泌乳奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量研究
|
摘要
本研究分三个试验,以期提出泌乳奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量。试验一用体外法研究烟酰胺水平对瘤胃发酵的影响,试验二和试验三分别研究了日粮烟酰胺补饲水平对泌乳早期和中期奶牛生产性能、血浆理化指标以及全血NAD和NADP的影响。
试验一:烟酰胺水平对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响
以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷尔斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,体外发酵法研究烟酰胺添加水平对混合瘤胃微生物发酵的影响。试验分为5种处理,每种处理3个重复。其中,对照组仅以基础日粮为发酵底物,补饲组在此基础上分别添加0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 mg NAM /g DM。结果表明,发酵4 h内,各组pH值没有显著的变化(P>0.05),发酵8 h和12 h,对照组和添加1.2 mg NAM /g DM组显著下降(P<0.05);各组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异不显著(P>0.05);添加0.9和1.2 mg NAM /g DM组原虫蛋白浓度显著低于对照组,而添加0.3和0.6 mg NAM /g DM组数值上高于对照组,但是差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组和补饲组干物质、蛋白、中性洗涤纤维降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论:烟酰胺水平对瘤胃微生物粗饲料降解率没有影响,适量添加烟酰胺可以促进瘤胃原虫蛋白的合成,过量添加效果消失。
试验二:泌乳早期奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量研究
选择40头泌乳早期奶牛,随机分为4组,每组10头,对照组仅饲喂基础日粮,补饲组在此基础上分别为补饲6、12和18g/d NAM。结果表明:血浆中和乳中的NAM水平随着补饲量的增加而线性升高,差异显著(P<0.05);产奶量、乳脂含量、乳糖含量、总固形物含量和乳蛋白产量没有显著变化(P>0.05),60天后,补饲18 g/d NAM组乳蛋白含量显著高于对照组和补饲12 g/d NAM组(P<0.05),补饲6和12 g/d NAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组和补饲18 g/d NAM组(P<0.05);对照组和补饲组血浆中非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇含量(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、葡萄糖(Glu)浓度没有显著变化(P>0.05),试验期60天,补饲6 g/d NAM组β-羟丁酸(BHBA)浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),总氨基酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在试验期60天结束时,随着烟酰胺补饲量的增加,全血中NAD浓度在数值上逐渐增高,对照组NAD/NADP的比值小于1,试验组均大于1,从比值数值上看,补饲12和18g/d NAM组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合分析得出结论:在此饲养条件(烟酰胺/烟酸当量为72.09g/kg)下,血浆中和奶中烟酰胺含量和补饲烟酰胺量成线性增加的关系,全血中NAD含量可用于评价奶牛日粮烟酰胺有效性指标,适量补饲烟酰胺可以提高乳脂产量,降低BHBA含量,增加了总氨基酸的含量,推荐日粮补饲量为6g/d左右。
试验三:泌乳中期奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量研究
选择40头泌乳中期奶牛,采用随机区组试验设计,随机分为4组,每组10头,对照组仅饲喂基础日粮;补饲组在此基础之上分别补饲6、12和18g/d NAM。结果表明:血浆中和奶中的游离NAM水平随着补饲剂量的增加线性升高,差异显著(P<0.05);产奶量、乳蛋白含量、乳糖含量和乳蛋白产量没有显著变化(P>0.05),试验期30天补饲组乳脂含量显著高于对照组,补饲12和18 g/d NAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),60天后,补饲组乳脂含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),补饲6和12 g/dNAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血浆中非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇含量(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、葡萄糖(Glu)、尿素氮(Urea)含量各组没有显著差异(P>0.05),试验期60天补饲6 g/d NAM组β-羟丁酸(BHBA)浓度显著低于补饲12 g/d NAM组(P<0.05),总氨基酸含量显著高于对照组和12 g/d NAM组;在试验期60天结束时,随着NAM补饲量的增加,全血中NAD浓度数值逐渐增高, NAD/NADP的比值均大于1,从比值数值上看,补饲12和18 g/d NAM组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合分析得出结论:在此饲养条件(烟酰胺/烟酸当量为72.09mg/kg)下,血浆中和乳中烟酰胺含量和日粮补饲烟酰胺量成线性增加的关系,全血中NAD含量可用于评价奶牛日粮烟酰胺有效性指标,适量补饲烟酰胺提高乳脂含量和产量,增加血浆中的总氨基酸含量,推荐日粮补饲量为6g/d。
The present study consists three experiments in vivo and vitro to study the approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide (NAM) in the diet of lactating dairy cows. The first experiment was conducted to study the effect of different NAM supplement levels on fermentation in vitro of lactating dairy cows; The second and the third experiments were conducted to study the effect of different NAM supplementary levels in vivo of early and middle lactating dairy cows through the biochemical parameters of blood, milk yield, milk composition and the concentration of NAD and NADP to definite the approprioate supplementary level of NAM.
Experiment One: Effect of different nicotinamide supplementary levels on fermentation in vitro of rumen microorganism.
Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with permanent rumen cannula were used to provide rumen fluid in vitro. Basal diet was used as fermentation substrate. The trial was designed of five treatments with three replicates. Treatments were control which was the basal diet as fermentation substrate and other treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: pH was not changed significantly at 4 h (P>0.05), control pH at 8 and 12 h was lower than 0.6 mg NAM /g DM, and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM was lower than all other NAM treatments (P<0.05); Concentration of VFA and the degradability of DM, CP and NDF were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all treatments. Protozoan Crude Protein (PCP) concentration was greater (P<0.05) for 0.3 vs 0.9 and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM, and 1.2 was lower than 0.3 and 0.6 mg NAM /g DM, and the concentrations of Bacterium Crude Protein (BCP) among treatments were in no differences (P>0.05). It was concluded that adding nicotinamide was no effect on the degradability of substrate, and adding approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide can help for the growth of rumen protozoa, but higher additions possibly had no effect.
Experiment Two: The study on approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of early lactating cows
Forty Holstein cows in early lactating dairy cows were selected into four treatments with ten replicates randomly. Treatments were control which was fed the basal diet and other treatments were basal diet supplemented with 6, 12 and 18 g/d NAM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: As the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk (P<0.05); Milk yield, milk fat content, lactose content, total solid content and milk protein yield was not change significantly (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the milk protein content of the group of adding 18g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control and adding 12 g/d NAM (P<0.05), and the fat yield of the group of adding 6 and 12 g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control and adding 18 g/d NAM (P<0.05); The concentration of NEFA, TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Glu of plasma was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the concentration of BHBA of the group of adding 6g/d NAM was significantly decreased than that of control (P<0.05), and the concentration of TAA was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); In 60 d, as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAD of the whole blood was increased, and the group of control of the rate of NAD:NADP<1, and the supplementary groups of the rate of NAD:NADP>1; The group of adding 12 and 18 g/d NAM of the value of the rate of NAD:NADP was significantly increased than that of control(P<0.05). It was concluded that: in this feeding condition (the niacin equivalence was 72.09mg/kg), as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk; the concentration of NAD in the whole biood was conducetd to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary nicotinamide; fat yield was increased, concentration of BHBA was decreased and the concentration of TAA was increased in approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet. The approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of early lactating cows was 6g/d.
Experiment Three: The study on approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of middle lactating cows
Forty Holstein cows in middle lactating dairy cows were selected into four treatments with ten replicates randomly. Treatments were control which was fed the basal diet and other treatments were basal diet supplementaryed with 6, 12 and 18 g/d NAM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: As the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk (P<0.05); Milk yield, milk protein content, lactose content, milk protein yield was not change significantly (P>0.05), but in 30 d,. fat content of supplementary groups were increased than that of control, the milk fat yield of the group of the group of adding 12 and 18 were increased than control, and in 60 d, the fat production of the group of adding 6 and 12 g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); The concentration of NEFA, TC, HDL, LDL, Glu, Urea of plasma was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the concentration of TAA was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); In 60 d, as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAD of the whole blood was increased, and the group of control and the supplementary group of the rate of NAD:NADP>1; The group of adding 12 and 18 g/d NAM of the value of the rate of NAD:NADP was significantly increased than that of control(P<0.05). It was concluded that: in this feeding condition (the niacin equivalence was 72.09 mg/kg), as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk; the concentration of NAD in the whole biood was conducetd to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary nicotinamide; fat yield was increased, concentration of BHBA was decreased and the concentration of TAA was increased in approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet. The approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of middle lactating cows was 6g/d..
试验一:烟酰胺水平对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的影响
以3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳荷尔斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体,体外发酵法研究烟酰胺添加水平对混合瘤胃微生物发酵的影响。试验分为5种处理,每种处理3个重复。其中,对照组仅以基础日粮为发酵底物,补饲组在此基础上分别添加0.3、0.6、0.9、1.2 mg NAM /g DM。结果表明,发酵4 h内,各组pH值没有显著的变化(P>0.05),发酵8 h和12 h,对照组和添加1.2 mg NAM /g DM组显著下降(P<0.05);各组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸及总挥发性脂肪酸浓度差异不显著(P>0.05);添加0.9和1.2 mg NAM /g DM组原虫蛋白浓度显著低于对照组,而添加0.3和0.6 mg NAM /g DM组数值上高于对照组,但是差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组和补饲组干物质、蛋白、中性洗涤纤维降解率差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论:烟酰胺水平对瘤胃微生物粗饲料降解率没有影响,适量添加烟酰胺可以促进瘤胃原虫蛋白的合成,过量添加效果消失。
