秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味特征研究
摘要
大熊猫是我国的国宝,现在仅存活于我国的四川、陕西和甘肃三省。保护好秦岭大熊猫具有十分重要的科研价值和实际意义。在前人已有研究的基础上,本文采用野外调查与室内测试相结合的方法,首次比较全面系统的研究了秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味特征,取得了以下主要结果:
1.秦岭大熊猫栖息地植被可划分为4个植被型组,8个植被型,9个植被亚型、13个群系组、30个群系。其中,针叶林和阔叶林植被型组为秦岭大熊猫栖息地的地带性植被,占主要成分,分布的面积约占栖息地总面积的92.4%。针叶林植被型组包括寒温性针叶林、温性针叶林和温性针阔叶混交林三个植被型,在群系上包括太白红杉林、巴山冷杉林、油松林、华山松林、油松-锐齿栎针阔叶混交林、华山松-锐齿栎针阔叶混交林、华山松-桦针阔叶混交林、华山松-阔杂针阔叶混交林及油松-阔杂针阔叶混交林等9个群系。
2.秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味物质来自其境内植被中的相关乔、灌、草植物。各层植物的气味物质互相补充,互相作用,形成了各类熊猫栖息地的特有气味。乔木层中松科植物的主要气味化学成分为α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯、月桂烯、β-蒎烯、樟脑和龙脑等。其它科属乔木的香气成分(如八角枫中的丁香酚甲醚、1,8-桉叶素、侧柏中的雪松醇等)的气味强度远不及松科类植物。多种气味物质的共同构成乔木层的气味特征。灌木层的主要气味化学成分主要来自于大熊猫的三种主食竹秦岭箭竹、巴山木竹和龙头竹。桉油醇、百里香酚、石竹烯、没药烯和石竹烯氧化物等构成了秦岭箭竹的主要香气成分。1,2-丙二醇和乙苯为龙头的主要香气成分;(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇,1,2-丙二醇和2-己烯醛为巴山木竹的主要香气成分。草本层中红冠紫菀、鸡屎藤、紫苏、青蒿、缬草、败酱草和石菖蒲等植被中气味成分为柠檬烯、紫苏醛、石竹烯、乙酸龙脑酯、蒎烯等。
3.秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味类型按照其气味化学成分及其特性可划分为六个类型,即:松木香+辛香+酚香型、松木香+柠檬香+辛香+酚香型、松木香+木香+酚香型、松木香+柠檬香型、清香+花香型和其它香型。松木香+柠檬香+辛香+酚香主要分布于大熊猫栖息地的核心区域,清香+花香和其它香型主要分布于潜在栖息地内,而其它的气味类型分布较广,各种栖息地类型中都有一些分布,其中松木香+柠檬香型是大熊猫栖息地中最为常见的一种气味类型,分布的范围最广。在油松、华山松林、油松-阔杂针阔叶混交林、华山松-桦针阔叶混交林、华山松-阔杂针阔叶混交林、锐齿栎林、栓皮栎林和鹅耳枥林下都呈这种气味类型。松科类植被中所含有的萜烯类化合物构成了这种气味类型的主体,不同灌木、草本组成会适当的改变气味特点,因此此种类型可以进一步划分为松木香+柠檬香+辛香和松木香+柠檬香+清香两种类型。
The giant panda, which lives only in sichuan, shaanxi and gansu, is the national treasure. Protecting the Qinling panda has very important scientific research value and practical significance. According to predecessor's researches, the odor properties of the giant panda were investigated deeply in this thesis for the first time, adopting field investigation and indoor analysis methods. The main results are as follows:
1. The vegetation types in the Giant Panda's Habitat of the Qinling Mountains can be divided into 4 vegetation type groups, 8 vegetation types, 9 sub-types, 13 formation group and 30 representative formations. Among them, coniferous forest and broadleaved forest, which are the major vegetation types and account for 92.4% of the total area of the habitat, are the zonal vegetation for the giant panda of the Qinling Mountains. Coniferous forest includes cool-temperate coniferous forest, temperate coniferous forest and temperate coniferous broadleaved nixed forest, and Formation Larix chinensis, Formation Abies fargesii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, Formation Pinus armandii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis- Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Pinus armandii- Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Pinus armandi-Betula spp., Formation Pinus armandii, * spp., Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, * spp., ect.
2. The odor substance of the giant panda habitat comes from certain tree, shrub and herb in the habitat. The complement and interaction of the odor substance from the three layers form the special odor of each habitat. The major odor chemical constituents of pinaceae plants in tree layer areα-Pinene, Limonene, terpinolene, myrcene,β-pinene, camphor, borneol, ect. While the odor strength of aroma components in other families, such as methyl eugenol and 1, 8-cineole from Alangium chinense and cedrol from Arborvitae, is quite lower than pinaceae. The multiple odor substance is the odor character of the tree layer. And the major odor chemical constituents come from the three staple food bamboos of the giant panda, Fargesia qinlingensi, Bashania fargesii, Fargesia dracocephala. Eucalyptol, Thymol, Caryophyllene, Bisabolene, Caryophyllene oxide consist of the main odor chanical constituentsof Fargesia qinlingensi; 1, 2-Propanedio and Ethylbenzene are the main odor constituents of Fargesia dracocephala; (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, 1, 2-Propanediol and 2-Hexenal are the main odor constituents of Bashania fargesii. The plants with odor in herb layer are relatively less, and they are Asterhandelii Onno., Paederia scandens(Lour.) Merr., Perilla frutescens(L.) Britt, Artemisia annua L., Valeriana officinalis L, Herba Patriniae, Acorus tatarinowii Schott, ect. The odor constituents in those plants are Limonene, perillaldehyde, Caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, pinene, ect.
