长期不同施肥制度下湖南红壤双季稻田甲烷排放的研究
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摘要
温室气体排放导致全球变暖,而且它的转化产物还直接影响人体的健康。稻田生态系统是大气CH_4的主要生物排放源之一,其对温室效应的影响已经成为全球关注的焦点。我国是稻谷产量大国,双季稻种植制度是典型的南方农田利用方式,所以其在大气CH_4不断增加的过程中起着十分重要的角色。本试验选取湖南长期不同施肥制度下红壤双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对双季稻田CH_4排放进行观测,研究了长期不同施肥制度(包括CK、NP、NK、NPK、OM和JF)对双季稻田温室气体CH_4排放季节变化规律和累积排放量的影响,以及由于长期不同施肥处理造成土壤理化性质发生的变化对CH_4排放的影响,探讨了各个环境和作物因素对CH_4排放的影响,建立了长期不同施肥制度下农田温室气体CH_4排放的预测模型,并估算长期不同施肥制度的CH_4排放对温室效应影响的贡献。
研究结果表明:长期不同施肥制度下,双季稻田CH_4排放具有基本相同的季节变化规律,早稻各处理CH_4排放季节变化具有三段排放高峰,分别发生在移栽期,分蘖期和水稻成熟期。按生育期排放量,早稻CH_4排放主要集中在早稻生长中期,其中分蘖期和孕穗期排放量占总排放量的70%以上。晚稻CH_4排放呈单峰型,移栽后一周内各处理即达到排放全年最高峰,后期CH_4排放较少。按生育期排放量,晚稻CH_4排放主要集中于晚稻生长的前一个月,移栽返青期和分蘖期排放量占总排放量的60%以上。
施肥是调控稻田CH_4排放的重要手段,长期不同施肥处理,早稻CH_4排放通量大小依次为:OM＞JF＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK:晚稻依次为OM＞JF＞NPK＞NK＞NP＞CK,施加有机肥促进CH_4排放,单施化肥全量养分的CH_4排放大于缺素施肥,对于缺素施肥的CH_4排放,早稻和晚稻略有不同。长期不同施肥处理对土壤全氮和有机碳的积累有一定影响,呈现升高趋势。研究表明土壤全氮和有机碳含量与稻田CH_4累积排放量有较好的相关性。长期施肥条件下,土壤pH呈下降趋势,不同施肥制度的下降程度基本相同,CH_4累积排放量与土壤pH成负相关。早晚稻田CH_4排放通量与土壤中铵硝动态变化并没有明显的相关性。
温室气体CH_4排放的环境影响因子包括温度、土壤Eh、土壤pH、水层深度等,研究表明气温对晚稻的影响极显著,而对早稻的影响相对较弱。土壤温度对不同施肥制度处理,无论是早稻还是晚稻,其变化都与CH_4排放通量有极显著的相关性。土壤Eh对不同施肥制度下晚稻田的影响极显著,早稻生育期与晚稻略有不同,土壤Eh对晚稻的影响要强于早稻。无论何种施肥制度,早晚稻田各处理的CH_4排放通量与稻田水层深度相关性不显著。CH_4排放高峰期土壤pH值大多在5.5附近,与早稻田CH_4排放相关性不显著,而与晚稻田则有显著相关。
温室气体CH_4排放的作物影响因子包括水稻生育期的植株高度、地上和地下部分的生物量,叶面积以及生物产量和经济产量等,研究表明稻田CH_4累积排放总量和水稻植株高度,地上和地下部分的生物量,有显著的正相关,与叶面积的相关不明显。水稻的生物产量和经济产量越高,稻田CH_4累积排放总量也越高。
基于对不同施肥制度温室气体CH_4排放的研究,建立了各施肥制度下的六个预测方程,其拟合结果均与实测值有显著的相关关系,通过实测值与模拟值的对比发现,预测方程基本上体现了双季稻生育期CH_4排放的季节变化趋势。不同施肥制度下稻田CH_4排放对温室效应的贡献分析结果表明,无论是在20年还是在500年的时间尺度上,其贡献顺序都为有机无机配施＞全量化肥＞缺素施肥＞对照。
It is well known that greenhouse gase emission result in global warming and its reaction product affect human's healthy directly Rice ecosystem is one of major sources of atmospheric methane(CH_4),its influence on greenhouse effect has been given attention by global researchers.Since China is the largest producer of rice grain and double-cropping rice system is typical planting pattern,it plays an important role in the increase of atmospheric methane.To study the effect of long-term fertilization treatment on the seasonal variation of CH_4 emission and the effect of soil physical and chemical property changes result from long-term fertilization on methane emission under different long-term fertilizing systems(including CK,NP,NK,NPK,OM and JF),methane emission fluxes from the double-cropping paddy field in Hunan red soil were monitored by using the method of static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques.This paper discussed the effect of environmental and crop factors on methane emission and produced a forecast model to simulate methane fluxes to estimate contribution of CH_4 emission on GWP under long-term different fertilizing systems.The results showed that:
Methane emission from double cropping paddy field under long-term different fertilizing systems exhibited similar seasonal variation.During the early rice growth period, there were three peaks of methane emission at transplanting stage,tillering stage and maturing stage,respectively.CH_4 emission s dominantly occurred at the middle growth stage and methane accumulation emission occupied 70%of total emission.CH_4 emission of the late rice field had only one peak and reached the highest fluxes one week after transplanting,with little emission during the late growth period.CH_4 emission mainly occurred at one month after transplanting of the late rice,during the period of transplanting and tillering,CH_4 accumulation fluxes occupied 60%of total fluxes.