试验二:泌乳早期奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量研究
选择40头泌乳早期奶牛,随机分为4组,每组10头,对照组仅饲喂基础日粮,补饲组在此基础上分别为补饲6、12和18g/d NAM。结果表明:血浆中和乳中的NAM水平随着补饲量的增加而线性升高,差异显著(P<0.05);产奶量、乳脂含量、乳糖含量、总固形物含量和乳蛋白产量没有显著变化(P>0.05),60天后,补饲18 g/d NAM组乳蛋白含量显著高于对照组和补饲12 g/d NAM组(P<0.05),补饲6和12 g/d NAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组和补饲18 g/d NAM组(P<0.05);对照组和补饲组血浆中非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇含量(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、葡萄糖(Glu)浓度没有显著变化(P>0.05),试验期60天,补饲6 g/d NAM组β-羟丁酸(BHBA)浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),总氨基酸浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);在试验期60天结束时,随着烟酰胺补饲量的增加,全血中NAD浓度在数值上逐渐增高,对照组NAD/NADP的比值小于1,试验组均大于1,从比值数值上看,补饲12和18g/d NAM组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合分析得出结论:在此饲养条件(烟酰胺/烟酸当量为72.09g/kg)下,血浆中和奶中烟酰胺含量和补饲烟酰胺量成线性增加的关系,全血中NAD含量可用于评价奶牛日粮烟酰胺有效性指标,适量补饲烟酰胺可以提高乳脂产量,降低BHBA含量,增加了总氨基酸的含量,推荐日粮补饲量为6g/d左右。
试验三:泌乳中期奶牛日粮烟酰胺适宜补饲量研究
选择40头泌乳中期奶牛,采用随机区组试验设计,随机分为4组,每组10头,对照组仅饲喂基础日粮;补饲组在此基础之上分别补饲6、12和18g/d NAM。结果表明:血浆中和奶中的游离NAM水平随着补饲剂量的增加线性升高,差异显著(P<0.05);产奶量、乳蛋白含量、乳糖含量和乳蛋白产量没有显著变化(P>0.05),试验期30天补饲组乳脂含量显著高于对照组,补饲12和18 g/d NAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),60天后,补饲组乳脂含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),补饲6和12 g/dNAM组乳脂产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血浆中非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)、总胆固醇含量(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、葡萄糖(Glu)、尿素氮(Urea)含量各组没有显著差异(P>0.05),试验期60天补饲6 g/d NAM组β-羟丁酸(BHBA)浓度显著低于补饲12 g/d NAM组(P<0.05),总氨基酸含量显著高于对照组和12 g/d NAM组;在试验期60天结束时,随着NAM补饲量的增加,全血中NAD浓度数值逐渐增高, NAD/NADP的比值均大于1,从比值数值上看,补饲12和18 g/d NAM组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合分析得出结论:在此饲养条件(烟酰胺/烟酸当量为72.09mg/kg)下,血浆中和乳中烟酰胺含量和日粮补饲烟酰胺量成线性增加的关系,全血中NAD含量可用于评价奶牛日粮烟酰胺有效性指标,适量补饲烟酰胺提高乳脂含量和产量,增加血浆中的总氨基酸含量,推荐日粮补饲量为6g/d。
The present study consists three experiments in vivo and vitro to study the approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide (NAM) in the diet of lactating dairy cows. The first experiment was conducted to study the effect of different NAM supplement levels on fermentation in vitro of lactating dairy cows; The second and the third experiments were conducted to study the effect of different NAM supplementary levels in vivo of early and middle lactating dairy cows through the biochemical parameters of blood, milk yield, milk composition and the concentration of NAD and NADP to definite the approprioate supplementary level of NAM.
Experiment One: Effect of different nicotinamide supplementary levels on fermentation in vitro of rumen microorganism.
Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with permanent rumen cannula were used to provide rumen fluid in vitro. Basal diet was used as fermentation substrate. The trial was designed of five treatments with three replicates. Treatments were control which was the basal diet as fermentation substrate and other treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: pH was not changed significantly at 4 h (P>0.05), control pH at 8 and 12 h was lower than 0.6 mg NAM /g DM, and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM was lower than all other NAM treatments (P<0.05); Concentration of VFA and the degradability of DM, CP and NDF were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all treatments. Protozoan Crude Protein (PCP) concentration was greater (P<0.05) for 0.3 vs 0.9 and 1.2 mg NAM /g DM, and 1.2 was lower than 0.3 and 0.6 mg NAM /g DM, and the concentrations of Bacterium Crude Protein (BCP) among treatments were in no differences (P>0.05). It was concluded that adding nicotinamide was no effect on the degradability of substrate, and adding approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide can help for the growth of rumen protozoa, but higher additions possibly had no effect.
Experiment Two: The study on approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of early lactating cows
Forty Holstein cows in early lactating dairy cows were selected into four treatments with ten replicates randomly. Treatments were control which was fed the basal diet and other treatments were basal diet supplemented with 6, 12 and 18 g/d NAM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: As the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk (P<0.05); Milk yield, milk fat content, lactose content, total solid content and milk protein yield was not change significantly (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the milk protein content of the group of adding 18g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control and adding 12 g/d NAM (P<0.05), and the fat yield of the group of adding 6 and 12 g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control and adding 18 g/d NAM (P<0.05); The concentration of NEFA, TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Glu of plasma was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the concentration of BHBA of the group of adding 6g/d NAM was significantly decreased than that of control (P<0.05), and the concentration of TAA was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); In 60 d, as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAD of the whole blood was increased, and the group of control of the rate of NAD:NADP<1, and the supplementary groups of the rate of NAD:NADP>1; The group of adding 12 and 18 g/d NAM of the value of the rate of NAD:NADP was significantly increased than that of control(P<0.05). It was concluded that: in this feeding condition (the niacin equivalence was 72.09mg/kg), as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk; the concentration of NAD in the whole biood was conducetd to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary nicotinamide; fat yield was increased, concentration of BHBA was decreased and the concentration of TAA was increased in approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet. The approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of early lactating cows was 6g/d.