3. Accoding to chemical constituents, the odor type of the Giant Panda's Habitat of the Qinling mountains can be devided into pine-spicy-phenol type, pine-lemon-spicy-phenol type, pine-woody-phenol type, pine-lemon type, green-floral type and other types. The pine-lemon-spicy-phenol type mainly distributes around the key areas of the habitat, and the green-floral type and other types distribute around potential habitats. The rest three types distribute in a wider range of habitat, and the pine-lemon type is the most common odor type in the habitat and it distributes most widely, existing in Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, Formation Pinus armandii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, * spp., Formation Pinus armandii, -Betula spp., Formation Pinus armandii, * spp., Formation Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Quercus variabilis and Formation Carpinu turczaninowii. The terpenes in pinaceae are the major type, and different compostion of shrub and herb may change this feature. Therefore, this odor type can be further divided into pine-lemon-spicy type and pine-lemon-green type.
1.秦岭大熊猫栖息地植被可划分为4个植被型组,8个植被型,9个植被亚型、13个群系组、30个群系。其中,针叶林和阔叶林植被型组为秦岭大熊猫栖息地的地带性植被,占主要成分,分布的面积约占栖息地总面积的92.4%。针叶林植被型组包括寒温性针叶林、温性针叶林和温性针阔叶混交林三个植被型,在群系上包括太白红杉林、巴山冷杉林、油松林、华山松林、油松-锐齿栎针阔叶混交林、华山松-锐齿栎针阔叶混交林、华山松-桦针阔叶混交林、华山松-阔杂针阔叶混交林及油松-阔杂针阔叶混交林等9个群系。
2.秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味物质来自其境内植被中的相关乔、灌、草植物。各层植物的气味物质互相补充,互相作用,形成了各类熊猫栖息地的特有气味。乔木层中松科植物的主要气味化学成分为α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、异松油烯、月桂烯、β-蒎烯、樟脑和龙脑等。其它科属乔木的香气成分(如八角枫中的丁香酚甲醚、1,8-桉叶素、侧柏中的雪松醇等)的气味强度远不及松科类植物。多种气味物质的共同构成乔木层的气味特征。灌木层的主要气味化学成分主要来自于大熊猫的三种主食竹秦岭箭竹、巴山木竹和龙头竹。桉油醇、百里香酚、石竹烯、没药烯和石竹烯氧化物等构成了秦岭箭竹的主要香气成分。1,2-丙二醇和乙苯为龙头的主要香气成分;(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇,1,2-丙二醇和2-己烯醛为巴山木竹的主要香气成分。草本层中红冠紫菀、鸡屎藤、紫苏、青蒿、缬草、败酱草和石菖蒲等植被中气味成分为柠檬烯、紫苏醛、石竹烯、乙酸龙脑酯、蒎烯等。
3.秦岭大熊猫栖息地气味类型按照其气味化学成分及其特性可划分为六个类型,即:松木香+辛香+酚香型、松木香+柠檬香+辛香+酚香型、松木香+木香+酚香型、松木香+柠檬香型、清香+花香型和其它香型。松木香+柠檬香+辛香+酚香主要分布于大熊猫栖息地的核心区域,清香+花香和其它香型主要分布于潜在栖息地内,而其它的气味类型分布较广,各种栖息地类型中都有一些分布,其中松木香+柠檬香型是大熊猫栖息地中最为常见的一种气味类型,分布的范围最广。在油松、华山松林、油松-阔杂针阔叶混交林、华山松-桦针阔叶混交林、华山松-阔杂针阔叶混交林、锐齿栎林、栓皮栎林和鹅耳枥林下都呈这种气味类型。松科类植被中所含有的萜烯类化合物构成了这种气味类型的主体,不同灌木、草本组成会适当的改变气味特点,因此此种类型可以进一步划分为松木香+柠檬香+辛香和松木香+柠檬香+清香两种类型。
The giant panda, which lives only in sichuan, shaanxi and gansu, is the national treasure. Protecting the Qinling panda has very important scientific research value and practical significance. According to predecessor's researches, the odor properties of the giant panda were investigated deeply in this thesis for the first time, adopting field investigation and indoor analysis methods. The main results are as follows:
1. The vegetation types in the Giant Panda's Habitat of the Qinling Mountains can be divided into 4 vegetation type groups, 8 vegetation types, 9 sub-types, 13 formation group and 30 representative formations. Among them, coniferous forest and broadleaved forest, which are the major vegetation types and account for 92.4% of the total area of the habitat, are the zonal vegetation for the giant panda of the Qinling Mountains. Coniferous forest includes cool-temperate coniferous forest, temperate coniferous forest and temperate coniferous broadleaved nixed forest, and Formation Larix chinensis, Formation Abies fargesii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, Formation Pinus armandii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis- Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Pinus armandii- Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Pinus armandi-Betula spp., Formation Pinus armandii, * spp., Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, * spp., ect.
