我国外商直接投资地区差异研究
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摘要
全球化是当今世界经济发展的重要趋势。在进入20世纪80年代以后,由于国际直接投资是集资本、知识、管理于一体的“一揽子”创造性投资,已成为最重要的知识和技术转移载体,在国民经济发展中发挥着重要作用,它的发展速度已经超过了国际贸易和国际技术转让,因而受到各国的高度重视。我国经济正在快速融入一体化的全球经济中,于20世纪70年代末开始陆续出台多项优惠政策以吸引外商直接投资(以下简称FDI,即英文Foreign Direct Investment的缩写),各级地方政府也争相吸引FDI进入本地。到21世纪初期,FDI在我国经济中已经占有重要的地位,它的进入推动了我国国民经济的快速发展。FDI在我国各地区的地理分布极不平衡,80%以上分布在东部沿海地区,东部地带FDI增长速度明显高于中西部,对FDI利用水平的差异也进一步拉大了我国区域经济发展的差异。由此,需要研究我国FDI区域非均衡分布的程度及其影响、造成区域利用差异的深层原因及缩小这一差异的对策、影响外商投资地区选择因素等问题,以对区域经济政策有所裨益。
本文以FDI理论、区位理论、区域非均衡发展理论等为指导,在借鉴国内外已有的FDI研究方法、成果和经验后,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,从数量、能力、效率三个层次对FDI区域差异分别进行逻辑实证研究,在分析FDI区域分布时空差异特点基础上,进一步探求造成吸引FDI综合能力和利用FDI效率的区域差异的原因,为积极引导FDI投向中西部地区以有利于缩小区域发展差异提供实证依据。
论文的主要研究内容和重要观点如下:
第一章,导言。我国FDI总量迅速增长的同时,FDI区域分布呈现非均衡性,对我国区域经济发展差距的影响较大,在这一研究背景的基础上,对国内外FDI差异研究动态作了较为全面、客观的综述和评价,根据本文的研究目的和意义,构思出研究的结构框架和运用的主要研究方法,总结出本文研究的创新之处。
第二章,FDI区域差异研究的理论基础。首先,对FDI、外资企业、东中西部地区等概念进行界定及分类;其次,对FDI理论、区位理论和区域非均衡发展理论进行简要回顾及评价,构建我国FDI区域差异的理论分析框架;最后简要阐述FDI促进经济增长的作用机理。
第三章,国外FDI的经验及借鉴意义。本章分别概括美国、日本等发达国家和墨西哥、印度等发展中国家FDI的发展历程,描述这四个国家FDI的区域差异现状,分别阐述它们在提高FDI的吸引能力、利用效率以及缩小区域差异方面的经验,并在此基础上总结了国外FDI给我国带来的启示及借鉴意义。
第四章,我国FDI数量的区域差异。本章将基尼系数和锡尔系数分解方法首次引入FDI的区域水平差异研究,探讨区域差异的变动趋势。研究发现:FDI地带间比地带内差异更突出;东部地带内FDI差异对全国的总体差异的影响最显著;三大地带间FDI发展体现出“群体趋同”现象。这些差异形成的主要原因在于:地带间省际的不均衡发展;政府一直在鼓励外商向内陆投资,但迟迟没有出台与之相配套的特殊优惠政策。另外在测算省际FDI数量差异时,借鉴力学原理,引入区域重心概念来考察区域差异的动态演化过程,得出结论:我国省际FDI投资重心在南北方向上均比几何重心偏南,在东西方向上均比几何重心偏东,但呈现出向中西部偏移的趋势,省际FDI区域差异趋于缩小。
第五章,我国吸引FDI能力的区域差异。本章在总结国内外已有研究成果的基础上,从吸引能力角度探讨了我国FDI的区域差异,利用1992-2007年间29个省份面板数据,从需求方(即东道国)角度出发,通过建立跨地区的时间序列(Panel Data)模型,选取优惠政策、市场规模、财政收入、教育水平、市场化程度、政府运转效率等六个代表性指标,实证分析了全国、东部、中部、西部地区这四个层面影响FDI流入的各因素。利用2007年省际横截面数据资料,通过因子分析法,得出人力资源和经济环境这两个影响吸引FDI能力的主因子,从而建立评价FDI在华区域投资能力体系;通过聚类分析法,将全国29个省份分成三类,探寻我国区域间吸引FDI能力的比较优势及存在问题。
第六章,我国利用FDI效率的区域差异。本章从结构效率、微观效率和宏观效率三个层次对我国区域间利用FDI的效率差异进行了较全面的定量研究,得出结论:三大地带吸引FDI的来源地不同,造成外企规模亦有不同,FDI产业差异明显,西部地区利用FDI的结构效率仅次于东部地带,略高于中部;近几年东部地带出现规模不经济,而中西部地区对其短缺的技术、资本等要素的吸引力、容纳力逐步加强,从而造成西部地区利用FDI的微观经济效率相对提高、东部地带相对下降,中部地带居中,而资金流逐步向中西部地区转移;东部地带FDI利用的宏观效率高于中部地带,更高于西部地区,遵循经济发展的客观规律,与同期东部地带比较,中西部地区还能够消化更多的FDI,中西部地区具有较大的FDI利用潜力。
第七章,结论与建议。本章作为全文的总结,将归纳前述分析得出的结论,在对我国FDI区域差异程度进行合理判断之后,提出相关对策建议。
Globalization is the major tendency of economic development in the modern world.As foreign direct investment(FDI) is one creative investment including capital,knowledge and management,it has become one most important carrier of knowledge and technology transfer and played a key role in national economic development since 1980s.The developing speed of FDI has already surpassed international trade and international technology transfer.Thus,each country has paid great attention to FDI.China is quickly integrating into the world economy and has carried out many incentives to attract FDI since 1970s.So has each local government. FDI has played an important