Experiment Three: The study on approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of middle lactating cows
Forty Holstein cows in middle lactating dairy cows were selected into four treatments with ten replicates randomly. Treatments were control which was fed the basal diet and other treatments were basal diet supplementaryed with 6, 12 and 18 g/d NAM, respectively. The result of the experiment showed: As the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk (P<0.05); Milk yield, milk protein content, lactose content, milk protein yield was not change significantly (P>0.05), but in 30 d,. fat content of supplementary groups were increased than that of control, the milk fat yield of the group of the group of adding 12 and 18 were increased than control, and in 60 d, the fat production of the group of adding 6 and 12 g/d NAM was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); The concentration of NEFA, TC, HDL, LDL, Glu, Urea of plasma was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but in 60 d, the concentration of TAA was significantly increased than that of control (P<0.05); In 60 d, as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAD of the whole blood was increased, and the group of control and the supplementary group of the rate of NAD:NADP>1; The group of adding 12 and 18 g/d NAM of the value of the rate of NAD:NADP was significantly increased than that of control(P<0.05). It was concluded that: in this feeding condition (the niacin equivalence was 72.09 mg/kg), as the supplementary of NAM added, the concentration of NAM was linealy and significantly increased both in plasma and milk; the concentration of NAD in the whole biood was conducetd to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary nicotinamide; fat yield was increased, concentration of BHBA was decreased and the concentration of TAA was increased in approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet. The approprioate supplementary level of nicotinamide in the diet of middle lactating cows was 6g/d..
引文
曹燕,刘振国摘译.烟酸在高产乳牛饲养中的使用效果(摘自俄罗斯农业科学院报告)[J].国外畜牧科技,1994(1):28-31.
陈继兰,罗旭刚等.烟酰胺对肉仔鸡性能影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,30(3):206-210.
陈萍,李胜利.烟酸对奶牛代谢和生产性能的影响[J].中国饲料, 2005(9):23-25.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:502-504.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:549-550.
韩永利,李秋风,李建国.烟酸对奶牛的营养作用[J].饲料博览,2003(3):33-34.
金立志,陆治年.烟酸与奶牛营养[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1989(5): 31-32.
赖文清译.烟酸[J].国外畜牧学--猪与禽,2003,23(2): 12-16.
李兰生,赵军,谢正侠,丛日山.高效液相色谱法测定饲料预混剂中烟酰胺、烟酸方法的研究[J].动物科学与动物医学,2000,17(1):40-41.
李艳玲,孟庆翔.非纤维性碳水化合物水平对活体外瘤胃发酵和产生共轭亚油酸的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2006 (17): 32-35.
汪长森,卢义亲,傅敏庄.测定人红细胞内核苷酸反相高效液相色谱法的改进[J].湖南医科大学学报,1990,15(3):299-301.
王梦芝,张洁,王洪荣等.体外培养不同淀粉与纤维素比例底物对瘤胃发酵微生物影响的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007 (08):22-27.
王菊花,卢德勋,冯宗慈等.添加烟酸条件下绵羊瘤胃发酵底物降解动力学变化特征[J]. 中国草食动物,2008,28(1): 7-10.
闫龙宝,王浩,刘小力等. HPLC法测定含乳饮料中烟酸和烟酰胺[J],中国食品添加剂,2008:151-153.
杨赵军.烟酸对奶牛的营养作用[J],中国饲料,1997(6):20-21
袁京群,吴筱丹,李士敏等. LC-MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中烟酸浓度及体内药洞穴研究[J].药物分析杂志,2005,25 (6): 636-638.
赵芸君,孟庆祥.日粮添加烟酸对活体外瘤胃发酵和纤维降解的影响[J],中国农业大学学报,2006,11(5): 46-50.
Abdouli H. and Schaefer D.M. 1986. Effects of two dietary niacin Concentrations on ruminal ?uid free niacin concentration, and of supplementaryal niacin and source of inoculum on in vitro microbial growth, fermentative activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pool size [J]. J Anim Sci 62: 254-262.
Aiple, K., Steingass H., Menke K. 2009. Suitability of a buffered faecal suspension as the inoculum in the Hohenheim gas test[J]. J Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67(1-5): 57-66.
Belibasakis N.G. and Tsirgogianni D. 1996. Effects of niacin on milk yield, milk composition, and blood components of dairy cows in hot weather [J]. Anim Feed Sci Tech 64: 53-59.
Bender D.A. Niacin. 2003. In Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins[M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 200-231.
Bender D.A., Magboul B.I., and Wynick D. 1982. Probablem echanisms of regulation of the utilization of dietary tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as precursor of nicotinamide nucleotides in the rat [J]. BritishJ Nutr 4: 119–27.
Bender D.A. and Olufunwa R. 1988. Utilization of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as precursors for nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis in isolated rat livercells [J]. British J Nutr 59: 279–87.
Bernofsky C. 1980. Physiologic aspects of pyridine nucleotide regulation in mammals [J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 33: 135-143.
Broderick G.A., Kang J.H. 1980. Automated Simultaneous Determination of Ammonia and Total Amino Acids in Ruminal Fluid and In Vitro Media [J]. J Dairy Sci 63: 64-75.
Campbell J.M., Murphy M.R., Christensen R.A. et al. 1994. Kinetics of niacin supplements in lactating dairy cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 77: 566-575.
Carter E.G., Carpenter K.J. 1982. The available niacin values of foods for rats and their relation to analytical values[J]. J Nutr112(11):2091-2103.
Cervantes A, Smith T.R. and Young J.W. 1996. Effects of nicotinamide on milk composition and production in dairy cows fed supplemental fat[J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 105-115.
Christensen R.A., Overton T.R., Clark J.H., Drackley J.K., Nelson D.R.and Blum S.A. 1996. Effects of dietary fat with or without nicotinic acid on nutrient ?ow to the duodenum of dairy cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 1410-1424.
de Lange P.J.and Joubert C.P. 1964. Assessment of nicotinic acid status of population groups[J]. American ClinicaJ Nutr15: 169-174.