2. The odor substance of the giant panda habitat comes from certain tree, shrub and herb in the habitat. The complement and interaction of the odor substance from the three layers form the special odor of each habitat. The major odor chemical constituents of pinaceae plants in tree layer areα-Pinene, Limonene, terpinolene, myrcene,β-pinene, camphor, borneol, ect. While the odor strength of aroma components in other families, such as methyl eugenol and 1, 8-cineole from Alangium chinense and cedrol from Arborvitae, is quite lower than pinaceae. The multiple odor substance is the odor character of the tree layer. And the major odor chemical constituents come from the three staple food bamboos of the giant panda, Fargesia qinlingensi, Bashania fargesii, Fargesia dracocephala. Eucalyptol, Thymol, Caryophyllene, Bisabolene, Caryophyllene oxide consist of the main odor chanical constituentsof Fargesia qinlingensi; 1, 2-Propanedio and Ethylbenzene are the main odor constituents of Fargesia dracocephala; (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol, 1, 2-Propanediol and 2-Hexenal are the main odor constituents of Bashania fargesii. The plants with odor in herb layer are relatively less, and they are Asterhandelii Onno., Paederia scandens(Lour.) Merr., Perilla frutescens(L.) Britt, Artemisia annua L., Valeriana officinalis L, Herba Patriniae, Acorus tatarinowii Schott, ect. The odor constituents in those plants are Limonene, perillaldehyde, Caryophyllene, bornyl acetate, pinene, ect.
3. Accoding to chemical constituents, the odor type of the Giant Panda's Habitat of the Qinling mountains can be devided into pine-spicy-phenol type, pine-lemon-spicy-phenol type, pine-woody-phenol type, pine-lemon type, green-floral type and other types. The pine-lemon-spicy-phenol type mainly distributes around the key areas of the habitat, and the green-floral type and other types distribute around potential habitats. The rest three types distribute in a wider range of habitat, and the pine-lemon type is the most common odor type in the habitat and it distributes most widely, existing in Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, Formation Pinus armandii, Formation Pinus tabulaeformis, * spp., Formation Pinus armandii, -Betula spp., Formation Pinus armandii, * spp., Formation Quercus atiena var. acuteserrota, Formation Quercus variabilis and Formation Carpinu turczaninowii. The terpenes in pinaceae are the major type, and different compostion of shrub and herb may change this feature. Therefore, this odor type can be further divided into pine-lemon-spicy type and pine-lemon-green type.
引文
[1]汪松.中国濒危动物红皮书(兽类)[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[2]严旬.野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望[J].兽类学报,2005,25 (4):402～406.
[3]胡锦矗.大熊猫近 40 年的演变[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1993,14(2):99～104.
[4]Loucks CJ, Lü Z, Dinerstein E, Wang DJ, Fu D, Wang H. The giant pandas of the Qinling Mountains, China: a case study in designing conservation landscapes for ele-vational migrants [J]. Conservation Biology, 2003, 17, 558～565.
[5]陕西省林业厅. 陕西省第三次大熊猫综合调查报告[R].2002.
[6]申国珍,李俊清,蒋仕伟.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和动态特征.生态学报[J].2004,24 (6):1294～1299.
[7]孙承骞,张哲邻,金学林.秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(3):163～167.
[8]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[9]胡锦矗.大熊猫的研究[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001.
[10]Liu J G.Ecological degradation in projected areas;the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant pandas[J].Science, 2001,292:98～101.
[11]潘文石,吕植.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[12]Metcalf L.R, Metcalf E. R. Plant Kairomones in Insect Ecology and Control [M]. NEW YORK, NY (USA).Champman&Hall, Inc. 1992.
[13]Hsiao T.H. Feeding behavior [A]. Kerkut, S. A. & Gilbert, L. I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry Pharmacology [C], Oxford: Pergamon. 1985,(6):471～512.
[14]Penuelas J. Llusia J.BVOCs: plant defense against climate warning.[J].Trends Plant Sci. 2003,8:105～109.
[15]刘和,孙忠贵.我国化学领域天然植物挥发性成分研究的进展[J].江西农业大学学报,1998,20(1):74～81.
[16]邓晓军,陈晓亚,杜家纬.植物挥发性物质及其代谢工程[J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,2004,30(1):11～18.
[17]Pichersky E., Jonathan G. The formation and function of plan volatiles: perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol,2002,5:237～243.
[18]石若夫,王关林.微波辐照诱导萃取香叶天竺葵挥发油[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(5):542～544.
[19]邓晓军.植物气味生物工程研究(Ⅱ):植物挥发性萜类代谢分析及其调控[D].上海:中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所,2005.
[20]胡闻莉,刘文英.一种新型固相萃取技术—固相微萃取[J].药学进展,1999,23(5):257～260.
[21]Tholl D., Boland W., Hansel A., et al.Practical approaches to plant volatile analysis[J].The Plant Journal,2006, 45:540～560.
[22]刘欣,陈永泉,林日高等.利用气体吸附法研究樟树挥发香气的成分[J].华南农业大学学报,1994,15 (3):93～96.
[23]魏明,邓晓军,胡文利,等.应用固相微萃取技术分析番茄与天竺葵活体植株的挥发物[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(4):184～187.
[24]阎凤鸣.化学生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[25]孙启祥,彭震华,张齐生.自然状态下杉木挥发物成分及其对人体身心健康的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2004,31(2):158～163.
[26]梁宝生,R.Baraldi,F.Rapparini.GC-MS 法测定植物排放的萜烯类化合物[J].重庆环境科学,2003, 25(11):39～43.
[27]秦小薇,苏建伟,戈峰,等.马尾松、湿地松、油松针叶挥发物中手性单萜的组成与相对含量[J].分析测试学报,2006,25(2):6～9.
[28]Chistensen KR., Reineccius GA.Gas chomatographic analysis of volatile sulfur compounds from heated milk using static headspace sampling [J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1992 ,75(8): 2098～2104.