role in China economy until early 21st century and helped to promote the rapid development of national economy.The regional distribution of FDI in China is quite unbalanced—more than 80% is concentrated in eastern coastal regions and the increasing speed of FDI in eastern China is also higher than that in central and western China. Moreover,the unbalanced distribution of FDI also broadens the economic gap among different regions.Therefore,it is necessary to study on the degree,influences and reasons of the unbalanced FDI distribution and find how to narrow the differences and the factors influencing where to invest for foreigners to be beneficial to regional economic policies.
Guided by FDI theory, regional theory,and the theory of non-balanced regional development and referred to the existing methods,achievements and experiences of FDI research at home and abroad,it uses quantitative and qualitative methods to carry research on FDI regional differences from the three aspects of quantity,capability and efficiency.On the basis of analyzing the time and spatial differences of FDI regional distribution,it further explores the reasons for the different capability to attract FDI and the different using efficiency of FDI among different areas.This study is to provide evidence for actively guiding FDI into modern and western China and promote the harmonious economic development among different regions.
The framework of the thesis is as follows:
Chapter One General Introduction. With the quick increase in the total amount of FDI development,FDI regional distribution is quite unbalanced,which has big influences on the differences of regional economic development in China.Based on the above background,this chapter summarizes and evaluates the related national and international research.According to the purpose and significance of the thesis,it formulates the structural framework and methods of the research and summarizes the innovations of this study.
Chapter Two The theatrical foundation of research on FDI regional differences.Firstly, it defines the terms of FDI,foreign-invested enterprise,the eastern, central and western region and their related concepts.Secondly,it briefly reviews FDI theory,regional theory,and the theory of regional imbalance.Lastly,it briefly introduces how FDI promotes economic development.
Chapter Three The international experience in the utility of FDI.This chapter introduces the utilizing course of FDI in two developed countries (the US and Japan) and two developing countries (Brazil and Singapore),and analyzes their current situation of regional differences,and their experiences in improving their capability and efficiency in attracting FDI and narrow the regional differences. On the above basis,it summarizes the enlightenment and references from FDI in such foreign countries for our country.
