长江口滨海沉积物中无机硫的形态特征及其环境意义
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摘要
我国东部沿海大中型城市大多位于河口或临近地区,随着城市经济的快速发展,大量重金属污染物通过地表径流进入水域,大量的含硫污染物通过酸雨等形式流入水域,使人类赖以生存的城市河口或河流污染严重。河口地区的沉积物作为无机硫、有机硫和重金属“源”和“汇”,不仅是其重要的蓄积库和污染源,而且是水体中重金属重要的反应场所。长江口地区污染物的迁移输送对海洋的贡献较大,并且该区域水环境对周边城市的发展意义重大。本文对长江口滨岸地区沉积物中的无机硫形态和重金属进行了研究,以了解该地区无机硫形态,进而进一步揭示重金属生物毒性和污染现状,并为长江口滨岸地区水环境的治理提供理论依据。研究结果如下：
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物酸可挥发性硫(AVS)含量为0.844μmol/g-3.531μmol/g,铬还原硫(CRS)含量为2.531μmol/g-5.156μmol/g,元素硫(ES)含量为0.719μmol/g-1.125μmol/g,CRS即黄铁矿硫,是沉积物中主要的还原无机硫化物形态。总体上,沉积物中的还原无机硫(RIS)含量排序为：CRS>AVS>ES,高潮滩>中潮滩>低潮滩。
上海滨岸带表层沉积物中总还原无机硫含量排序为：鹿河>南汇嘴>芦潮港农场>吴淞>朝阳农场>顾路>奉贤>浏河。所有采样点的CRS含量均处于优势地位,表现出黄铁矿硫在沉积物中的稳定性。
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩柱状沉积物中三态无机硫的垂向分布特征存在较大差异。高潮滩深部沉积物(10-25cm)中ES含量逐步增加,而AVS相对含量降低。中潮滩在深度5-10cm部位沉积物中腐殖质含量较高,硫酸盐还原和黄铁矿化程度程度较高,AVS和CRS含量呈现峰值。低潮滩由于水动力条件强烈,在表层(0-10cm)沉积物中三态无机硫含量较低。
崇明东滩表层沉积物中活性铁的含量由高到低为高潮滩>中潮滩>低潮滩,柱状沉积物的情况与之相似。上海滨岸潮滩表层沉积物活性铁含量由高到低为鹿河>朝阳农场>吴淞>芦潮港农场>顾路>浏河>奉贤>南汇嘴。
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物中Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%；三个采样点的SEM/AVS均小于1,重金属对生物毒性较小。崇明东滩典型围垦土地类型中,只有玉米地的SEM/AVS略大于1,表现出中等水平的生物毒性。崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩沉积物中Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%,因此SEM的垂向分布模式主要由Zn的分布模式所控制。崇明东滩柱状沉积物中,低潮滩沉积物的重金属生物毒性最大,由于低潮滩位于海岸带的最外围,离海洋最近,受到潮汐、风力、水文条件的影响较大,因此低潮滩的重金属生物毒性大反映出潮汐水中重金属的含量特征。
上海滨岸潮滩表层沉积物中SEM的含量差异不大,Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%,而Pb在所有采样点中的含量均最低。八个采样点中除顾路外其余点的SEM/AVS均大于1,说明上海滨岸带的潮滩表层沉积物中重金属存在中等水平的生物毒性。
Most big coastal cities of east China are located in or near estuary area. With the rapid development of urban economy, a large number of heavy metal pollutants enter waters through surface runoff, and a large number of pollutants containing sulfur enter waters through acid rain, which aggravates the urban estuary and river pollution. As the origin and sink of inorganic sulfur、organic sulfur and heavy metals, the sediments of estuary area not only is the important accumulation base and pollution source, but also is the important reaction place of aquatic heavy metals.The pollutants transportation in the Yangtze River Estuary makes great contribution to the sea, and the aquatic environment of this area have great significance to the development of the surrounding cities.
The study shows the research of reduced inorganic sulfur species and heavy metals in the Yangtze River Estuary area. The aim is to know the contents of inorganic sulfur species, and further find out the biology toxicity of heavy metals and pollution status to provide theoretical basis for the aquatic treatment of the Yangtze River Estuary area.