[29]白树雄,何康来,王振营.植物挥发性物质提取的一种简易方法—液氮冷凝法[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(4):377～379.
[30]李建光,金幼菊,骆有庆.用吸附—热脱附研究复叶槭挥发性物质的化学组成[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(4):298～302.
[31]高岩.北京市绿化树木挥发性有机物释放动态及其对人体健康的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
[32]潘雪峰,杨明非,袁峰.番茄茎叶挥发物的气相色谱一质谱的定性分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(6):119～120.
[33]李新岗,马养民,刘拉平,等.华山松球果挥发性萜类成分研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(10):2072～2076.
[34]卢昕,刘承伟,付丽娜,等.鸡尾木叶脂溶性挥发物化学成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].广西植物,2006, 26(1):107～109.
[35]潘雪峰,杨明非.李子挥发物质的分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(3):113～114.
[36]魏明.植物气味生物工程研究(I):植物挥发性物质的监测和分析技术[D].上海:中国科学院上海生命科学研究院,2004.
[37]程劫,谢建春,孙宝国.国产玫瑰精油的化学成分及香气特征[J].中国食品添加剂,2007,5: 66~70.
[38] 孙宝国,等.食用调香术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[39]石旺鹏,严毓骅,张龙,等.东亚飞蝗粪便挥发物对其蝗蝻的聚集作用初报[J].中国农业大学学报.2000,5(5):54～58.
[40]刘芳,娄永根,程家安.挥发物在调节稻虱缨小蜂、黑肩绿盲蝽种内种间关系中的作用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(4):401～406.
[41]Loher W. Pheromones and phase transformation in Locusts. In: Chapman R F, Anthong Joem, ed. Biology of Grasshoppers, Wroctaw: Wiley Interscience1, 1990.337～355.
[42]Peter G, N jagiN, Torto B, et al. Phase-independent responses to phase-specific aggregation pheromone in adult desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: A crididae). Physiol Entomol, 1996, 21: 131～137.
[43]Robert J B, Patrick F D, Ronald D P, et al. Aggregation pheromone of dried fruit beetle, Carpophilu shempterus. J Chem Eco, l990, 16: 1015～1038.
[44]Visser J H. Hostodor perception in phytophagous insects. Ann RevEntomol, 1986, 31: 121～144.
[45]钦俊德,王琛柱.论昆虫与植物的相互作用和进化的关系[J].昆虫学报,2001,44(3):360～365
[46]Dicke M. Evolution of induced indirect defense of plants. In: Tollrian R, Harvell C (eds). The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses. Princeton: PrincetonUniversityPress,1999. 62～68.
[47]Arimura G, Ozawa R, Horiuchi J et al. Plant-plant interaction smediated by volatiles emitted from plants infested by spider mites. Biochem Syst Ecol, 2001, 29: 1049～1061.
[48]徐延熙,孙绪艮,何忠,等.松毛虫狭颊寄蝇对被害马尾松针叶挥发物的触角电位反应[J].昆虫知识.2006,43(3):319～322.
[49]陈宗懋,许宁,韩宝瑜,等.茶树-害虫-天敌间的化学信息联系[J].茶叶科学,2003,23(增):38～45.
[50]陈华才,沈群超,娄永根,等.水稻挥发物对二化螟幼虫趋性行为的影响[J].中国水稻科学, 2004,18(5):473～475.
[51]张淑颖,肖春,叶敏,等.香蕉果肉挥发物对桔小实蝇成虫的引诱作用[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(5):512～514.
[52]陈健忠,董耀仁,黎传宗.马拉巴栗( Pachira macrocarp Walp)叶片气味对东方果实蝇( Bact rocera dorsalis ) 及瓜实蝇( B.cucubi tae) 之引诱探讨[J].台湾昆虫,2004,24:281～286.
[53]NOJIMA S, MORRIS Jr B, ZHANG A J, et al. Identification of host fruit volatiles from hawthorn ( Crataegus spp . ) attractive to hawthorn-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies [J] . J Chem Ecol ,2003 ,29 (2) : 321～326.
[54]赵成华,阎云花.马尾松针叶中的挥发物质对马尾松毛虫产卵行为的影响.林业科学.2003, 39(6):91～93.
[55]陈春,宋启示,张光明,等.榕果挥发物对传粉榕小蜂的吸引作用[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2794～2798.
[56]杜永均,严福顺.植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄主植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理[J].昆虫学报,1994,37(2):233～250.
[57]张风娟,金幼菊,陈华君,等.光肩星天牛对 4 种不同槭树科寄主植物的选择机制[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):870～877.
[58]尚玉昌.行为生态学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[59]Krebs JR, Davies NB. 1987. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 2rd edn. Oxford: BlackwellScienfitif Pulications
[60]JohnstonR E.1900.Ch emicalco mmunicationin g oldenh amsters:fr omb ehaviorto m oleculesan dneural mechanisms. In: Dewsbury DA. Ed. ContemporaryJssuea in Comparative Psychology. New York: Sinauer press, 381-409.
[61]Muller-Schwarze D. 1999. Signal specialization and evolution in mammals. In: Johnston RE,Mfiller-Schwarze D, Sorensen PW. ed. Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1-14.
[62]高岩,金幼菊,邹祥旺,等.珍珠梅花挥发物对小鼠旷场行为及学习记忆能力的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(3):61～66.
[63]蔡荣先.香型中草药饲料添加剂为肉仔鸡的实验[J].中国饲料,1998,10:19～20.