Fertilization plays an important role in CH_4 flux.The rank of CH_4 emission in different fertilization treatments in early rice field was OM＞JF＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK,but in late rice field it was OM＞JF＞NPK＞NK＞NP＞CK.Methane fluxes in organic manure amendment treatments were significantly higher than other treatments.Methane fluxes in single chemical fertilizer treatments were higher than in unbalanced nutrient treatments.Studies on the effect of different long-term fertilizing systems on soil organic matter,total N and pH showed that,there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 fluxes and soil organic matter and total N,and a significantly negative correlation between CH_4 fluxes and soil pH.No significant correlation was found between CH4 flux and soil NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration.
The environmental factors of different long-term fertilizing systems affecting methane emission from double cropping paddy fields were discussed,including temperature,soil Eh, soil pH,water depth.Under different long-term fertilizing systems,the results showed that, there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 emission flux and air temperature in the late rice field and comparatively weak correlation in the early rice field. This trend is same with the effect of soil Eh on CH_4 flux.There was a significant positive correlation between CH_4 flUX and soil temperature in double cropping paddy field.No significant correlation was found between CH_4 flUX and water depth.CH4 flUX peaks mostly appeared around pH 5.0.There was a significant positive correlation between CH_4 flux and soil pH in the late rice field.
The crop factors of different long-term fertilizing systems affecting methane emission from double cropping paddy fields were discussed,including plant height,above-ground biomass,root biomass,leaf area,biomass and yields of rice grain.The results showed that, there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 flux and plant height, above-ground biomass and root biomass of paddy fields.No significant correlation was found between CH_4 flux and leaf area.The biomass and yields of rice grain were higher with CH_4 accumulation emission fluxes.
Based on principal component analysis of the effect factors of CH_4 emission,six forecast equations of different long-term fertilizing systems were established.The simulated greenhouse gases fluxes based on these models roughly corresponded with the measured values in the same order of magnitude and the same dynamic characteristics. Furthermore,the contribution of CH_4 emission under long-term different fertilizing systems on GWP was estimated,its ranks on the time scale of 20 years to 500 years were organic manure amendment treatment＞chemical fertilizer treatment＞single nutrient treatment＞control.
研究结果表明:长期不同施肥制度下,双季稻田CH_4排放具有基本相同的季节变化规律,早稻各处理CH_4排放季节变化具有三段排放高峰,分别发生在移栽期,分蘖期和水稻成熟期。按生育期排放量,早稻CH_4排放主要集中在早稻生长中期,其中分蘖期和孕穗期排放量占总排放量的70%以上。晚稻CH_4排放呈单峰型,移栽后一周内各处理即达到排放全年最高峰,后期CH_4排放较少。按生育期排放量,晚稻CH_4排放主要集中于晚稻生长的前一个月,移栽返青期和分蘖期排放量占总排放量的60%以上。
施肥是调控稻田CH_4排放的重要手段,长期不同施肥处理,早稻CH_4排放通量大小依次为:OM＞JF＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK:晚稻依次为OM＞JF＞NPK＞NK＞NP＞CK,施加有机肥促进CH_4排放,单施化肥全量养分的CH_4排放大于缺素施肥,对于缺素施肥的CH_4排放,早稻和晚稻略有不同。长期不同施肥处理对土壤全氮和有机碳的积累有一定影响,呈现升高趋势。研究表明土壤全氮和有机碳含量与稻田CH_4累积排放量有较好的相关性。长期施肥条件下,土壤pH呈下降趋势,不同施肥制度的下降程度基本相同,CH_4累积排放量与土壤pH成负相关。早晚稻田CH_4排放通量与土壤中铵硝动态变化并没有明显的相关性。
温室气体CH_4排放的环境影响因子包括温度、土壤Eh、土壤pH、水层深度等,研究表明气温对晚稻的影响极显著,而对早稻的影响相对较弱。土壤温度对不同施肥制度处理,无论是早稻还是晚稻,其变化都与CH_4排放通量有极显著的相关性。土壤Eh对不同施肥制度下晚稻田的影响极显著,早稻生育期与晚稻略有不同,土壤Eh对晚稻的影响要强于早稻。无论何种施肥制度,早晚稻田各处理的CH_4排放通量与稻田水层深度相关性不显著。CH_4排放高峰期土壤pH值大多在5.5附近,与早稻田CH_4排放相关性不显著,而与晚稻田则有显著相关。
温室气体CH_4排放的作物影响因子包括水稻生育期的植株高度、地上和地下部分的生物量,叶面积以及生物产量和经济产量等,研究表明稻田CH_4累积排放总量和水稻植株高度,地上和地下部分的生物量,有显著的正相关,与叶面积的相关不明显。水稻的生物产量和经济产量越高,稻田CH_4累积排放总量也越高。
基于对不同施肥制度温室气体CH_4排放的研究,建立了各施肥制度下的六个预测方程,其拟合结果均与实测值有显著的相关关系,通过实测值与模拟值的对比发现,预测方程基本上体现了双季稻生育期CH_4排放的季节变化趋势。不同施肥制度下稻田CH_4排放对温室效应的贡献分析结果表明,无论是在20年还是在500年的时间尺度上,其贡献顺序都为有机无机配施＞全量化肥＞缺素施肥＞对照。
