犬乳牙根尖周炎两种治疗方法的疗效及对乳恒牙替换的影响
|
摘要
乳牙根尖周炎是儿童口腔科常见疾病之一，对乳牙进行根管治疗，从1932年起就被认为是保护乳牙、避免乳牙早失的一种有效方法。乳牙根充糊剂除需具有恒牙根充糊剂的特性外，还需具有充填后能与乳牙牙根同步吸收、对乳牙根尖周组织和恒牙牙胚无害等性质。目前，临床上常用的乳牙根充糊剂有氧化锌丁香油(ZOE)类制剂、氢氧化钙制剂、抗生素类制剂和生物材料制剂四类。其中ZOE糊剂作为根管充填材料有很高的成功率，但Coll和Sadrian指出，有20％用ZOE糊剂根充的病例出现恒牙异位萌出的现象。而生物材料类制剂，如三氧化矿物凝聚体(MTA)，三磷酸钙(TCP)，虽然具有良好的生物相容性、生物活性和骨传导作用，能较早的引导根尖钙化组织沉积和新骨长入，促进根尖周组织愈合，但其抗菌效果差，在感染的根尖周组织难以正常发挥其生物效应。因此目前临床上应用最为广泛的乳牙根充材料是氢氧化钙类制剂和抗生素类制剂，而其中尤以Vitapex和替硝唑糊剂为代表成为临床研究与应用的热点。但由于没有一种合适的动物模型，目前对乳牙根尖周炎的研究多局限于临床流行病学调查，而且由于临床实验的条件限制，乳牙根尖周炎治疗方法的疗效评定往往局限于咬合痛、叩痛等临床症状和X线片的根尖阴影面积变化，关于其对乳恒牙替换的影响则由于所需随访时间长，失访人数多等原因未见报道。
Priamary teeth's apical periodontitis is one of the common disease at department of pediatric dentistry. Since 1932, root canal therapy has been considered as a effective treatment to protect primary tooth. Root canal filling pastes for primary tooth have to meet more needs than paste for permanent tooth, such as being absorbed with root simultaneously and doing no harm to permanent tooth germ. At present, most commonly used paste are divided into 4 groups: Zinc oxide eugenols(ZOE), calcium hydroxide(CH), antibiotics and biomaterials. Among those mentioned above, ZOE has high success rate clinically, but Coll and Sadrian pointed out that, there was a 20% incidence of succedaneous tooth's ectopic eruption. Biomaterials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA), tricalcium phosphate(TCP), have good biocompatibility and bioactivity. It can also induce calcification and bone growth, thus accelerate the healing process at periapical region. However, because of its poor antibiotic effect, it can hardly work at infected periapical tissue. Most widely used clinically now are CH paste and antibiotic pastes, Vitapex and tinidazole paste, as the representatives of the groups mentioned above, are the focus of research
Priamary teeth's apical periodontitis is one of the common disease at department of pediatric dentistry. Since 1932, root canal therapy has been considered as a effective treatment to protect primary tooth. Root canal filling pastes for primary tooth have to meet more needs than paste for permanent tooth, such as being absorbed with root simultaneously and doing no harm to permanent tooth germ. At present, most commonly used paste are divided into 4 groups: Zinc oxide eugenols(ZOE), calcium hydroxide(CH), antibiotics and biomaterials. Among those mentioned above, ZOE has high success rate clinically, but Coll and Sadrian pointed out that, there was a 20% incidence of succedaneous tooth's ectopic eruption. Biomaterials, such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA), tricalcium phosphate(TCP), have good biocompatibility and bioactivity. It can also induce calcification and bone growth, thus accelerate the healing process at periapical region. However, because of its poor antibiotic effect, it can hardly work at infected periapical tissue. Most widely used clinically now are CH paste and antibiotic pastes, Vitapex and tinidazole paste, as the representatives of the groups mentioned above, are the focus of research
引文
[1] Gideo H, Anna BF. Pediatr Dent, 1993,15(4):403-407
[2] Nair PNR (1998b). Pathology of apical periodontitis. In: Essential endodontology. Orstavik D, Pitt Ford TR, editors. Oxford: Blackwell.
[3] Stashenko P, Yu SM, Wang C-Y (1992). Kinetics of immune cell and bone resorptive responses to endodontic infections. J Endod 18:422-426.