[64]宫崎良文等.精油の吸入にょゐ变化(第二报) [J].木材学会志,1992,38(10):909～913.
[65]张意宽.有香的舒适空间[J ].室内设计与装修,1996,(6):52～53.
[66]洪蓉,金幼菊. 日本芳香生理心理学研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2001,14(3):61～66.
[67]谷田正弘. 香りの生理心理效果研究の现状と问题点[J ]. Fragrance Journal ,1999(1):57～61.
[68]谷田贝光克.树木抽出成分利用技术研究组合研究成果[J].山林,1995(1335):69～77.
[69]刘世安,张金荣,吴敏菊.超临界 CO2 萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取藁本挥发油的比较[J].现代中药研究与实践,2004,18(2):51～53.
[70]陶玲,黄际薇,麦海燕.肉桂挥发油的超临界 CO2 萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的比较分析[J].分析测试学报,2004,23(4):65～67.
[71]黄宝华,海景,黄慧民,等.超临界 CO2 萃取刺柏中挥发性成分分析[J].中药材,1997,20(1):30～32.
[72]Lucchesi ME, Chemat F, Smadja J.Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs with conventional hydrodistillation[J].J. Chomatogr. A,2004,1043 (2):323～327.
[73]Ruth S M, Roozen J P, Jansen F J H M.Aroma profilesof vegetable oils varying in fatty acid compositionvsconcentrations of primary and secondary lipid oxidationproducts[J].Nahrung,2000,44:318～322.
[74]钟海雁,黄永辉,龙奇志,等.食用油气味的研究方法及展望[J].食品科技,2007,09:8～11.
[75]Luna G,Morales M T,Aparicio R.Characterisation of 39varietal virgin olive oils by their volatile compositions[J].Food Chemistry,2006,98(2):243～252.
[76]王阿法.天然香料生产工艺学[M].南京林业大学化工学院香料教研组.1994.
[77]孙宝国,何坚.香精概论—生产、配方与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[78]孙宝国,郑福平,谢建春,等.香精配方手册[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[79]吕金顺,朱巧军,王亚平,等.合欢荚果挥发油的化学成分研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3(1):59～62
[80]魏小宁,刘霞,武水仙,等.青杨挥发油化学成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(4):16～19.
[81]李智立,刘淑莹.侧柏果实挥发油化学成分的研究[J].中国药学杂志,1997,32(3):138～139.
[82]刘廷礼,邱琴,赵冶,等.侧柏叶挥发油成分的分析[J]. 中药材,2000,23(8):460～461.
[83]魏刚,王淑英.侧柏叶挥发油化学成分气质联用分析[J].时珍国医国药,2001 ,12 (1):18~19.
[84]薛健飞,杨丽,李平亚. 榛子叶中脂溶性成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].特产研究,2008,30(1):58～59.
[85]吴京科,邓文红,金幼菊.油松针叶精油中的单萜成分[J].北京林业大学学报.1994,16(4):124～127.
[86]龚复俊,王国亮,张银华,等.八角枫挥发油化学成分研究[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):350～352.
[87]何方奕,张捷莉,李铁纯,等.杨树花挥发性成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),2000,27(3):233~235.
[88]李永和,陈敏,叶辉.华山松挥发性物质与华山松木蠹象危害关系[J].北林业大学学报,2007,35(7):7～10.
[89]陈代武,李杰红,王芳.GC-MS 测定槐米萃取液中的挥发性化学成分[J].华西药学杂志,2006,21(5):450～451.
[90]郭廷翘,岳书奎,刘宁,等.落叶松针叶气味与松毛虫危害的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,2(4):80～86.
[91]张仲平,邵林.香椿叶挥发性成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].中药材,1999,22(11):578.
[92]樊金拴,王性炎.秦岭冷杉树脂精油化学成分的研究[J].林产化学与工业,1992,12(01):71~74.
[93]贾晓妮,陈玉龙,张元媛,等.雪松花序挥发油的提取及 GC-MS 分析[J].中药材,2008,31(1):60～63.
[94]孙丽艳,周银莲,阮大津.云杉精油的成分分析[J].林业科学,1991,27(03):289~291.
[95]张坚,孙培龙,徐双阳,等.白玉兰精油的化学成分[J].精细化工,2006,23(4):372～375,396.
[96]曾虹燕,周朴华.贯叶连翘挥发性成分分析[J].中药材,2000,23(12):752～754.
[97]丁德生,李步祥.山楂果香味成分的研究[J].香料香精化妆品,1999,57(2):4～6.
[98]李冬生,王金华,胡征.桑叶挥发油的成分分析[J].氨纂酸和生物资源,2004,26(2):29～31.
[99]肖勇.木姜子属挥发油成分及其生物活性研究概况[J].云南化工,2007,34(5):85～93.
[100]唐志书,崔九成.南五味子种子挥发油成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].中草药,2005,36(10):1471～1472.
[101]李彩芳,方明月,李昌勤,等.SPME-GC-MS 法分析小叶女贞挥发性化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2007,19:443～446.
[102]涂永勤,寿清耀,杨荣平,等.红冠紫菀挥发油化学成分研究[J].重庆中草药研究,2005,1(51):26～29.
[103]余爱农,龚发俊,刘定书.鸡屎藤鲜品挥发油化学成分的研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2003,21(1):41～43.
[104]凌育赵.二种方法提取紫苏挥发油的气相色谱-质谱比较[J].中国调味品,2005,11(11):18～21.
