translates and negotiates between the conflicting cultures in the "Third Space"; thus, she deconstructs the binary opposites of the two cultures and the agony of self-split, and consequently constructs her Chinese American woman subjective identity in this negotiable and translational space.
By discussing the identity construction models of the second-generation Chinese American women, the thesis aims to explore the validity of the culture translation, constructing fluid identity in diapora, and the deconstruction of the gender binary opposites in establishing their women subjective selfhood for ethnic minority women. My thesis demonstrates the different routes of identity construction, and clarifies the process of establishing Chinese American women identity in the "Third Space." As is contended, my discussion on the identity construction models of Ng's Bone, in a tentative way, provides the ethnic minority women in America with an inspiration to dispel the binary opposites of the cultures and genders and consequently establish their women subjective identity in the "Third Space.'
本文在总结和梳理现有对《骨》这部小说研究成果的基础上，综合运用霍米·巴巴后殖民理论中的翻译理论、流散理论和女性主义理论，分析第二代华裔美国女性在文化冲突中，通过文化翻译、自我流放以及消解性别的二元对立来完成其女性自我身份建构的不同模式。本论文首先，根据女性主义理论，分析了叛逆者安娜，以生命为代价抵抗父权制，诉求自身女性主体的历程；其次，运用离散理论探讨了移动者尼娜通过自我流放、穿梭于不同文化之间进而解构了宿主国文化和母国文化的二元对立，在霍米·巴巴的第三空间内建构了流动性的华裔美国人的身份。再次，通过运用霍米·巴巴文化翻译理论，研究了小说中的主人公莱拉在“第三空间”中对两种对立的文化进行了翻译、协商，由此，消解其面临的二元文化对立以及自我分裂，完成了其华裔美国女性主体性身份的构建。
本论文通过对小说中第二代华裔美国女性身份建构模式的分析，旨在揭示文化翻译、离散、以及消解性别二元对立对于少数族裔女性的文化身份及其主体性身份构建的有效性。论文论证了在文化、性别的二元对立中，华裔美国族裔女性从迷茫、自我分裂到最后在霍米巴巴的“第三空间”里通过文化翻译、消解性别的二元对立而建构华裔美国女性主体性自我身份的过程和不同模式。通过辩证分析证明伍慧明的《骨》为美国少数族裔女性提供了摆脱二元文化以及性别对立的束缚，在第三空间内确立女性自我主体性、实现文化身份的认同与建构的有效途径。
Fae Myenne Ng is one of the noted Chinese American novelists after Maxine Hong Kingston, Amy Tan, and others. Her debut novel, Bone came into publication in1993and it has received great attention in academic circles and high praise from readers. Like many other Chinese American fiction and immigrant works, Bone represents a vivid portrait of life in Chinatown, and the identity crisis caused by the cultural conflicts for the second-generation Chinese American daughters and their different ways of establishing women selfhood.
This thesis, based on the comprehensive researches on Bone, intends to apply Homi Bhabha's theory of cultural translation, diaspora, and feminist theory to analyze the three different models each daughter used to establish their female identity by means of culture translation, establishing fluid identity in diaspora, and the deconstruction of gender differences. Firstly, from the perspective of feminist theory, the thesis argues about Ona's resistance against the patriarchy with her death to obtain her woman subjectivity in Bone. Secondly, based on the postcolonial theory, it contends that constant migrations of Nina between different cultures destruct the binary opposites between the American culture and the Chinese culture, and thus enable Nina to confirm a Chinese American with a fluid identity in the "Third Space." Lastly, it applies Bhabha's post-colonial theory of culture translation to demonstrate that Leila, the protagonist in Bone, translates and negotiates between the conflicting cultures in the "Third Space"; thus, she deconstructs the binary opposites of the two cultures and the agony of self-split, and consequently constructs her Chinese American woman subjective identity in this negotiable and translational space.