[4] Nair PNR, Pajarola G, Schroeder HE (1996). Types and incidence of human periapical lesions obtained with extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 81:93-102.
[5] Nair PNR (1998a). New perspectives on radicular cysts: do they heal? Int Endod J 31:155-160.
[6] Siqueira Jurior JF. Mechamisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review [J]. Int Endod J, 1999,32(5):361-369
[7] Staehle HJ, Pioch TH, Hoppe W. The alkalizing prop-Entries??of calcium hydroxide compounds. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989; 5:147
[8] Mandel E, Bourguignon-Adelle C. Endodntic retreatment: a rational approach to non-surgical root canal therapy of immature teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12:246
[9] Jose F Siqueira, Milton de Uzeda. Influence of different vehicles on the antibacterial effects of calcium hydroxide. J Endod. 1998;24(10):663
[10] Jose F Siqueira, Helio P Lopes, Milton de Uzeda. Recontamination of coronally unsealed root canals medicated with camphorated paramonochlorophenol or calcium hydroxide pastes after saliva challenge.J Endod. 1998:24(1):11
[11] 马秀华。氢氧化钙应用于根管治疗中的新进展。上海口腔医学。1998：7(1)：57
[12] 薛毅 摘。革兰氏染色法评价死髓牙根管治疗的预后。国外医学口腔医学分册。1994；21(5)：303
[13] 梁景平，刘正，张国驰。感染根管厌氧菌的初步研究。中华口腔医学杂志。1991；26(1)：28
[14] Ohara P, Torabinejad M, James D. Antibacterial effect of various endodontic medicaments on selected anacrobic bacteria. J Endodontics. 1993;19(10):498
[15] Georgepolou M, Kontakiotis E, Nakou M. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide and paramonochlorophenol on anaerobic bacteria from the root canal. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1993;9;249
[16] Hunter AR, Kirk EEJ, Robinson DH. A slow release calcium??delivery system for the study of reparative dentine formation. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:112
[17] Carlos Estrela, Fabiana Cristina Pimenta, Izabel Yoko Ito. In vitro determination of direct antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide. J Endodontics. 1998;24(1):15
[18] LA Bezerra de Silva, MR Leonardo, RS de Silva. Calcium hydroxide root canal sealers: evaluation of PH, calcium ion concentration and conductivity. Inter Endod J. 1997;30:205
[19] Kontaklotis EG, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Effect of calcium hydroxide dressing on seal of permanent root filling. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1997;13:281-284
[20] Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Effect of calcium hydroxide on bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Endodontics. 1993;19(2):76
[21] Kamran E, Frank C. Alteration of biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by calcium hydroxide treatment. J Endodontics. 1994;20(3):127
[22] Tanaka M, Kato K, Ono H, et al. Chemical change of calcium hydroxide contained in root canal filling materials in serum[J]. Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi, 1989,27(1):41-45
[23] Huang FM, Tai KW, Chang MY. Cytotoxicity of resion-,zinc oxide-eugenol-,and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal figment cells and permanent V79 cells[J].Int Endod J, 2002,3592):153-158
[24] 吴海珍，王林艳，汪学华，等。氢氧化钙用于根管封药的动物实验研究[J]。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2002，12(6)：314-316
[25] Moor RJG De, Witte AMJ De. Periapical lesions accidentally??filled with calcium hydroxide[J]. Int Endod J, 2002, 35(11):946-958
[26] 荀文兴，唐文杰，郝建军。羟基磷灰石、氢氧化钙对鼠牙髓细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志。1997；7(2)：108
[27] 陈筠，史俊南，肖明振。氢氧化钙对牙髓碱性磷酸酶活性的作用和对人牙髓细胞碱性磷酸酶基因表达的作用。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志。1991：9(1)：42