The result shows that,contents of acid-volatile sulfide(AVS)in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan range from 0.844 to 3.531μmol/g, chromium(Ⅱ)-reducible sulfide(CRS) from 2.531 to 5.156μmol/g, elemental sulfur(ES) from 0.719 to 1.125μmol/g. CRS(FeS2-S)is the main reduced inorganic sulfur species in surface sediments, which occupies from 48.2% to 67.9%.The content sequence of reduced inorganic sulfur(RIS) is high tidal flat>middle tidal flat>low tidal flat.
The content sequence of RIS in surface sediments of Shanghai costal area is Lu River>Nanhui Zui>Luchaogang Farm>Wusong>Chaoyang Farm>Gulu>Fengxian>Liu River. The contents of CRS in all sampling points have the ascendant position, which shows the stability of pyrite in the sediments.
The content distribution of the RIS species in columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan present irregular characteristic. The content of ES in high tidal flat gradually increases from 10-25cm,while the content of AVS decreases.The content of humus in 5-10cm middle tidal flat is high, which shows the high extent of sulfate reduction and pyritization.So the contents of AVS and CRS are high. The palaeohydrodynamic condition in low tidal flat is strong, so the contents of three reduced inorganic sulfur in surface sediments(0-10cm) is low.
The content sequence of active iron in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan is high tidal flat>middle tidal flat>low tidal flat, and the situation is same in columnar sediments.The content sequence of active iron in surface sediments of Shanghai costal area is Lu River>Chaoyang Farm>Wusong>Luchaogang Farm>Gulu>Liu River> Fengxian>Nanhui Zui.
The contribution of Zn to simultaneously extracted metals(SEM) in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan is over 48%. SEM/AVS are all below 1 in high、middle and low tidal flat, which shows a low level of biology toxicity. Among the typical soil type of Chongming Dongtan, only the SEM/AVS of maize soil is above 1, which shows a middle level of biology toxicity. The contribution of Zn to simultaneously extracted metals(SEM) in columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan is over 48%, so the columnar distribution pattern of SEM is mainly controlled by the distribution pattern of Zn. Among the columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan, the heavy metal toxicity to biology in low tidal flat is the highest. Because the low tidal flat is located on the outer part of the coastal area, the sediments is greatly influenced by the tide、wind and hydrological conditions.So the heavy metal toxicity to biology reflects the heavy metal content characteristic in the tidal water.
The contents of SEM in the surface sediments on different sampling points of Shanghai coastal area don't vary too much. The contribution of Zn to SEM is over 48%,and the content of Pb in all sampling points is the lowest.The SEM/AVS are all over 1 expect Gulu, which shows the middle heavy metals toxicity to biology in the surface sediments of Shanghai coastal area.
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物酸可挥发性硫(AVS)含量为0.844μmol/g-3.531μmol/g,铬还原硫(CRS)含量为2.531μmol/g-5.156μmol/g,元素硫(ES)含量为0.719μmol/g-1.125μmol/g,CRS即黄铁矿硫,是沉积物中主要的还原无机硫化物形态。总体上,沉积物中的还原无机硫(RIS)含量排序为：CRS>AVS>ES,高潮滩>中潮滩>低潮滩。
上海滨岸带表层沉积物中总还原无机硫含量排序为：鹿河>南汇嘴>芦潮港农场>吴淞>朝阳农场>顾路>奉贤>浏河。所有采样点的CRS含量均处于优势地位,表现出黄铁矿硫在沉积物中的稳定性。
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩柱状沉积物中三态无机硫的垂向分布特征存在较大差异。高潮滩深部沉积物(10-25cm)中ES含量逐步增加,而AVS相对含量降低。中潮滩在深度5-10cm部位沉积物中腐殖质含量较高,硫酸盐还原和黄铁矿化程度程度较高,AVS和CRS含量呈现峰值。低潮滩由于水动力条件强烈,在表层(0-10cm)沉积物中三态无机硫含量较低。
崇明东滩表层沉积物中活性铁的含量由高到低为高潮滩>中潮滩>低潮滩,柱状沉积物的情况与之相似。上海滨岸潮滩表层沉积物活性铁含量由高到低为鹿河>朝阳农场>吴淞>芦潮港农场>顾路>浏河>奉贤>南汇嘴。
崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩表层沉积物中Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%；三个采样点的SEM/AVS均小于1,重金属对生物毒性较小。崇明东滩典型围垦土地类型中,只有玉米地的SEM/AVS略大于1,表现出中等水平的生物毒性。崇明东滩高、中、低潮滩沉积物中Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%,因此SEM的垂向分布模式主要由Zn的分布模式所控制。崇明东滩柱状沉积物中,低潮滩沉积物的重金属生物毒性最大,由于低潮滩位于海岸带的最外围,离海洋最近,受到潮汐、风力、水文条件的影响较大,因此低潮滩的重金属生物毒性大反映出潮汐水中重金属的含量特征。
上海滨岸潮滩表层沉积物中SEM的含量差异不大,Zn对SEM的贡献均超过48%,而Pb在所有采样点中的含量均最低。八个采样点中除顾路外其余点的SEM/AVS均大于1,说明上海滨岸带的潮滩表层沉积物中重金属存在中等水平的生物毒性。
Most big coastal cities of east China are located in or near estuary area. With the rapid development of urban economy, a large number of heavy metal pollutants enter waters through surface runoff, and a large number of pollutants containing sulfur enter waters through acid rain, which aggravates the urban estuary and river pollution. As the origin and sink of inorganic sulfur、organic sulfur and heavy metals, the sediments of estuary area not only is the important accumulation base and pollution source, but also is the important reaction place of aquatic heavy metals.The pollutants transportation in the Yangtze River Estuary makes great contribution to the sea, and the aquatic environment of this area have great significance to the development of the surrounding cities.