DiCostanzo A, Spain J.N. and Spiers D.E. 1997.Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions[J]. J Dairy Sci 80: 1200-1206.
Dillon J.C., Malfait P., Demaux G., and Foldi-Hope C. 1992. The urinary metabolites of niacin during the course of pellagra[J]. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 36: 181–185. Doreau M., Ottou J.F. 1996. Influence of Niacin Supplementation on In Vivo Digestibility and Ruminal Digestion in Dairy Cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 2247-2254.
Drackley J.K., LaCount D.W., Elliott J.P., Klusmeyer T.H., Overton T.R., Clark J.H. & Blum S.A. 1998. Supplemental fat and nicotinic acid for Holstein cows during an entire lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 81: 201-214.
Driver L.S., Grummer R.R. & Schultz L.H. 1990. Effects of feeding heat-treated soybeans and niacin to high producing cows in early lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 73: 463-469.
Erickson P.S., Murphy M.R., Mcsweeney C.S. et al. 1991. Niacin absorption from rumen[J]. J Dairy Sci 74, 3492-3495.
Erickson P.S., Trusk A.M. and Murphy M.R. 1990. Effects of niacin source on epinephrine stimulation of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and glucose concentrations, on dietdigestibility and on rumen protozoal numbers in lactating dairy cows [J]. J Nutr120: 1648-1653.
Erickson P.S., Murphy M.R. and Clark J.H. 1992. Supplementation of dairy cow diets with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and nicotinic acid in early lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 75: 1078-1089.
Fu C.S., Swendseid M.E., Jacob R.A et al. 1989. Biochemical Markers for Assessment of Niacin Status in Young Men: Levels of Erythrocyte Niacin Coenzymes and Plasma Tryptophan[J]. J Nutr119: 1949-1955.
Gerber G.B. and Deroo J. 1970. Metabolism of labeled nicotinamide coenzyme in different organs of mice and rats[J]. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 134: 689-93.
Hannah S.M. and Stern M.D. 1985. Effect of Supplemental Niacin or Niacinamide and Soybean Source on Ruminal Bacterial Fermentation in Continuous Culture[J]. J Anim Sci 61: 1253-1263.
Horwitt M.K., Harvey C.C., Rosenthal W.S. et al. 1956. Tryptophan-niacin relationships in man. Studies with diets deficient in riboflavin and niacin, together with observations on the excretion of nitrogen and niacin metabolites[J]. J Nutr60: Supplement I. Horner J.L., Coppock C.E., Moya J.R. et al. 1988. Effects of Niacin and Whole Cottonseed on Ruminal Fermentation, Protein Degradability, and Nutrient Digestibility[J]. J Dairy Sci 71: 1239-1247.
Hvelplund, T. 1985. Digestibility of rumen microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein estimated in the small intestine of sheep and by in sacco procedure [nylon bag technique, amino acids absorbable in the small intestine (AAT)][J]. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Supplementum (Sweden) 25:132-144.
Ipharraguerre I.R., Clark J.H., Freeman D.E. 2005.Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. I. Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients [J]. J Dairy Sci 88: 2537-2555.Jaster E.H. and Ward N.E. 1990.Supplemental nicotinic acid or nicotinamide for lactating dairy cows[J]. J Dairy Sci 73: 2880-2887.
Kollenkirchen U., Kuhnigk C., Breves G. and Harmeyer J. 1992. Effect of niacin supplementation on the concentration of niacin in rumen and duodenal digesta and in whole blood of sheep[J]. J Vet Med A 39: 696-703.
Kumar R. and Dass R.S. 2005.Effect of niacin supplementation on Rumen metabolites in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) [J]. Asian Australasian J Anim Sci 18: 38-41.
Lanham J.K., Coppock C.E., Brooks K.N., WilksD.L. and Horner J.L. 1992. Effects of whole cottonseed or niacin or both on casein synthesis by lactating Holstein cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 75:184-192.
Madison-Anderson R.J., Schingoethe D.J., Brouk M.J. et al. 1997. Response of lactating cows to supplemental unsaturated fat and niacin [J]. J Dairy Sci 80: 1329-1338.
Martinez N., Depeters E.J. and Bath D.L. 1991. Supplemental niacin and fat effects on milk-composition of lactating Holstein cows[J]. J Dairy Sci74: 202-210.
Martin C.L., Bernard B., Michalet-Doreau. 1996. Influence of sampling time and diet on amino acid composition of protozoal and bacterial fractions from bovine ruminal contents[J]. J Anim Sci: 1157-1163
Mason J.B., Gibson N. and Kodicek E. 1973. The chemical nature of the bound nicotinic acid of wheat bran: studies of nicotinic acid-containing macromolecules[J]. British J Nutr 30: 297-311.
McCreanor G.M. and Bender D.A. 1986.The metabolism of high intakes of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in the rat[J]. British J Nutr 56: 577-86.
Menke, K., H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J]. Animal Research and Development 28(7): 55.
National research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle 7th [M]. Washington,DC: National Academy Press: 85-97.
Nilson K.M., Owen F.G., Georgi C. 1967. EEffect of abrupt Ration change on rumen microorganisms and the niacin and Vitamin B6 content of rumen ?uid and milk[J]. J Dairy Sci 50:1172-1176.
Niehoff I.D., Liane H., Peter L. 2009. Niacin for dairy cattle: a review[J]. British J Nutr101: 5-19.