[28] Nerwich A. PH change in root dentin over a 4-week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. J Endodontics. 1993;19(6):302
[29] Holland R, Alexandre AC, Mutara SS. Apical leakage following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995;11:261
[30] Porkaew P, Retief DH, Barfield RD. Effect of calcium hydroxide paste as an intracanal medicament on apical seal. J Endod. 1990;16:369
[31] Buck RA, Cai J, Eleazer PD et al. Detoxification of endotoxin by endodontic irrigants and calcium hydroxide. J Endod, 2001,27, (5):325-327
[32] 唐子圣，尹仕海。碘仿的口腔临床研究与应用，国外医学口腔医学分册，1998，25(1)：11-13
[33] 邹静。乳牙根管充填材料。国外医学口腔医学分册，1999，26(5)：265-267
[34] 张奇英，韩翔。氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂用于乳牙根管封药的临床研究[J]。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2005，15(7)：395-397[35] 廖芳，刘黎琳，VITAPEX糊剂在乳牙尖周炎治疗中的应用[J]。四川医学2004，25(7)：768
[36] Deveaux E, Dufour D, Boniface B et al. Five method of calcium hydroxide intracanal placement:an in vitro evaluation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2000,89(30): 349-355
[37] Valera MC, Moraes Rego J, Jorge AO et al. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on Canadia albicans in root canals. J Endod, 2001,27(6):401-403
[38] 张奇英，阮士耿，韩翔。复方替硝唑糊剂治疗乳磨牙根尖周炎的疗效观察。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2004，14(9)：508-509
[39] Barr ES, Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of primary molar pulpectomies[J]. Pediatr Dent, 1991,13(1):4-9
[40] Mani SA. Chawla HS, Tewari A, Goyal A. Evaluation of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol as root canal filling materials in primary teeth[J]. J Dent Child, 2000, 67(2): 142-147, 83
[41] Spedding RH. Incomplete resorption of resorbable zinc oxide root canal fillings in primary teeth:report of two cases[J]. J Dent Child, 1985,52(3):214-216
[42] Coll JA, Sadrian R. Predicting pulpectomy success and its relationship to exfoliation and succedaneous dentition[J]. Pediatr Dent, 1996,18(1):57-63
[43] 张晓芳，许学斌。氧化锌丁香油酚糊剂和VITAPEX充填乳牙根管的疗效比较[J]．上海口腔医学，2003，12(5)377-379[44] Miyazaki K, Horibe T, Antonucci J M, et al. Polymeric calcium phosphate cements: analysis of reaction products and properties[J]. Dent Mater, 1993,9(1):41-45
[45] 戴红莲，阎玉华，王友法。α-TCP／TTCP牙根管充填材料[J]中国有色金属学报，2002，6(12)：534-538
[46] Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR, Abedi HR, et al. Tissue reaction to implanted root-end filling matierials in the tibia and mandible of Guinea pigs[J]. J Endod, 1998,24(7):468-471
[47] Torabinejad M, Hong CU, Pitt Ford TR, et al. Cytotoxicity of four root end filling materials[J]. J Endod, 1995, 21(8): 489-492
[48] White JD, Lacefield WR, Chavers IS, et al. The effect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin[J]. J Endod, 2002,28(12):828-830[1] Barbosa SV, Araki K, Spangberg LSW. Cytotoxicity of some modified root canal sealers and their leachable components[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1993, 75(3): 357-361
[2] Stashenko P, Wang CY, Tani IN, et al. Pathogenesis of induced rat periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1994,78(4):494
[3] Lin SK, Hong CY, Chang HH, et al. Immunolocalization of macrophages and transforming growth factor-β 1 in induced rat periapical lesions. J Endod, 2000,26(6):335
[4] Peng bin, Cheng Yue, Bian Zhuan, et al. Effect of cyclosporine A on the progression of pulpal lesions.口腔医学纵横, 2001, 17(2):122-124
[5] Teles R, Wang CY, Stashenko P. Increased susceptibility of RAG-2 Scidmice to dissemination of endodontic infections. Infect Immun, 1997,65(9):3781-3785
[6] Yamasaki M, Kumazawa M, Kohsaka T, et al. Pulpal and periapical tissue reaction after experimental pulpal exposure in rats. J Endod, 1994,20(1):13-17