[105]邱琴,崔兆杰,刘廷礼,等.青蒿挥发油化学成分的 GC/MS 研究[J].中成药,2001,23(4):278～280.
[106]黄龙,宋旭艳,孙海辉,等.缬草油化学成份 GC/MS 分析研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2002,24(2):11～13.
[107]刘信平,张驰,谭志伟,等.败酱草挥发性化学成分研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(2):410,593.
[108]唐洪梅,席萍,薛秀清.石菖蒲不同提取物化学成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].广东药学,2001,11(6):33～35.
[109]何坚,孙宝国.香料化学与工艺学——天然、合成、调和香料[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[2]严旬.野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望[J].兽类学报,2005,25 (4):402～406.
[3]胡锦矗.大熊猫近 40 年的演变[J].四川师范学院学报(自然科学版),1993,14(2):99～104.
[4]Loucks CJ, Lü Z, Dinerstein E, Wang DJ, Fu D, Wang H. The giant pandas of the Qinling Mountains, China: a case study in designing conservation landscapes for ele-vational migrants [J]. Conservation Biology, 2003, 17, 558～565.
[5]陕西省林业厅. 陕西省第三次大熊猫综合调查报告[R].2002.
[6]申国珍,李俊清,蒋仕伟.大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和动态特征.生态学报[J].2004,24 (6):1294～1299.
[7]孙承骞,张哲邻,金学林.秦岭大熊猫局域种群的划分及数量分布[J].陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(3):163～167.
[8]国家林业局.全国第三次大熊猫调查报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[9]胡锦矗.大熊猫的研究[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2001.
[10]Liu J G.Ecological degradation in projected areas;the case of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant pandas[J].Science, 2001,292:98～101.
[11]潘文石,吕植.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[12]Metcalf L.R, Metcalf E. R. Plant Kairomones in Insect Ecology and Control [M]. NEW YORK, NY (USA).Champman&Hall, Inc. 1992.
[13]Hsiao T.H. Feeding behavior [A]. Kerkut, S. A. & Gilbert, L. I. Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry Pharmacology [C], Oxford: Pergamon. 1985,(6):471～512.
[14]Penuelas J. Llusia J.BVOCs: plant defense against climate warning.[J].Trends Plant Sci. 2003,8:105～109.
[15]刘和,孙忠贵.我国化学领域天然植物挥发性成分研究的进展[J].江西农业大学学报,1998,20(1):74～81.
[16]邓晓军,陈晓亚,杜家纬.植物挥发性物质及其代谢工程[J].植物生理与分子生物学学报,2004,30(1):11～18.
[17]Pichersky E., Jonathan G. The formation and function of plan volatiles: perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Curr Opin Plant Biol,2002,5:237～243.
[18]石若夫,王关林.微波辐照诱导萃取香叶天竺葵挥发油[J].大连理工大学学报,2001,41(5):542～544.
[19]邓晓军.植物气味生物工程研究(Ⅱ):植物挥发性萜类代谢分析及其调控[D].上海:中国科学院上海生命科学研究院植物生理生态研究所,2005.
[20]胡闻莉,刘文英.一种新型固相萃取技术—固相微萃取[J].药学进展,1999,23(5):257～260.
[21]Tholl D., Boland W., Hansel A., et al.Practical approaches to plant volatile analysis[J].The Plant Journal,2006, 45:540～560.
[22]刘欣,陈永泉,林日高等.利用气体吸附法研究樟树挥发香气的成分[J].华南农业大学学报,1994,15 (3):93～96.
[23]魏明,邓晓军,胡文利,等.应用固相微萃取技术分析番茄与天竺葵活体植株的挥发物[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(4):184～187.
[24]阎凤鸣.化学生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[25]孙启祥,彭震华,张齐生.自然状态下杉木挥发物成分及其对人体身心健康的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2004,31(2):158～163.
[26]梁宝生,R.Baraldi,F.Rapparini.GC-MS 法测定植物排放的萜烯类化合物[J].重庆环境科学,2003, 25(11):39～43.
[27]秦小薇,苏建伟,戈峰,等.马尾松、湿地松、油松针叶挥发物中手性单萜的组成与相对含量[J].分析测试学报,2006,25(2):6～9.
[28]Chistensen KR., Reineccius GA.Gas chomatographic analysis of volatile sulfur compounds from heated milk using static headspace sampling [J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1992 ,75(8): 2098～2104.
[29]白树雄,何康来,王振营.植物挥发性物质提取的一种简易方法—液氮冷凝法[J].昆虫知识,2003,40(4):377～379.
[30]李建光,金幼菊,骆有庆.用吸附—热脱附研究复叶槭挥发性物质的化学组成[J].河北林果研究,1999,14(4):298～302.
[31]高岩.北京市绿化树木挥发性有机物释放动态及其对人体健康的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2005.
[32]潘雪峰,杨明非,袁峰.番茄茎叶挥发物的气相色谱一质谱的定性分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(6):119～120.
[33]李新岗,马养民,刘拉平,等.华山松球果挥发性萜类成分研究[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(10):2072～2076.
[34]卢昕,刘承伟,付丽娜,等.鸡尾木叶脂溶性挥发物化学成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].广西植物,2006, 26(1):107～109.
[35]潘雪峰,杨明非.李子挥发物质的分析[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(3):113～114.
[36]魏明.植物气味生物工程研究(I):植物挥发性物质的监测和分析技术[D].上海:中国科学院上海生命科学研究院,2004.