Ottou J.F., Doreau M., Chilliard Y. 1995. Interaction with niacin on Dairy performance and nutritional balances[J]. J Dairy Sci 78: 1345–1352
Pires J.A., Pescara J.B. and Grummer R.R. 2007. Reduction of plasma NEFA concentration by nicotinic acid enhances the response to insulin in feed-restricted Holstein cows[J]. J Dairy Sci 90: 4635-4642.
Piva G., Litta G., Prandini A., et al. 1987. Effect of niacin and nicotinamide on ruminal fermentation[J]. Zootecnicae Nutrizione Animale13(5): 535-544.
Ranilla M.J., Jouany J.P., Morgavi D.P., et al. 2007. Methane production and substrate degradation by rumen microbial communities containing single protozoal species in vitro [J]. Lett Appl Microbiol45: 675-680
Rerat A., Champigny O., Jacquot R. 1959. Modalites de z’absorption vitaminique chex les ruminants forme et disponibilite des vitamines Bdubol alimenta ire aux differents niweaus dig estfs C R Hebd Sean as[J]. Acad Science 249 : 1274
Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E. and Dayton A.D. 1981. Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Microbial Protein Synthesis In Vitro and on Dairy Cattle Growth and Milk Production[J]. J Dairy Sci 64:782-791.
Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E. and Dayton A.D. 1980. Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro and In Vivo[J]. J Dairy Sci 63(9): 1429-1436.
Samanta A.K., Kewalramani N. and Kaur H. 2000.In?uence of niacin supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentationin cattle[J]. Ind JAnim Nutr 17: 243-245.
Samanta A.K., Kewalramani N. and Kaur H. 2000.Effect of niacin supplementation on VFA production and microbial protein synthesis in cattle[J]. J Dairy Sci 53:150-153
Satter L.D., Slyter L.L. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro[J]. J Nutr32: 199-208.
Shields D.R., Schaefer D.M. and Perry T.W. 1983. Influence of niacin supplementation and nitrogen source on rumen microbial fermentation[J]. J Anim Sci 57: 1576-1583.
Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources & National Research Council Vitamins. 2001.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M]. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: 162-177.
Thornton J.H. & Schultz L.H. 1980. Effects of administration of nicotinic acid on glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance in ruminants[J]. J Dairy Sci 63: 262.
Waterman R.,Sehultz L.H. 1972b. Nicotinic acid loading of normal cows: Effeets on blood metabolites and exeretory forms[J]. J Dairy Sci 55:1511-1513.
Weiss W.P. & Gonzalo F.2006.Are your cows getting the vitamin they need? [J]. J.WCDS advances in Dairy Technology 18: 249-259.
Wagner K., Mockel P., Lebzien P. et al. 1997.Influence of duodenal infusion of nicotinic acid on the milk fat composition of dairy cows[J]. Arch J Anim Sci 50(3): 239-244.
Zinn R.A., Owen F.N., Stuart R.L. et al. 1987. B-Vitamin supplementation of diets for feedlot calves[J]. J Anim Sci 65: 267-277.
陈继兰,罗旭刚等.烟酰胺对肉仔鸡性能影响的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,30(3):206-210.
陈萍,李胜利.烟酸对奶牛代谢和生产性能的影响[J].中国饲料, 2005(9):23-25.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:502-504.
冯仰廉.反刍动物营养学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:549-550.
韩永利,李秋风,李建国.烟酸对奶牛的营养作用[J].饲料博览,2003(3):33-34.
金立志,陆治年.烟酸与奶牛营养[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,1989(5): 31-32.
赖文清译.烟酸[J].国外畜牧学--猪与禽,2003,23(2): 12-16.
李兰生,赵军,谢正侠,丛日山.高效液相色谱法测定饲料预混剂中烟酰胺、烟酸方法的研究[J].动物科学与动物医学,2000,17(1):40-41.
李艳玲,孟庆翔.非纤维性碳水化合物水平对活体外瘤胃发酵和产生共轭亚油酸的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2006 (17): 32-35.
汪长森,卢义亲,傅敏庄.测定人红细胞内核苷酸反相高效液相色谱法的改进[J].湖南医科大学学报,1990,15(3):299-301.
王梦芝,张洁,王洪荣等.体外培养不同淀粉与纤维素比例底物对瘤胃发酵微生物影响的研究[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2007 (08):22-27.
王菊花,卢德勋,冯宗慈等.添加烟酸条件下绵羊瘤胃发酵底物降解动力学变化特征[J]. 中国草食动物,2008,28(1): 7-10.
闫龙宝,王浩,刘小力等. HPLC法测定含乳饮料中烟酸和烟酰胺[J],中国食品添加剂,2008:151-153.
杨赵军.烟酸对奶牛的营养作用[J],中国饲料,1997(6):20-21
袁京群,吴筱丹,李士敏等. LC-MS法测定Beagle犬血浆中烟酸浓度及体内药洞穴研究[J].药物分析杂志,2005,25 (6): 636-638.
赵芸君,孟庆祥.日粮添加烟酸对活体外瘤胃发酵和纤维降解的影响[J],中国农业大学学报,2006,11(5): 46-50.
Abdouli H. and Schaefer D.M. 1986. Effects of two dietary niacin Concentrations on ruminal ?uid free niacin concentration, and of supplementaryal niacin and source of inoculum on in vitro microbial growth, fermentative activity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide pool size [J]. J Anim Sci 62: 254-262.