[7] 文玲英，吴海珍。现代牙髓免疫学[M]。合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1998．16
[8] Carratu P.Evaluation of leakage of bacteria and endotoxins??in teeth treated endodontically by two different techniques[J]. J Endod, 2002,28(4):272
[9] Found AF, Acosta AW. Periapical lesion progression and cytokine expression in an LPS hyporesponsive model[J]. Int Endon J, 2001,34(7):506[1] Nurko C, Rardy DM, Garcia-Godoy F, et al. Resorption of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste(Vitapex) in root canal therapy for primary teeth: a case report[J]. Pediatr Dent,2000,22(6):517
[2] Thomas AM. Elimination of infection in pulpectomized deciduous teeth: A short time study using of iodoform paste[J]. J Endod, 1994,20(5):233
[3] Kawakami T, Nakamura C, Eda S. Effects of the penetration of a root canal filling material into the mandibular canal. Tissue reaction tu the material [J]. Endod Dent Traumatol, 1991,7(1):36
[4] Kawakami T, Nakamura C, Hasegawa H, et al. Ultrastructural study of initial calcification in the rat subcutaneous tissues elicited by a root canal filling material[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1987, 63(3):360
[5] 梁景平，刘正，张国驰等。感染根管厌氧菌的初步研究。中华口腔医学杂志，1991，26：28-30
[6] 陈莉丽，严杰，倪可夫，等。常用抗厌氧菌药物的体外药效学研究。口腔医学杂志，1996，16(2)：63-64
[7] 陆宇森，秦稼楠。Vitapex糊剂和抗生素糊剂用于根尖诱导成形术的疗效比较。上海口腔医学杂志，2004，13(5)：451[1] 史俊南，韩桃娟，主编。口腔内科学。第二版．西安：第四军医大学，1987，468
[2] 田熊庄三郎，八木俊雄，柳泽孝章，著。小儿口腔病理学。东京：学建书院株式会社，1987，139
[3] 文玲英，杨富生，主编。临床儿童口腔科学。西安，世界图书出版社，2001．61[4] 方秀华，殷春娣。儿童乳牙滞留状况分析及处理原则。医学理论与实践，2004，17(3)：368-369
[5] 杨富生，方军。2839名儿童乳牙滞留状况分析。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2000，1(10)：37-38
[6] 王颖。乳牙滞留256例临床分析。中华临床医学研究杂志，2005，6 (11)：14
[2] Nair PNR (1998b). Pathology of apical periodontitis. In: Essential endodontology. Orstavik D, Pitt Ford TR, editors. Oxford: Blackwell.
[3] Stashenko P, Yu SM, Wang C-Y (1992). Kinetics of immune cell and bone resorptive responses to endodontic infections. J Endod 18:422-426.
[4] Nair PNR, Pajarola G, Schroeder HE (1996). Types and incidence of human periapical lesions obtained with extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 81:93-102.
[5] Nair PNR (1998a). New perspectives on radicular cysts: do they heal? Int Endod J 31:155-160.
[6] Siqueira Jurior JF. Mechamisms of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide: a critical review [J]. Int Endod J, 1999,32(5):361-369
[7] Staehle HJ, Pioch TH, Hoppe W. The alkalizing prop-Entries??of calcium hydroxide compounds. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1989; 5:147
[8] Mandel E, Bourguignon-Adelle C. Endodntic retreatment: a rational approach to non-surgical root canal therapy of immature teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1996;12:246
[9] Jose F Siqueira, Milton de Uzeda. Influence of different vehicles on the antibacterial effects of calcium hydroxide. J Endod. 1998;24(10):663
[10] Jose F Siqueira, Helio P Lopes, Milton de Uzeda. Recontamination of coronally unsealed root canals medicated with camphorated paramonochlorophenol or calcium hydroxide pastes after saliva challenge.J Endod. 1998:24(1):11
[11] 马秀华。氢氧化钙应用于根管治疗中的新进展。上海口腔医学。1998：7(1)：57
[12] 薛毅 摘。革兰氏染色法评价死髓牙根管治疗的预后。国外医学口腔医学分册。1994；21(5)：303
[13] 梁景平，刘正，张国驰。感染根管厌氧菌的初步研究。中华口腔医学杂志。1991；26(1)：28
[14] Ohara P, Torabinejad M, James D. Antibacterial effect of various endodontic medicaments on selected anacrobic bacteria. J Endodontics. 1993;19(10):498
[15] Georgepolou M, Kontakiotis E, Nakou M. In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide and paramonochlorophenol on anaerobic bacteria from the root canal. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1993;9;249