Chapter Four The quantitative differences of the amount of FDI in different regions.In order to explore the trend of FDI regional changes,this study analyses FDI differentiation by means of Gini Index and Theil Index.It finds that the regional differences is more significant than the differences in regions,the differences in eastern China has the biggest influences on the differences in the whole country,and the development of FDI is similar in the three regions. The reasons of the formation of such differences are: the unbalanced inter-provincial development among the regions;the government has been encourage the investment in inner-land,but hasn’t issued the related preferential policies.Moreover,in calculating the differences among providences,it uses the concept of“center of gravity”to examine the change of FDI regional differences.It finds that the“centre of gravity”of FDI is more close to southern China and eastern China,but it has tendency for FDI to move towards central and western China and the inter-provincial FDI regional differences tend to decrease.
Chapter Five The regional differentiation of the capability to attract FDI.Summarized the existing research results at home and abroad,this chapter discusses the regional differentiation of FDI in our country from the aspect of attracting capability.Based on the 16-year panel data of the 29 provinces,and using the viewpoint of the host country,this chapter constructs the time series panel data model.It selects the six factors (i.e. preferential policy, scale of the market, fiscal income, education level,the degree of marketalization,the efficiency of the government) to analyze the whole country,eastern China, western China and central China. Using the data of 2007 and the method of factor analysis,it finds that human resources and economic environment are the main factors influencing the capability of attracting FDI,and builds the system of investment ability in China.Using the method of cluster analysis, it divides 29 provinces of China into three categories,and explores the comparative advantages and problems in attracting FDI in different regions.
Chapter Six The regional differentiation of using efficiency of FDI.This study carries out the quantitative research on the three aspects of structure,microeconomic and macroeconomic efficiency.It concludes that because of the differences in FDI resources in the three regions,the size and industry of the foreign enterprises vary.In recent years,the economy in eastern China is not very efficient,while central and western China’s ability of attracting needed technology and capital has been improving.Therefore,the microecnomic efficiency related to FDI in western China has improved and it has decreased in eastern China while the microecnomic efficiency of using FDI in the central region is intermediate.Funds are gradually moving from east to the modern and west.However, the macroeconomic efficiency of using FDI in eastern China is higher than that of central and much higher than that of western China.Guided by the objective laws of economic development and compared with the same period in the eastern zone,central and western China have the ability to digest more FDI. The central and western areas have greater potential for FDI utilization.