Aiple, K., Steingass H., Menke K. 2009. Suitability of a buffered faecal suspension as the inoculum in the Hohenheim gas test[J]. J Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 67(1-5): 57-66.
Belibasakis N.G. and Tsirgogianni D. 1996. Effects of niacin on milk yield, milk composition, and blood components of dairy cows in hot weather [J]. Anim Feed Sci Tech 64: 53-59.
Bender D.A. Niacin. 2003. In Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins[M]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 200-231.
Bender D.A., Magboul B.I., and Wynick D. 1982. Probablem echanisms of regulation of the utilization of dietary tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as precursor of nicotinamide nucleotides in the rat [J]. BritishJ Nutr 4: 119–27.
Bender D.A. and Olufunwa R. 1988. Utilization of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid as precursors for nicotinamide nucleotide synthesis in isolated rat livercells [J]. British J Nutr 59: 279–87.
Bernofsky C. 1980. Physiologic aspects of pyridine nucleotide regulation in mammals [J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 33: 135-143.
Broderick G.A., Kang J.H. 1980. Automated Simultaneous Determination of Ammonia and Total Amino Acids in Ruminal Fluid and In Vitro Media [J]. J Dairy Sci 63: 64-75.
Campbell J.M., Murphy M.R., Christensen R.A. et al. 1994. Kinetics of niacin supplements in lactating dairy cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 77: 566-575.
Carter E.G., Carpenter K.J. 1982. The available niacin values of foods for rats and their relation to analytical values[J]. J Nutr112(11):2091-2103.
Cervantes A, Smith T.R. and Young J.W. 1996. Effects of nicotinamide on milk composition and production in dairy cows fed supplemental fat[J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 105-115.
Christensen R.A., Overton T.R., Clark J.H., Drackley J.K., Nelson D.R.and Blum S.A. 1996. Effects of dietary fat with or without nicotinic acid on nutrient ?ow to the duodenum of dairy cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 1410-1424.
de Lange P.J.and Joubert C.P. 1964. Assessment of nicotinic acid status of population groups[J]. American ClinicaJ Nutr15: 169-174.
DiCostanzo A, Spain J.N. and Spiers D.E. 1997.Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions[J]. J Dairy Sci 80: 1200-1206.
Dillon J.C., Malfait P., Demaux G., and Foldi-Hope C. 1992. The urinary metabolites of niacin during the course of pellagra[J]. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 36: 181–185. Doreau M., Ottou J.F. 1996. Influence of Niacin Supplementation on In Vivo Digestibility and Ruminal Digestion in Dairy Cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 79: 2247-2254.
Drackley J.K., LaCount D.W., Elliott J.P., Klusmeyer T.H., Overton T.R., Clark J.H. & Blum S.A. 1998. Supplemental fat and nicotinic acid for Holstein cows during an entire lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 81: 201-214.
Driver L.S., Grummer R.R. & Schultz L.H. 1990. Effects of feeding heat-treated soybeans and niacin to high producing cows in early lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 73: 463-469.
Erickson P.S., Murphy M.R., Mcsweeney C.S. et al. 1991. Niacin absorption from rumen[J]. J Dairy Sci 74, 3492-3495.
Erickson P.S., Trusk A.M. and Murphy M.R. 1990. Effects of niacin source on epinephrine stimulation of plasma nonesterified fatty acids and glucose concentrations, on dietdigestibility and on rumen protozoal numbers in lactating dairy cows [J]. J Nutr120: 1648-1653.
Erickson P.S., Murphy M.R. and Clark J.H. 1992. Supplementation of dairy cow diets with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids and nicotinic acid in early lactation[J]. J Dairy Sci 75: 1078-1089.
Fu C.S., Swendseid M.E., Jacob R.A et al. 1989. Biochemical Markers for Assessment of Niacin Status in Young Men: Levels of Erythrocyte Niacin Coenzymes and Plasma Tryptophan[J]. J Nutr119: 1949-1955.
Gerber G.B. and Deroo J. 1970. Metabolism of labeled nicotinamide coenzyme in different organs of mice and rats[J]. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 134: 689-93.
Hannah S.M. and Stern M.D. 1985. Effect of Supplemental Niacin or Niacinamide and Soybean Source on Ruminal Bacterial Fermentation in Continuous Culture[J]. J Anim Sci 61: 1253-1263.
Horwitt M.K., Harvey C.C., Rosenthal W.S. et al. 1956. Tryptophan-niacin relationships in man. Studies with diets deficient in riboflavin and niacin, together with observations on the excretion of nitrogen and niacin metabolites[J]. J Nutr60: Supplement I. Horner J.L., Coppock C.E., Moya J.R. et al. 1988. Effects of Niacin and Whole Cottonseed on Ruminal Fermentation, Protein Degradability, and Nutrient Digestibility[J]. J Dairy Sci 71: 1239-1247.
Hvelplund, T. 1985. Digestibility of rumen microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein estimated in the small intestine of sheep and by in sacco procedure [nylon bag technique, amino acids absorbable in the small intestine (AAT)][J]. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Supplementum (Sweden) 25:132-144.
Ipharraguerre I.R., Clark J.H., Freeman D.E. 2005.Varying Protein and Starch in the Diet of Dairy Cows. I. Effects on Ruminal Fermentation and Intestinal Supply of Nutrients [J]. J Dairy Sci 88: 2537-2555.Jaster E.H. and Ward N.E. 1990.Supplemental nicotinic acid or nicotinamide for lactating dairy cows[J]. J Dairy Sci 73: 2880-2887.