[16] Hunter AR, Kirk EEJ, Robinson DH. A slow release calcium??delivery system for the study of reparative dentine formation. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:112
[17] Carlos Estrela, Fabiana Cristina Pimenta, Izabel Yoko Ito. In vitro determination of direct antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide. J Endodontics. 1998;24(1):15
[18] LA Bezerra de Silva, MR Leonardo, RS de Silva. Calcium hydroxide root canal sealers: evaluation of PH, calcium ion concentration and conductivity. Inter Endod J. 1997;30:205
[19] Kontaklotis EG, Wu MK, Wesselink PR. Effect of calcium hydroxide dressing on seal of permanent root filling. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1997;13:281-284
[20] Safavi KE, Nichols FC. Effect of calcium hydroxide on bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Endodontics. 1993;19(2):76
[21] Kamran E, Frank C. Alteration of biological properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide by calcium hydroxide treatment. J Endodontics. 1994;20(3):127
[22] Tanaka M, Kato K, Ono H, et al. Chemical change of calcium hydroxide contained in root canal filling materials in serum[J]. Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi, 1989,27(1):41-45
[23] Huang FM, Tai KW, Chang MY. Cytotoxicity of resion-,zinc oxide-eugenol-,and calcium hydroxide-based root canal sealers on human periodontal figment cells and permanent V79 cells[J].Int Endod J, 2002,3592):153-158
[24] 吴海珍，王林艳，汪学华，等。氢氧化钙用于根管封药的动物实验研究[J]。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2002，12(6)：314-316
[25] Moor RJG De, Witte AMJ De. Periapical lesions accidentally??filled with calcium hydroxide[J]. Int Endod J, 2002, 35(11):946-958
[26] 荀文兴，唐文杰，郝建军。羟基磷灰石、氢氧化钙对鼠牙髓细胞碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志。1997；7(2)：108
[27] 陈筠，史俊南，肖明振。氢氧化钙对牙髓碱性磷酸酶活性的作用和对人牙髓细胞碱性磷酸酶基因表达的作用。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志。1991：9(1)：42
[28] Nerwich A. PH change in root dentin over a 4-week period following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. J Endodontics. 1993;19(6):302
[29] Holland R, Alexandre AC, Mutara SS. Apical leakage following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1995;11:261
[30] Porkaew P, Retief DH, Barfield RD. Effect of calcium hydroxide paste as an intracanal medicament on apical seal. J Endod. 1990;16:369
[31] Buck RA, Cai J, Eleazer PD et al. Detoxification of endotoxin by endodontic irrigants and calcium hydroxide. J Endod, 2001,27, (5):325-327
[32] 唐子圣，尹仕海。碘仿的口腔临床研究与应用，国外医学口腔医学分册，1998，25(1)：11-13
[33] 邹静。乳牙根管充填材料。国外医学口腔医学分册，1999，26(5)：265-267
[34] 张奇英，韩翔。氢氧化钙碘仿糊剂用于乳牙根管封药的临床研究[J]。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2005，15(7)：395-397[35] 廖芳，刘黎琳，VITAPEX糊剂在乳牙尖周炎治疗中的应用[J]。四川医学2004，25(7)：768
[36] Deveaux E, Dufour D, Boniface B et al. Five method of calcium hydroxide intracanal placement:an in vitro evaluation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 2000,89(30): 349-355
[37] Valera MC, Moraes Rego J, Jorge AO et al. Effect of sodium hypochlorite and five intracanal medications on Canadia albicans in root canals. J Endod, 2001,27(6):401-403
[38] 张奇英，阮士耿，韩翔。复方替硝唑糊剂治疗乳磨牙根尖周炎的疗效观察。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2004，14(9)：508-509
[39] Barr ES, Flaitz CM, Hicks MJ. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of primary molar pulpectomies[J]. Pediatr Dent, 1991,13(1):4-9
[40] Mani SA. Chawla HS, Tewari A, Goyal A. Evaluation of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol as root canal filling materials in primary teeth[J]. J Dent Child, 2000, 67(2): 142-147, 83
