青冈栎容器苗培育关键技术研究
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摘要
青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)为壳斗科栎属植物,它是我国亚热带东部湿润常绿阔叶林带的主要优势树种,也是我国亚热带东部地区主要造林树种。本文通过开展青冈栎容器苗基质配方、施肥技术、遮荫强度及密度控制等试验研究,为青冈栎容器苗壮苗培育提供技术理论依据,也为亚热带地区青冈栎幼林抚育技术提供一定的借鉴。通过本文研究主要得出以下结论：
(1)15个不同基质配方青冈栎容器苗的苗高、地径、单株生物量、质量指数等指标差异显著,随着泥炭土比例的增加,苗木质量呈上升趋势。基质的容重、速效氮含量、速效磷含量是影响青冈栎容器苗质量的主要因子。根据基质理化性状、容器苗质量及生产成本多目标综合评价和决策,认为容器苗的基质配方[泥炭(0.46)+珍珠岩(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]和[泥炭(0.46)+锯屑(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]为最佳。
(2)不同氮水平对青冈栎容器苗各个时段的生长效果明显不同。不同氮水平处理对青冈栎出圃容器苗高度、地径、生物量、质量指数差异显著,随着氮肥施用量的增加各指标增加,但达到一定水平后,再增加施氮量,各指标下降,呈二次曲线趋势,中水平氮素处理99.5mg／株时各指标为最佳。不同钾水平处理苗木质量均符合青冈栎容器苗质量要求,以中水平K3(100mgK2O／株)为最佳。P1(未施磷肥)处理青冈栎容器苗质量最差,其它处理随着施磷肥量的增加,苗木质量呈下降趋势,但均符合苗木质量标准,以施40 mg P2O5／株苗木质量最佳。影响青冈栎轻型基质容器苗生长的营养元素氮>磷>钾。不同施肥时间处理间苗木质量差异显著,以芽苗移植前施入缓释肥为最佳。综合基质配方与施肥试验的研究认为：基质[泥炭(0.46)+珍珠岩(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]肥料最佳配方为：[N(99.5 mg)+K2O(100 mg)+P2O5(40 mg)／株。
(3)青冈栎容器苗芽苗移植后至9月1日,遮荫(60%透光率)有利于苗木的生长,同时可以显著降低容器苗的耗水量,此后宜全光照栽培。不同透光率处理青冈栎容器苗出圃时,除100%、60%透光率处理之间透光率处理苗高差异不显著外,其它处理间苗高、地径、生物量、质量指数等指标差异达显著水平,指标由高到低分别为100%、60%、40%、20%、5%处理。随着透光率的增加,(Chl.a)/Chl.b)、Car/Chl、根重比呈现上升趋势,单位面积和单位重量的Chl.a、Chl.b、Car、比叶面积、叶重比呈现下降趋势,20%和5%透光处理其叶片PSⅡ电子传递效率高于其他处理,表现了在弱光条件下,为提高光能利用率而对环境的一种适应策略。青冈栎为喜阳性树种,但具有很强的耐荫性。
(4)高密度和过低密度都不利于青冈栎容器苗的生长。随着青冈栎容器苗育苗密度的增加,苗木质量等级分化加大,单株平均生物量和质量指数降低。随着密度的降低,地径增加,但苗高和生物量降低,耗水量显著增加。根据容器苗苗木质量等多目标评价认为青冈栎网袋容器苗的栽培密度337株／m2为最佳。
Cyclobalanopsis glauca, a Fagaceae plant, is one of the dominant tree species of humid subtropical eastern evergreen broad-leaved forest in China and also the main afforestation species in the region. The present paper provided a theoretical basis for nursery technology of container seedlings of C. glauca by the experiments of matrix formulation, fertilization, and shading and plant density, and also provided technological reference for tending of young C. glauca plants. The main results showed that:
1. Significant differences on the plant height, root collar diameter, biomass per plant, quality index (QI) of container seedlings were observed among the 15 kinds of media. Quality of seedlings increased with the increase of proportion of peat soil. Substrate bulk density, available nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors influencing seedling quality of C. glauca. The substrate formula [peat soil (0.46)+ perlite (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] and [peat soil (0.46)+saw dust (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] were considered the best, according to the multi-objective comprehensive evaluation on physical and chemical properties of matrix, container seedling quality and production cost.