Chapter Seven Conclusions and suggestions.This part makes research conclusion of this dissertation,and suggestions after evaluating the FDI regional differences.
本文以FDI理论、区位理论、区域非均衡发展理论等为指导,在借鉴国内外已有的FDI研究方法、成果和经验后,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,从数量、能力、效率三个层次对FDI区域差异分别进行逻辑实证研究,在分析FDI区域分布时空差异特点基础上,进一步探求造成吸引FDI综合能力和利用FDI效率的区域差异的原因,为积极引导FDI投向中西部地区以有利于缩小区域发展差异提供实证依据。
论文的主要研究内容和重要观点如下:
第一章,导言。我国FDI总量迅速增长的同时,FDI区域分布呈现非均衡性,对我国区域经济发展差距的影响较大,在这一研究背景的基础上,对国内外FDI差异研究动态作了较为全面、客观的综述和评价,根据本文的研究目的和意义,构思出研究的结构框架和运用的主要研究方法,总结出本文研究的创新之处。
第二章,FDI区域差异研究的理论基础。首先,对FDI、外资企业、东中西部地区等概念进行界定及分类;其次,对FDI理论、区位理论和区域非均衡发展理论进行简要回顾及评价,构建我国FDI区域差异的理论分析框架;最后简要阐述FDI促进经济增长的作用机理。
第三章,国外FDI的经验及借鉴意义。本章分别概括美国、日本等发达国家和墨西哥、印度等发展中国家FDI的发展历程,描述这四个国家FDI的区域差异现状,分别阐述它们在提高FDI的吸引能力、利用效率以及缩小区域差异方面的经验,并在此基础上总结了国外FDI给我国带来的启示及借鉴意义。
第四章,我国FDI数量的区域差异。本章将基尼系数和锡尔系数分解方法首次引入FDI的区域水平差异研究,探讨区域差异的变动趋势。研究发现:FDI地带间比地带内差异更突出;东部地带内FDI差异对全国的总体差异的影响最显著;三大地带间FDI发展体现出“群体趋同”现象。这些差异形成的主要原因在于:地带间省际的不均衡发展;政府一直在鼓励外商向内陆投资,但迟迟没有出台与之相配套的特殊优惠政策。另外在测算省际FDI数量差异时,借鉴力学原理,引入区域重心概念来考察区域差异的动态演化过程,得出结论:我国省际FDI投资重心在南北方向上均比几何重心偏南,在东西方向上均比几何重心偏东,但呈现出向中西部偏移的趋势,省际FDI区域差异趋于缩小。
第五章,我国吸引FDI能力的区域差异。本章在总结国内外已有研究成果的基础上,从吸引能力角度探讨了我国FDI的区域差异,利用1992-2007年间29个省份面板数据,从需求方(即东道国)角度出发,通过建立跨地区的时间序列(Panel Data)模型,选取优惠政策、市场规模、财政收入、教育水平、市场化程度、政府运转效率等六个代表性指标,实证分析了全国、东部、中部、西部地区这四个层面影响FDI流入的各因素。利用2007年省际横截面数据资料,通过因子分析法,得出人力资源和经济环境这两个影响吸引FDI能力的主因子,从而建立评价FDI在华区域投资能力体系;通过聚类分析法,将全国29个省份分成三类,探寻我国区域间吸引FDI能力的比较优势及存在问题。
第六章,我国利用FDI效率的区域差异。本章从结构效率、微观效率和宏观效率三个层次对我国区域间利用FDI的效率差异进行了较全面的定量研究,得出结论:三大地带吸引FDI的来源地不同,造成外企规模亦有不同,FDI产业差异明显,西部地区利用FDI的结构效率仅次于东部地带,略高于中部;近几年东部地带出现规模不经济,而中西部地区对其短缺的技术、资本等要素的吸引力、容纳力逐步加强,从而造成西部地区利用FDI的微观经济效率相对提高、东部地带相对下降,中部地带居中,而资金流逐步向中西部地区转移;东部地带FDI利用的宏观效率高于中部地带,更高于西部地区,遵循经济发展的客观规律,与同期东部地带比较,中西部地区还能够消化更多的FDI,中西部地区具有较大的FDI利用潜力。
第七章,结论与建议。本章作为全文的总结,将归纳前述分析得出的结论,在对我国FDI区域差异程度进行合理判断之后,提出相关对策建议。
Globalization is the major tendency of economic development in the modern world.As foreign direct investment(FDI) is one creative investment including capital,knowledge and management,it has become one most important carrier of knowledge and technology transfer and played a key role in national economic development since 1980s.The developing speed of FDI has already surpassed international trade and international technology transfer.Thus,each country has paid great attention to FDI.China is quickly integrating into the world economy and has carried out many incentives to attract FDI since 1970s.So has each local government. FDI has played an important role in China economy until early 21st century and helped to promote the rapid development of national economy.The regional distribution of FDI in China is quite unbalanced—more than 80% is concentrated in eastern coastal regions and the increasing speed of FDI in eastern China is also higher than that in central and western China. Moreover,the unbalanced distribution of FDI also broadens the economic gap among different regions.Therefore,it is necessary to study on the degree,influences and reasons of the unbalanced FDI distribution and find how to narrow the differences and the factors influencing where to invest for foreigners to be beneficial to regional economic policies.