[41] Spedding RH. Incomplete resorption of resorbable zinc oxide root canal fillings in primary teeth:report of two cases[J]. J Dent Child, 1985,52(3):214-216
[42] Coll JA, Sadrian R. Predicting pulpectomy success and its relationship to exfoliation and succedaneous dentition[J]. Pediatr Dent, 1996,18(1):57-63
[43] 张晓芳，许学斌。氧化锌丁香油酚糊剂和VITAPEX充填乳牙根管的疗效比较[J]．上海口腔医学，2003，12(5)377-379[44] Miyazaki K, Horibe T, Antonucci J M, et al. Polymeric calcium phosphate cements: analysis of reaction products and properties[J]. Dent Mater, 1993,9(1):41-45
[45] 戴红莲，阎玉华，王友法。α-TCP／TTCP牙根管充填材料[J]中国有色金属学报，2002，6(12)：534-538
[46] Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR, Abedi HR, et al. Tissue reaction to implanted root-end filling matierials in the tibia and mandible of Guinea pigs[J]. J Endod, 1998,24(7):468-471
[47] Torabinejad M, Hong CU, Pitt Ford TR, et al. Cytotoxicity of four root end filling materials[J]. J Endod, 1995, 21(8): 489-492
[48] White JD, Lacefield WR, Chavers IS, et al. The effect of three commonly used endodontic materials on the strength and hardness of root dentin[J]. J Endod, 2002,28(12):828-830[1] Barbosa SV, Araki K, Spangberg LSW. Cytotoxicity of some modified root canal sealers and their leachable components[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod, 1993, 75(3): 357-361
[2] Stashenko P, Wang CY, Tani IN, et al. Pathogenesis of induced rat periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1994,78(4):494
[3] Lin SK, Hong CY, Chang HH, et al. Immunolocalization of macrophages and transforming growth factor-β 1 in induced rat periapical lesions. J Endod, 2000,26(6):335
[4] Peng bin, Cheng Yue, Bian Zhuan, et al. Effect of cyclosporine A on the progression of pulpal lesions.口腔医学纵横, 2001, 17(2):122-124
[5] Teles R, Wang CY, Stashenko P. Increased susceptibility of RAG-2 Scidmice to dissemination of endodontic infections. Infect Immun, 1997,65(9):3781-3785
[6] Yamasaki M, Kumazawa M, Kohsaka T, et al. Pulpal and periapical tissue reaction after experimental pulpal exposure in rats. J Endod, 1994,20(1):13-17
[7] 文玲英，吴海珍。现代牙髓免疫学[M]。合肥：安徽科学技术出版社，1998．16
[8] Carratu P.Evaluation of leakage of bacteria and endotoxins??in teeth treated endodontically by two different techniques[J]. J Endod, 2002,28(4):272
[9] Found AF, Acosta AW. Periapical lesion progression and cytokine expression in an LPS hyporesponsive model[J]. Int Endon J, 2001,34(7):506[1] Nurko C, Rardy DM, Garcia-Godoy F, et al. Resorption of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste(Vitapex) in root canal therapy for primary teeth: a case report[J]. Pediatr Dent,2000,22(6):517
[2] Thomas AM. Elimination of infection in pulpectomized deciduous teeth: A short time study using of iodoform paste[J]. J Endod, 1994,20(5):233
[3] Kawakami T, Nakamura C, Eda S. Effects of the penetration of a root canal filling material into the mandibular canal. Tissue reaction tu the material [J]. Endod Dent Traumatol, 1991,7(1):36
[4] Kawakami T, Nakamura C, Hasegawa H, et al. Ultrastructural study of initial calcification in the rat subcutaneous tissues elicited by a root canal filling material[J]. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 1987, 63(3):360
[5] 梁景平，刘正，张国驰等。感染根管厌氧菌的初步研究。中华口腔医学杂志，1991，26：28-30
[6] 陈莉丽，严杰，倪可夫，等。常用抗厌氧菌药物的体外药效学研究。口腔医学杂志，1996，16(2)：63-64
[7] 陆宇森，秦稼楠。Vitapex糊剂和抗生素糊剂用于根尖诱导成形术的疗效比较。上海口腔医学杂志，2004，13(5)：451[1] 史俊南，韩桃娟，主编。口腔内科学。第二版．西安：第四军医大学，1987，468
[2] 田熊庄三郎，八木俊雄，柳泽孝章，著。小儿口腔病理学。东京：学建书院株式会社，1987，139
[3] 文玲英，杨富生，主编。临床儿童口腔科学。西安，世界图书出版社，2001．61[4] 方秀华，殷春娣。儿童乳牙滞留状况分析及处理原则。医学理论与实践，2004，17(3)：368-369
[5] 杨富生，方军。2839名儿童乳牙滞留状况分析。牙体牙髓牙周病学杂志，2000，1(10)：37-38
[6] 王颖。乳牙滞留256例临床分析。中华临床医学研究杂志，2005，6 (11)：14