It is well known that greenhouse gase emission result in global warming and its reaction product affect human's healthy directly Rice ecosystem is one of major sources of atmospheric methane(CH_4),its influence on greenhouse effect has been given attention by global researchers.Since China is the largest producer of rice grain and double-cropping rice system is typical planting pattern,it plays an important role in the increase of atmospheric methane.To study the effect of long-term fertilization treatment on the seasonal variation of CH_4 emission and the effect of soil physical and chemical property changes result from long-term fertilization on methane emission under different long-term fertilizing systems(including CK,NP,NK,NPK,OM and JF),methane emission fluxes from the double-cropping paddy field in Hunan red soil were monitored by using the method of static chamber-gas chromatographic techniques.This paper discussed the effect of environmental and crop factors on methane emission and produced a forecast model to simulate methane fluxes to estimate contribution of CH_4 emission on GWP under long-term different fertilizing systems.The results showed that:
Methane emission from double cropping paddy field under long-term different fertilizing systems exhibited similar seasonal variation.During the early rice growth period, there were three peaks of methane emission at transplanting stage,tillering stage and maturing stage,respectively.CH_4 emission s dominantly occurred at the middle growth stage and methane accumulation emission occupied 70%of total emission.CH_4 emission of the late rice field had only one peak and reached the highest fluxes one week after transplanting,with little emission during the late growth period.CH_4 emission mainly occurred at one month after transplanting of the late rice,during the period of transplanting and tillering,CH_4 accumulation fluxes occupied 60%of total fluxes.
Fertilization plays an important role in CH_4 flux.The rank of CH_4 emission in different fertilization treatments in early rice field was OM＞JF＞NPK＞NP＞NK＞CK,but in late rice field it was OM＞JF＞NPK＞NK＞NP＞CK.Methane fluxes in organic manure amendment treatments were significantly higher than other treatments.Methane fluxes in single chemical fertilizer treatments were higher than in unbalanced nutrient treatments.Studies on the effect of different long-term fertilizing systems on soil organic matter,total N and pH showed that,there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 fluxes and soil organic matter and total N,and a significantly negative correlation between CH_4 fluxes and soil pH.No significant correlation was found between CH4 flux and soil NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration.
The environmental factors of different long-term fertilizing systems affecting methane emission from double cropping paddy fields were discussed,including temperature,soil Eh, soil pH,water depth.Under different long-term fertilizing systems,the results showed that, there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 emission flux and air temperature in the late rice field and comparatively weak correlation in the early rice field. This trend is same with the effect of soil Eh on CH_4 flux.There was a significant positive correlation between CH_4 flUX and soil temperature in double cropping paddy field.No significant correlation was found between CH_4 flUX and water depth.CH4 flUX peaks mostly appeared around pH 5.0.There was a significant positive correlation between CH_4 flux and soil pH in the late rice field.
The crop factors of different long-term fertilizing systems affecting methane emission from double cropping paddy fields were discussed,including plant height,above-ground biomass,root biomass,leaf area,biomass and yields of rice grain.The results showed that, there was a significantly positive correlation between CH_4 flux and plant height, above-ground biomass and root biomass of paddy fields.No significant correlation was found between CH_4 flux and leaf area.The biomass and yields of rice grain were higher with CH_4 accumulation emission fluxes.
Based on principal component analysis of the effect factors of CH_4 emission,six forecast equations of different long-term fertilizing systems were established.The simulated greenhouse gases fluxes based on these models roughly corresponded with the measured values in the same order of magnitude and the same dynamic characteristics. Furthermore,the contribution of CH_4 emission under long-term different fertilizing systems on GWP was estimated,its ranks on the time scale of 20 years to 500 years were organic manure amendment treatment＞chemical fertilizer treatment＞single nutrient treatment＞control.
引文
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