By discussing the identity construction models of the second-generation Chinese American women, the thesis aims to explore the validity of the culture translation, constructing fluid identity in diapora, and the deconstruction of the gender binary opposites in establishing their women subjective selfhood for ethnic minority women. My thesis demonstrates the different routes of identity construction, and clarifies the process of establishing Chinese American women identity in the "Third Space." As is contended, my discussion on the identity construction models of Ng's Bone, in a tentative way, provides the ethnic minority women in America with an inspiration to dispel the binary opposites of the cultures and genders and consequently establish their women subjective identity in the "Third Space.'
引文
Aldama, Frederick Luis."Spatial Re-Imaginations in Fae Myenne Ng's Chinatown." Critical Mass1Jan.1994:85-102.
Bhabha, H. Homi. The Location of Culture. New York:Routledge,1994.
Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism:An Introduction to Theory and Practice.4th ed. Upper Saddle River:Pearson Prentice Hall,2007.
Cao, Haifeng."On the Reasons between Chinese and Western Feminist Literary Criticism." Women's Academy at Shandong14Feb.2006:56-60.
Cheung, King-Kok. An Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature. New York:Cambridge,1997.
Chin,Vivian F."Finding the Right Gesture:Becoming Chinese American in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." The Chinese in America:A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium. Ed. Susie Lan Cassel. Walnut, CA:Alta Mira Press,1997:365-377.
Chun, Gloria Heyung. Of Orphans and Warriors: Inventing Chinese Aemrican Culture and Identity. New Jersy and London:Rutgers UP,2000.
Chuang, Jay."Bone in Bone." Critical Mass:A Journal of Asian American Cultural Criticism1Dec.1994:53-7.
Cook, Ellen Piel. Psychological Androgyny. Michigan:Pergamon Press,1985.
Fan, Hong. Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom:The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China. London and New York:Routledge,1997.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish:The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage/Random House,1979.
Goellnicht, Donald C."Of Bone and Suicide:Sky Lee's Disappearing Moon Cafe and Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." MFS Modern Fiction Studies ed. William J Palmer. Baltimore, Md:John Hopkins University Press for the Dept. of English, Purdue University, Summer2000:301-330.
Guan, Jianming."Unique Narrative Form and Multi-faceted Thematic Concerns:An Interpretation of Chinese American Writer Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.13Feb.2006:63-70.
Hall, Stuart."Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory:A Reader ed. Patrick Williams and Chrisman. London:Harvester Wheatsheaf,1994:392-401.
Ho, Wendy._In Her Mother's House:The Politics of Asian American Mother-Daughter Writing. Californial:AltaMira Press,1999.
Huang, Shuchen Susan."Mobility and Home:Shifting Constructions of Gender, Race, and Nationality in Chinese Diasporic Literature." Diss. University of Massachusetts.2006.
Kafka, Philipa.(Un)doing the Position:Gender Asymmetry in Contemporary Asian Anmerican Women's Writing. Westport and London:Greenwood Press,1997.
Kim, Thomas W."'For a Paper Son, Paper is Blood':Subjectivation and Authenticity in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." MELUS2A Apr.1999:41-45.
Lavie, Smarder, and Ted Swedenburg. Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Li, David Leiwei. Imagining the Nation:Asian American literature and Cultural Consent. Stanford:Stanford,1998.
Li, Guicang and Feng Jie."Existential Absurdity:The Spatial-Temporal Politics of Chinatown in Bone and Chinese American Subjectivity Construction." Foreign literature Studies25Nov.2009:104-110.
Li, Li."Silence, Resistance, Dialogue—Analysis on the Images of Chinese American Women in Bone from the Perspective of Post-colonial Feminism." Journal of West Anhui University10Nov.2009:95-97.
Liu, Qinli."Between the Two Doors—On the confusion and conflicts of two generations of Chinese-American in Bone." Journal of Yibin Teachers College25May2005:83-86.
Lin, Minfen."The New Image of Chinese Americans in Fae Myenne's Bone" Southeast Communication6Feb.2007,134-136.
Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts:On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Lu, Wei陆薇Zouxiang Wenhua Yanjiude Huayi Meiguo Wenxue走向文化研究的华裔美国文学(Culture Studies of Chinese American Literature). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,2007.
Lu, Jun."Representation of the History of American Chinese Individuals and Families——Discussion of the Features of the Structural Type of Fae Myenne Ng's Bone" Journal of Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology16Feb.2002:31-34.
Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone. New York:Harper,1993.
Perez, Benjamin."Sisters." Critical Mass:A Journal of Asian American Cultural Criticism1Feb.1994:71-8.
Qing, Yaojiao and Zhou Jingqiong."Construction of Chinese American Identity in Bone by Fae Myenne Ng." Journal ofJiaying University16May2008:71-75.
Sheng, Anfeng."A Research on Homi K. Bhabha's Postcolonial Theory". Diss, Beijing Language and Culture University,2004.
Sze, Julie."Have You Heard?:Gossip, Silence, and Community in Bone." Americanstudien/American Studies3Mar.2000:285-302.
Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today:A User-Friendly Guide.2nd ed. New York: Routledge,2006.
Waller, Nicole."Past and Repast:Food as Historiogrphy in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone and Frank Chin's Donald Duk." Americanstudien/American Studies3Mar.1996:485-502.
Wang, Jianping."Deconstruction of the Bone-image:a Thematic Approach to Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Northeastern University(Social Science)26Jan.2006:75-78.
Wang, Li."On the Character of Narrative Time in Bone by Fae Myenne Ng." Journal ofZhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition)27Jun.2007:39-41.
Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature:From Necessity to agance. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993.
Xiao, Fang."History and Identity:A Postcolonial Reading of Bone." Diss. Xiamen University,2007.
Yin, Xiao-huang. Chinese American Literature Since the1850s:Foreword by Roger Daniels. Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2000.
Zhang, Jingyuan. Post Colonialism and Post Colonial Cultural Critics ed. Beijing: Beijing University Publishing House,1999.
Zhao, Yan."Searching for a New Self:An Analysis on Leila's Cultural Identity in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (Social Sciences Edition)27Apr.2008:41-44.
Bhabha, H. Homi. The Location of Culture. New York:Routledge,1994.
Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism:An Introduction to Theory and Practice.4th ed. Upper Saddle River:Pearson Prentice Hall,2007.
Cao, Haifeng."On the Reasons between Chinese and Western Feminist Literary Criticism." Women's Academy at Shandong14Feb.2006:56-60.
Cheung, King-Kok. An Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature. New York:Cambridge,1997.
Chin,Vivian F."Finding the Right Gesture:Becoming Chinese American in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." The Chinese in America:A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium. Ed. Susie Lan Cassel. Walnut, CA:Alta Mira Press,1997:365-377.
Chun, Gloria Heyung. Of Orphans and Warriors: Inventing Chinese Aemrican Culture and Identity. New Jersy and London:Rutgers UP,2000.
Chuang, Jay."Bone in Bone." Critical Mass:A Journal of Asian American Cultural Criticism1Dec.1994:53-7.
Cook, Ellen Piel. Psychological Androgyny. Michigan:Pergamon Press,1985.
Fan, Hong. Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom:The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China. London and New York:Routledge,1997.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish:The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage/Random House,1979.
Goellnicht, Donald C."Of Bone and Suicide:Sky Lee's Disappearing Moon Cafe and Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." MFS Modern Fiction Studies ed. William J Palmer. Baltimore, Md:John Hopkins University Press for the Dept. of English, Purdue University, Summer2000:301-330.
Guan, Jianming."Unique Narrative Form and Multi-faceted Thematic Concerns:An Interpretation of Chinese American Writer Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.13Feb.2006:63-70.
Hall, Stuart."Cultural Identity and Diaspora." Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory:A Reader ed. Patrick Williams and Chrisman. London:Harvester Wheatsheaf,1994:392-401.