Kollenkirchen U., Kuhnigk C., Breves G. and Harmeyer J. 1992. Effect of niacin supplementation on the concentration of niacin in rumen and duodenal digesta and in whole blood of sheep[J]. J Vet Med A 39: 696-703.
Kumar R. and Dass R.S. 2005.Effect of niacin supplementation on Rumen metabolites in Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) [J]. Asian Australasian J Anim Sci 18: 38-41.
Lanham J.K., Coppock C.E., Brooks K.N., WilksD.L. and Horner J.L. 1992. Effects of whole cottonseed or niacin or both on casein synthesis by lactating Holstein cows [J]. J Dairy Sci 75:184-192.
Madison-Anderson R.J., Schingoethe D.J., Brouk M.J. et al. 1997. Response of lactating cows to supplemental unsaturated fat and niacin [J]. J Dairy Sci 80: 1329-1338.
Martinez N., Depeters E.J. and Bath D.L. 1991. Supplemental niacin and fat effects on milk-composition of lactating Holstein cows[J]. J Dairy Sci74: 202-210.
Martin C.L., Bernard B., Michalet-Doreau. 1996. Influence of sampling time and diet on amino acid composition of protozoal and bacterial fractions from bovine ruminal contents[J]. J Anim Sci: 1157-1163
Mason J.B., Gibson N. and Kodicek E. 1973. The chemical nature of the bound nicotinic acid of wheat bran: studies of nicotinic acid-containing macromolecules[J]. British J Nutr 30: 297-311.
McCreanor G.M. and Bender D.A. 1986.The metabolism of high intakes of tryptophan, nicotinamide and nicotinic acid in the rat[J]. British J Nutr 56: 577-86.
Menke, K., H. Steingass. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid[J]. Animal Research and Development 28(7): 55.
National research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle 7th [M]. Washington,DC: National Academy Press: 85-97.
Nilson K.M., Owen F.G., Georgi C. 1967. EEffect of abrupt Ration change on rumen microorganisms and the niacin and Vitamin B6 content of rumen ?uid and milk[J]. J Dairy Sci 50:1172-1176.
Niehoff I.D., Liane H., Peter L. 2009. Niacin for dairy cattle: a review[J]. British J Nutr101: 5-19.
Ottou J.F., Doreau M., Chilliard Y. 1995. Interaction with niacin on Dairy performance and nutritional balances[J]. J Dairy Sci 78: 1345–1352
Pires J.A., Pescara J.B. and Grummer R.R. 2007. Reduction of plasma NEFA concentration by nicotinic acid enhances the response to insulin in feed-restricted Holstein cows[J]. J Dairy Sci 90: 4635-4642.
Piva G., Litta G., Prandini A., et al. 1987. Effect of niacin and nicotinamide on ruminal fermentation[J]. Zootecnicae Nutrizione Animale13(5): 535-544.
Ranilla M.J., Jouany J.P., Morgavi D.P., et al. 2007. Methane production and substrate degradation by rumen microbial communities containing single protozoal species in vitro [J]. Lett Appl Microbiol45: 675-680
Rerat A., Champigny O., Jacquot R. 1959. Modalites de z’absorption vitaminique chex les ruminants forme et disponibilite des vitamines Bdubol alimenta ire aux differents niweaus dig estfs C R Hebd Sean as[J]. Acad Science 249 : 1274
Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E. and Dayton A.D. 1981. Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Microbial Protein Synthesis In Vitro and on Dairy Cattle Growth and Milk Production[J]. J Dairy Sci 64:782-791.
Riddell D.O., Bartley E.E. and Dayton A.D. 1980. Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Rumen Fermentation In Vitro and In Vivo[J]. J Dairy Sci 63(9): 1429-1436.
Samanta A.K., Kewalramani N. and Kaur H. 2000.In?uence of niacin supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentationin cattle[J]. Ind JAnim Nutr 17: 243-245.
Samanta A.K., Kewalramani N. and Kaur H. 2000.Effect of niacin supplementation on VFA production and microbial protein synthesis in cattle[J]. J Dairy Sci 53:150-153
Satter L.D., Slyter L.L. 1974. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro[J]. J Nutr32: 199-208.
Shields D.R., Schaefer D.M. and Perry T.W. 1983. Influence of niacin supplementation and nitrogen source on rumen microbial fermentation[J]. J Anim Sci 57: 1576-1583.
Subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources & National Research Council Vitamins. 2001.Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle[M]. Washington, DC: National Academy Press: 162-177.
Thornton J.H. & Schultz L.H. 1980. Effects of administration of nicotinic acid on glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance in ruminants[J]. J Dairy Sci 63: 262.
Waterman R.,Sehultz L.H. 1972b. Nicotinic acid loading of normal cows: Effeets on blood metabolites and exeretory forms[J]. J Dairy Sci 55:1511-1513.
Weiss W.P. & Gonzalo F.2006.Are your cows getting the vitamin they need? [J]. J.WCDS advances in Dairy Technology 18: 249-259.
Wagner K., Mockel P., Lebzien P. et al. 1997.Influence of duodenal infusion of nicotinic acid on the milk fat composition of dairy cows[J]. Arch J Anim Sci 50(3): 239-244.
Zinn R.A., Owen F.N., Stuart R.L. et al. 1987. B-Vitamin supplementation of diets for feedlot calves[J]. J Anim Sci 65: 267-277.