2. Nitrogen effect on the growth of C. glauca was significantly different during the different growth periods. The differences on the container seedling height, root collar diameter, biomass and QI were significant between the nitrogen treatments. The parameters showed a quadratic curve trend with increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The parameters increased to the peak when the nitrogen content to a certain level then decreased when continued to increase the quantity of nitrogen. The nitrogen content of 99.5 mg/plant was the best for the evaluation parameters. Quality of container seedlings grown in different levels of potassium can meet the quality requirements, and the container seedlings were best with the potassium supply of 100 mg per plant. The poorest quality container seedlings of C. glauca were observed in the treatment of no P fertilizer supply, whereas all container seedlings were in line with seedling quality standards but seedlings quality declined with the increase of P fertilizer supply. As a result, the quality of container seedlings was best when plants grown in the treatments with P fertilizer of 40 mg P2O5 per plant. Fertilizer effect on the growth of container seedlings of C. glauca was in the sequence of N> P> K. Time effect of fertilization on seedling quality was significant difference between treatments with the best time in the seedling fertilization should be before transplantation. The comprehensive results of matrix formulation and fertilization experiment showed that the substrate formula [peat soil (0.46)+perlite (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] and fertilizer combination [N (99.5 mg)+ K2O(100 mg)+P2O5(40 mg)/per plant were the excellent light-media for container seedlings nursery of C. glauca.
3. Moderate shade (60% light transmission rate) benefit for the growth of seedlings of C. glauca during the period between transplantation to September 1, simultaneously reduced significantly the water consumption of container seedlings. Then seedlings should be cultivated with no shading. The height, root collar diameter, biomass and QI of container seedling were significantly affected by shading. These parameters decreased with the increase in shading intensity, ranking from high to low were 100%, 60%,40%,20%, and 5% transmittance, whereas the height of seedlings in 60% transmittance was close to the treatment of all light cultivation. The ratios of Chla/Chlb, Car/Chl and root weight ratio increased but the contents of Chla、Chlb and Car, specific leaf area, and leaf weight ratio decreased with the increase of light transmittance. PSII electron transport efficiency in leaves of seedlings grown in treatments of 20% and 5% transmittance was higher than other treatment, suggesting that C. glauca can improve light use efficiency demonstrating an adaptation strategy for low-light conditions. Cyclobalanopsis glauca is a heliophile species but has a strong shade tolerance.
4.Both high and low density was not conducive to the growth of container seedlings of C. glauca. The differentiation of seedling quality grades increased and average biomass per plant and QI decreased with the increase of container seedling density. The root collar diameter of seedlings increased with the decrease of density, but the height and biomass per plant decreased, moreover, water consumption increased significantly. The optimal planting density of container seedlings of C. glauca is 337 individuals per square meter.
(1)15个不同基质配方青冈栎容器苗的苗高、地径、单株生物量、质量指数等指标差异显著,随着泥炭土比例的增加,苗木质量呈上升趋势。基质的容重、速效氮含量、速效磷含量是影响青冈栎容器苗质量的主要因子。根据基质理化性状、容器苗质量及生产成本多目标综合评价和决策,认为容器苗的基质配方[泥炭(0.46)+珍珠岩(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]和[泥炭(0.46)+锯屑(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]为最佳。
(2)不同氮水平对青冈栎容器苗各个时段的生长效果明显不同。不同氮水平处理对青冈栎出圃容器苗高度、地径、生物量、质量指数差异显著,随着氮肥施用量的增加各指标增加,但达到一定水平后,再增加施氮量,各指标下降,呈二次曲线趋势,中水平氮素处理99.5mg／株时各指标为最佳。不同钾水平处理苗木质量均符合青冈栎容器苗质量要求,以中水平K3(100mgK2O／株)为最佳。P1(未施磷肥)处理青冈栎容器苗质量最差,其它处理随着施磷肥量的增加,苗木质量呈下降趋势,但均符合苗木质量标准,以施40 mg P2O5／株苗木质量最佳。影响青冈栎轻型基质容器苗生长的营养元素氮>磷>钾。不同施肥时间处理间苗木质量差异显著,以芽苗移植前施入缓释肥为最佳。综合基质配方与施肥试验的研究认为：基质[泥炭(0.46)+珍珠岩(0.27)+稻壳(0.27)]肥料最佳配方为：[N(99.5 mg)+K2O(100 mg)+P2O5(40 mg)／株。
(3)青冈栎容器苗芽苗移植后至9月1日,遮荫(60%透光率)有利于苗木的生长,同时可以显著降低容器苗的耗水量,此后宜全光照栽培。不同透光率处理青冈栎容器苗出圃时,除100%、60%透光率处理之间透光率处理苗高差异不显著外,其它处理间苗高、地径、生物量、质量指数等指标差异达显著水平,指标由高到低分别为100%、60%、40%、20%、5%处理。随着透光率的增加,(Chl.a)/Chl.b)、Car/Chl、根重比呈现上升趋势,单位面积和单位重量的Chl.a、Chl.b、Car、比叶面积、叶重比呈现下降趋势,20%和5%透光处理其叶片PSⅡ电子传递效率高于其他处理,表现了在弱光条件下,为提高光能利用率而对环境的一种适应策略。青冈栎为喜阳性树种,但具有很强的耐荫性。
(4)高密度和过低密度都不利于青冈栎容器苗的生长。随着青冈栎容器苗育苗密度的增加,苗木质量等级分化加大,单株平均生物量和质量指数降低。随着密度的降低,地径增加,但苗高和生物量降低,耗水量显著增加。根据容器苗苗木质量等多目标评价认为青冈栎网袋容器苗的栽培密度337株／m2为最佳。