Ho, Wendy._In Her Mother's House:The Politics of Asian American Mother-Daughter Writing. Californial:AltaMira Press,1999.
Huang, Shuchen Susan."Mobility and Home:Shifting Constructions of Gender, Race, and Nationality in Chinese Diasporic Literature." Diss. University of Massachusetts.2006.
Kafka, Philipa.(Un)doing the Position:Gender Asymmetry in Contemporary Asian Anmerican Women's Writing. Westport and London:Greenwood Press,1997.
Kim, Thomas W."'For a Paper Son, Paper is Blood':Subjectivation and Authenticity in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." MELUS2A Apr.1999:41-45.
Lavie, Smarder, and Ted Swedenburg. Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Li, David Leiwei. Imagining the Nation:Asian American literature and Cultural Consent. Stanford:Stanford,1998.
Li, Guicang and Feng Jie."Existential Absurdity:The Spatial-Temporal Politics of Chinatown in Bone and Chinese American Subjectivity Construction." Foreign literature Studies25Nov.2009:104-110.
Li, Li."Silence, Resistance, Dialogue—Analysis on the Images of Chinese American Women in Bone from the Perspective of Post-colonial Feminism." Journal of West Anhui University10Nov.2009:95-97.
Liu, Qinli."Between the Two Doors—On the confusion and conflicts of two generations of Chinese-American in Bone." Journal of Yibin Teachers College25May2005:83-86.
Lin, Minfen."The New Image of Chinese Americans in Fae Myenne's Bone" Southeast Communication6Feb.2007,134-136.
Lowe, Lisa. Immigrant Acts:On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham:Duke University Press,1996.
Lu, Wei陆薇Zouxiang Wenhua Yanjiude Huayi Meiguo Wenxue走向文化研究的华裔美国文学(Culture Studies of Chinese American Literature). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company,2007.
Lu, Jun."Representation of the History of American Chinese Individuals and Families——Discussion of the Features of the Structural Type of Fae Myenne Ng's Bone" Journal of Jiangsu Teachers University of Technology16Feb.2002:31-34.
Ng, Fae Myenne. Bone. New York:Harper,1993.
Perez, Benjamin."Sisters." Critical Mass:A Journal of Asian American Cultural Criticism1Feb.1994:71-8.
Qing, Yaojiao and Zhou Jingqiong."Construction of Chinese American Identity in Bone by Fae Myenne Ng." Journal ofJiaying University16May2008:71-75.
Sheng, Anfeng."A Research on Homi K. Bhabha's Postcolonial Theory". Diss, Beijing Language and Culture University,2004.
Sze, Julie."Have You Heard?:Gossip, Silence, and Community in Bone." Americanstudien/American Studies3Mar.2000:285-302.
Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today:A User-Friendly Guide.2nd ed. New York: Routledge,2006.
Waller, Nicole."Past and Repast:Food as Historiogrphy in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone and Frank Chin's Donald Duk." Americanstudien/American Studies3Mar.1996:485-502.
Wang, Jianping."Deconstruction of the Bone-image:a Thematic Approach to Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Northeastern University(Social Science)26Jan.2006:75-78.
Wang, Li."On the Character of Narrative Time in Bone by Fae Myenne Ng." Journal ofZhengzhou Institute of Aeronautical Industry Management (Social Science Edition)27Jun.2007:39-41.
Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature:From Necessity to agance. Princeton:Princeton University Press,1993.
Xiao, Fang."History and Identity:A Postcolonial Reading of Bone." Diss. Xiamen University,2007.
Yin, Xiao-huang. Chinese American Literature Since the1850s:Foreword by Roger Daniels. Urbana:University of Illinois Press,2000.
Zhang, Jingyuan. Post Colonialism and Post Colonial Cultural Critics ed. Beijing: Beijing University Publishing House,1999.
Zhao, Yan."Searching for a New Self:An Analysis on Leila's Cultural Identity in Fae Myenne Ng's Bone." Journal of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (Social Sciences Edition)27Apr.2008:41-44.