The study shows the research of reduced inorganic sulfur species and heavy metals in the Yangtze River Estuary area. The aim is to know the contents of inorganic sulfur species, and further find out the biology toxicity of heavy metals and pollution status to provide theoretical basis for the aquatic treatment of the Yangtze River Estuary area.
The result shows that,contents of acid-volatile sulfide(AVS)in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan range from 0.844 to 3.531μmol/g, chromium(Ⅱ)-reducible sulfide(CRS) from 2.531 to 5.156μmol/g, elemental sulfur(ES) from 0.719 to 1.125μmol/g. CRS(FeS2-S)is the main reduced inorganic sulfur species in surface sediments, which occupies from 48.2% to 67.9%.The content sequence of reduced inorganic sulfur(RIS) is high tidal flat>middle tidal flat>low tidal flat.
The content sequence of RIS in surface sediments of Shanghai costal area is Lu River>Nanhui Zui>Luchaogang Farm>Wusong>Chaoyang Farm>Gulu>Fengxian>Liu River. The contents of CRS in all sampling points have the ascendant position, which shows the stability of pyrite in the sediments.
The content distribution of the RIS species in columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan present irregular characteristic. The content of ES in high tidal flat gradually increases from 10-25cm,while the content of AVS decreases.The content of humus in 5-10cm middle tidal flat is high, which shows the high extent of sulfate reduction and pyritization.So the contents of AVS and CRS are high. The palaeohydrodynamic condition in low tidal flat is strong, so the contents of three reduced inorganic sulfur in surface sediments(0-10cm) is low.
The content sequence of active iron in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan is high tidal flat>middle tidal flat>low tidal flat, and the situation is same in columnar sediments.The content sequence of active iron in surface sediments of Shanghai costal area is Lu River>Chaoyang Farm>Wusong>Luchaogang Farm>Gulu>Liu River> Fengxian>Nanhui Zui.
The contribution of Zn to simultaneously extracted metals(SEM) in surface sediments of Chongming Dongtan is over 48%. SEM/AVS are all below 1 in high、middle and low tidal flat, which shows a low level of biology toxicity. Among the typical soil type of Chongming Dongtan, only the SEM/AVS of maize soil is above 1, which shows a middle level of biology toxicity. The contribution of Zn to simultaneously extracted metals(SEM) in columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan is over 48%, so the columnar distribution pattern of SEM is mainly controlled by the distribution pattern of Zn. Among the columnar sediments of Chongming Dongtan, the heavy metal toxicity to biology in low tidal flat is the highest. Because the low tidal flat is located on the outer part of the coastal area, the sediments is greatly influenced by the tide、wind and hydrological conditions.So the heavy metal toxicity to biology reflects the heavy metal content characteristic in the tidal water.
The contents of SEM in the surface sediments on different sampling points of Shanghai coastal area don't vary too much. The contribution of Zn to SEM is over 48%,and the content of Pb in all sampling points is the lowest.The SEM/AVS are all over 1 expect Gulu, which shows the middle heavy metals toxicity to biology in the surface sediments of Shanghai coastal area.
引文
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