Cyclobalanopsis glauca, a Fagaceae plant, is one of the dominant tree species of humid subtropical eastern evergreen broad-leaved forest in China and also the main afforestation species in the region. The present paper provided a theoretical basis for nursery technology of container seedlings of C. glauca by the experiments of matrix formulation, fertilization, and shading and plant density, and also provided technological reference for tending of young C. glauca plants. The main results showed that:
1. Significant differences on the plant height, root collar diameter, biomass per plant, quality index (QI) of container seedlings were observed among the 15 kinds of media. Quality of seedlings increased with the increase of proportion of peat soil. Substrate bulk density, available nitrogen and phosphorus were the key factors influencing seedling quality of C. glauca. The substrate formula [peat soil (0.46)+ perlite (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] and [peat soil (0.46)+saw dust (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] were considered the best, according to the multi-objective comprehensive evaluation on physical and chemical properties of matrix, container seedling quality and production cost.
2. Nitrogen effect on the growth of C. glauca was significantly different during the different growth periods. The differences on the container seedling height, root collar diameter, biomass and QI were significant between the nitrogen treatments. The parameters showed a quadratic curve trend with increase of nitrogen fertilizer. The parameters increased to the peak when the nitrogen content to a certain level then decreased when continued to increase the quantity of nitrogen. The nitrogen content of 99.5 mg/plant was the best for the evaluation parameters. Quality of container seedlings grown in different levels of potassium can meet the quality requirements, and the container seedlings were best with the potassium supply of 100 mg per plant. The poorest quality container seedlings of C. glauca were observed in the treatment of no P fertilizer supply, whereas all container seedlings were in line with seedling quality standards but seedlings quality declined with the increase of P fertilizer supply. As a result, the quality of container seedlings was best when plants grown in the treatments with P fertilizer of 40 mg P2O5 per plant. Fertilizer effect on the growth of container seedlings of C. glauca was in the sequence of N> P> K. Time effect of fertilization on seedling quality was significant difference between treatments with the best time in the seedling fertilization should be before transplantation. The comprehensive results of matrix formulation and fertilization experiment showed that the substrate formula [peat soil (0.46)+perlite (0.27)+rice husk (0.27)] and fertilizer combination [N (99.5 mg)+ K2O(100 mg)+P2O5(40 mg)/per plant were the excellent light-media for container seedlings nursery of C. glauca.
3. Moderate shade (60% light transmission rate) benefit for the growth of seedlings of C. glauca during the period between transplantation to September 1, simultaneously reduced significantly the water consumption of container seedlings. Then seedlings should be cultivated with no shading. The height, root collar diameter, biomass and QI of container seedling were significantly affected by shading. These parameters decreased with the increase in shading intensity, ranking from high to low were 100%, 60%,40%,20%, and 5% transmittance, whereas the height of seedlings in 60% transmittance was close to the treatment of all light cultivation. The ratios of Chla/Chlb, Car/Chl and root weight ratio increased but the contents of Chla、Chlb and Car, specific leaf area, and leaf weight ratio decreased with the increase of light transmittance. PSII electron transport efficiency in leaves of seedlings grown in treatments of 20% and 5% transmittance was higher than other treatment, suggesting that C. glauca can improve light use efficiency demonstrating an adaptation strategy for low-light conditions. Cyclobalanopsis glauca is a heliophile species but has a strong shade tolerance.
4.Both high and low density was not conducive to the growth of container seedlings of C. glauca. The differentiation of seedling quality grades increased and average biomass per plant and QI decreased with the increase of container seedling density. The root collar diameter of seedlings increased with the decrease of density, but the height and biomass per plant decreased, moreover, water consumption increased significantly. The optimal planting density of container seedlings of C. glauca is 337 individuals per square meter.
引文
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