[37]程劫,谢建春,孙宝国.国产玫瑰精油的化学成分及香气特征[J].中国食品添加剂,2007,5: 66~70.
[38] 孙宝国,等.食用调香术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[39]石旺鹏,严毓骅,张龙,等.东亚飞蝗粪便挥发物对其蝗蝻的聚集作用初报[J].中国农业大学学报.2000,5(5):54～58.
[40]刘芳,娄永根,程家安.挥发物在调节稻虱缨小蜂、黑肩绿盲蝽种内种间关系中的作用[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2002,28(4):401～406.
[41]Loher W. Pheromones and phase transformation in Locusts. In: Chapman R F, Anthong Joem, ed. Biology of Grasshoppers, Wroctaw: Wiley Interscience1, 1990.337～355.
[42]Peter G, N jagiN, Torto B, et al. Phase-independent responses to phase-specific aggregation pheromone in adult desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: A crididae). Physiol Entomol, 1996, 21: 131～137.
[43]Robert J B, Patrick F D, Ronald D P, et al. Aggregation pheromone of dried fruit beetle, Carpophilu shempterus. J Chem Eco, l990, 16: 1015～1038.
[44]Visser J H. Hostodor perception in phytophagous insects. Ann RevEntomol, 1986, 31: 121～144.
[45]钦俊德,王琛柱.论昆虫与植物的相互作用和进化的关系[J].昆虫学报,2001,44(3):360～365
[46]Dicke M. Evolution of induced indirect defense of plants. In: Tollrian R, Harvell C (eds). The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses. Princeton: PrincetonUniversityPress,1999. 62～68.
[47]Arimura G, Ozawa R, Horiuchi J et al. Plant-plant interaction smediated by volatiles emitted from plants infested by spider mites. Biochem Syst Ecol, 2001, 29: 1049～1061.
[48]徐延熙,孙绪艮,何忠,等.松毛虫狭颊寄蝇对被害马尾松针叶挥发物的触角电位反应[J].昆虫知识.2006,43(3):319～322.
[49]陈宗懋,许宁,韩宝瑜,等.茶树-害虫-天敌间的化学信息联系[J].茶叶科学,2003,23(增):38～45.
[50]陈华才,沈群超,娄永根,等.水稻挥发物对二化螟幼虫趋性行为的影响[J].中国水稻科学, 2004,18(5):473～475.
[51]张淑颖,肖春,叶敏,等.香蕉果肉挥发物对桔小实蝇成虫的引诱作用[J].华中农业大学学报,2006,25(5):512～514.
[52]陈健忠,董耀仁,黎传宗.马拉巴栗( Pachira macrocarp Walp)叶片气味对东方果实蝇( Bact rocera dorsalis ) 及瓜实蝇( B.cucubi tae) 之引诱探讨[J].台湾昆虫,2004,24:281～286.
[53]NOJIMA S, MORRIS Jr B, ZHANG A J, et al. Identification of host fruit volatiles from hawthorn ( Crataegus spp . ) attractive to hawthorn-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies [J] . J Chem Ecol ,2003 ,29 (2) : 321～326.
[54]赵成华,阎云花.马尾松针叶中的挥发物质对马尾松毛虫产卵行为的影响.林业科学.2003, 39(6):91～93.
[55]陈春,宋启示,张光明,等.榕果挥发物对传粉榕小蜂的吸引作用[J].生态学报,2004,24(12):2794～2798.
[56]杜永均,严福顺.植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄主植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理[J].昆虫学报,1994,37(2):233～250.
[57]张风娟,金幼菊,陈华君,等.光肩星天牛对 4 种不同槭树科寄主植物的选择机制[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):870～877.
[58]尚玉昌.行为生态学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1998.
[59]Krebs JR, Davies NB. 1987. An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology. 2rd edn. Oxford: BlackwellScienfitif Pulications
[60]JohnstonR E.1900.Ch emicalco mmunicationin g oldenh amsters:fr omb ehaviorto m oleculesan dneural mechanisms. In: Dewsbury DA. Ed. ContemporaryJssuea in Comparative Psychology. New York: Sinauer press, 381-409.
[61]Muller-Schwarze D. 1999. Signal specialization and evolution in mammals. In: Johnston RE,Mfiller-Schwarze D, Sorensen PW. ed. Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates. New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 1-14.
[62]高岩,金幼菊,邹祥旺,等.珍珠梅花挥发物对小鼠旷场行为及学习记忆能力的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(3):61～66.
[63]蔡荣先.香型中草药饲料添加剂为肉仔鸡的实验[J].中国饲料,1998,10:19～20.
[64]宫崎良文等.精油の吸入にょゐ变化(第二报) [J].木材学会志,1992,38(10):909～913.
[65]张意宽.有香的舒适空间[J ].室内设计与装修,1996,(6):52～53.
[66]洪蓉,金幼菊. 日本芳香生理心理学研究进展[J].世界林业研究,2001,14(3):61～66.
[67]谷田正弘. 香りの生理心理效果研究の现状と问题点[J ]. Fragrance Journal ,1999(1):57～61.
[68]谷田贝光克.树木抽出成分利用技术研究组合研究成果[J].山林,1995(1335):69～77.
[69]刘世安,张金荣,吴敏菊.超临界 CO2 萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取藁本挥发油的比较[J].现代中药研究与实践,2004,18(2):51～53.
[70]陶玲,黄际薇,麦海燕.肉桂挥发油的超临界 CO2 萃取法与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的比较分析[J].分析测试学报,2004,23(4):65～67.