Guided by FDI theory, regional theory,and the theory of non-balanced regional development and referred to the existing methods,achievements and experiences of FDI research at home and abroad,it uses quantitative and qualitative methods to carry research on FDI regional differences from the three aspects of quantity,capability and efficiency.On the basis of analyzing the time and spatial differences of FDI regional distribution,it further explores the reasons for the different capability to attract FDI and the different using efficiency of FDI among different areas.This study is to provide evidence for actively guiding FDI into modern and western China and promote the harmonious economic development among different regions.
The framework of the thesis is as follows:
Chapter One General Introduction. With the quick increase in the total amount of FDI development,FDI regional distribution is quite unbalanced,which has big influences on the differences of regional economic development in China.Based on the above background,this chapter summarizes and evaluates the related national and international research.According to the purpose and significance of the thesis,it formulates the structural framework and methods of the research and summarizes the innovations of this study.
Chapter Two The theatrical foundation of research on FDI regional differences.Firstly, it defines the terms of FDI,foreign-invested enterprise,the eastern, central and western region and their related concepts.Secondly,it briefly reviews FDI theory,regional theory,and the theory of regional imbalance.Lastly,it briefly introduces how FDI promotes economic development.
Chapter Three The international experience in the utility of FDI.This chapter introduces the utilizing course of FDI in two developed countries (the US and Japan) and two developing countries (Brazil and Singapore),and analyzes their current situation of regional differences,and their experiences in improving their capability and efficiency in attracting FDI and narrow the regional differences. On the above basis,it summarizes the enlightenment and references from FDI in such foreign countries for our country.
Chapter Four The quantitative differences of the amount of FDI in different regions.In order to explore the trend of FDI regional changes,this study analyses FDI differentiation by means of Gini Index and Theil Index.It finds that the regional differences is more significant than the differences in regions,the differences in eastern China has the biggest influences on the differences in the whole country,and the development of FDI is similar in the three regions. The reasons of the formation of such differences are: the unbalanced inter-provincial development among the regions;the government has been encourage the investment in inner-land,but hasn’t issued the related preferential policies.Moreover,in calculating the differences among providences,it uses the concept of“center of gravity”to examine the change of FDI regional differences.It finds that the“centre of gravity”of FDI is more close to southern China and eastern China,but it has tendency for FDI to move towards central and western China and the inter-provincial FDI regional differences tend to decrease.
Chapter Five The regional differentiation of the capability to attract FDI.Summarized the existing research results at home and abroad,this chapter discusses the regional differentiation of FDI in our country from the aspect of attracting capability.Based on the 16-year panel data of the 29 provinces,and using the viewpoint of the host country,this chapter constructs the time series panel data model.It selects the six factors (i.e. preferential policy, scale of the market, fiscal income, education level,the degree of marketalization,the efficiency of the government) to analyze the whole country,eastern China, western China and central China. Using the data of 2007 and the method of factor analysis,it finds that human resources and economic environment are the main factors influencing the capability of attracting FDI,and builds the system of investment ability in China.Using the method of cluster analysis, it divides 29 provinces of China into three categories,and explores the comparative advantages and problems in attracting FDI in different regions.
Chapter Six The regional differentiation of using efficiency of FDI.This study carries out the quantitative research on the three aspects of structure,microeconomic and macroeconomic efficiency.It concludes that because of the differences in FDI resources in the three regions,the size and industry of the foreign enterprises vary.In recent years,the economy in eastern China is not very efficient,while central and western China’s ability of attracting needed technology and capital has been improving.Therefore,the microecnomic efficiency related to FDI in western China has improved and it has decreased in eastern China while the microecnomic efficiency of using FDI in the central region is intermediate.Funds are gradually moving from east to the modern and west.However, the macroeconomic efficiency of using FDI in eastern China is higher than that of central and much higher than that of western China.Guided by the objective laws of economic development and compared with the same period in the eastern zone,central and western China have the ability to digest more FDI. The central and western areas have greater potential for FDI utilization.
Chapter Seven Conclusions and suggestions.This part makes research conclusion of this dissertation,and suggestions after evaluating the FDI regional differences.
引文
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