[71]黄宝华,海景,黄慧民,等.超临界 CO2 萃取刺柏中挥发性成分分析[J].中药材,1997,20(1):30～32.
[72]Lucchesi ME, Chemat F, Smadja J.Solvent-free microwave extraction of essential oil from aromatic herbs with conventional hydrodistillation[J].J. Chomatogr. A,2004,1043 (2):323～327.
[73]Ruth S M, Roozen J P, Jansen F J H M.Aroma profilesof vegetable oils varying in fatty acid compositionvsconcentrations of primary and secondary lipid oxidationproducts[J].Nahrung,2000,44:318～322.
[74]钟海雁,黄永辉,龙奇志,等.食用油气味的研究方法及展望[J].食品科技,2007,09:8～11.
[75]Luna G,Morales M T,Aparicio R.Characterisation of 39varietal virgin olive oils by their volatile compositions[J].Food Chemistry,2006,98(2):243～252.
[76]王阿法.天然香料生产工艺学[M].南京林业大学化工学院香料教研组.1994.
[77]孙宝国,何坚.香精概论—生产、配方与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[78]孙宝国,郑福平,谢建春,等.香精配方手册[M]. 北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[79]吕金顺,朱巧军,王亚平,等.合欢荚果挥发油的化学成分研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3(1):59～62
[80]魏小宁,刘霞,武水仙,等.青杨挥发油化学成分研究[J].天然产物研究与开发,2002,14(4):16～19.
[81]李智立,刘淑莹.侧柏果实挥发油化学成分的研究[J].中国药学杂志,1997,32(3):138～139.
[82]刘廷礼,邱琴,赵冶,等.侧柏叶挥发油成分的分析[J]. 中药材,2000,23(8):460～461.
[83]魏刚,王淑英.侧柏叶挥发油化学成分气质联用分析[J].时珍国医国药,2001 ,12 (1):18~19.
[84]薛健飞,杨丽,李平亚. 榛子叶中脂溶性成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].特产研究,2008,30(1):58～59.
[85]吴京科,邓文红,金幼菊.油松针叶精油中的单萜成分[J].北京林业大学学报.1994,16(4):124～127.
[86]龚复俊,王国亮,张银华,等.八角枫挥发油化学成分研究[J].武汉植物学研究,1999,17(4):350～352.
[87]何方奕,张捷莉,李铁纯,等.杨树花挥发性成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),2000,27(3):233~235.
[88]李永和,陈敏,叶辉.华山松挥发性物质与华山松木蠹象危害关系[J].北林业大学学报,2007,35(7):7～10.
[89]陈代武,李杰红,王芳.GC-MS 测定槐米萃取液中的挥发性化学成分[J].华西药学杂志,2006,21(5):450～451.
[90]郭廷翘,岳书奎,刘宁,等.落叶松针叶气味与松毛虫危害的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,1996,2(4):80～86.
[91]张仲平,邵林.香椿叶挥发性成分的 GC/MS 分析[J].中药材,1999,22(11):578.
[92]樊金拴,王性炎.秦岭冷杉树脂精油化学成分的研究[J].林产化学与工业,1992,12(01):71~74.
[93]贾晓妮,陈玉龙,张元媛,等.雪松花序挥发油的提取及 GC-MS 分析[J].中药材,2008,31(1):60～63.
[94]孙丽艳,周银莲,阮大津.云杉精油的成分分析[J].林业科学,1991,27(03):289~291.
[95]张坚,孙培龙,徐双阳,等.白玉兰精油的化学成分[J].精细化工,2006,23(4):372～375,396.
[96]曾虹燕,周朴华.贯叶连翘挥发性成分分析[J].中药材,2000,23(12):752～754.
[97]丁德生,李步祥.山楂果香味成分的研究[J].香料香精化妆品,1999,57(2):4～6.
[98]李冬生,王金华,胡征.桑叶挥发油的成分分析[J].氨纂酸和生物资源,2004,26(2):29～31.
[99]肖勇.木姜子属挥发油成分及其生物活性研究概况[J].云南化工,2007,34(5):85～93.
[100]唐志书,崔九成.南五味子种子挥发油成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].中草药,2005,36(10):1471～1472.
[101]李彩芳,方明月,李昌勤,等.SPME-GC-MS 法分析小叶女贞挥发性化学成分[J].天然产物研究与开发,2007,19:443～446.
[102]涂永勤,寿清耀,杨荣平,等.红冠紫菀挥发油化学成分研究[J].重庆中草药研究,2005,1(51):26～29.
[103]余爱农,龚发俊,刘定书.鸡屎藤鲜品挥发油化学成分的研究[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2003,21(1):41～43.
[104]凌育赵.二种方法提取紫苏挥发油的气相色谱-质谱比较[J].中国调味品,2005,11(11):18～21.
[105]邱琴,崔兆杰,刘廷礼,等.青蒿挥发油化学成分的 GC/MS 研究[J].中成药,2001,23(4):278～280.
[106]黄龙,宋旭艳,孙海辉,等.缬草油化学成份 GC/MS 分析研究[J].氨基酸和生物资源,2002,24(2):11～13.
[107]刘信平,张驰,谭志伟,等.败酱草挥发性化学成分研究[J].安徽农业科学,2008,36(2):410,593.
[108]唐洪梅,席萍,薛秀清.石菖蒲不同提取物化学成分的 GC-MS 分析[J].广东药学,2001,11(6):33～35.
[109]何坚,孙宝国.香料化学与工艺学——天然、合成、调和香料[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.