鸡胚神经管发育早期鳃运动神经的轴突寻路
|
摘要
分节是脊椎动物早期脑部发育中最普遍和重要的特征。神经上皮在发育中分节形成一系列菱形区(rhombomere1-8, r1-8),这种分节过程参与协调脑运动神经的发育。尤其在后脑,鳃运动神经的定位和各自的特性,与这些菱形区的形成密不可分。鳃运动神经轴突起自神经板并向背侧延伸到达特定轴突出口(exit point,EP),穿过EP在神经上皮内向外侧投射进入周围组织。到达EP之前,鳃运动神经轴突的投射受一系列排斥、吸引和黏附性扩散因子调控,并受诸如轴突出口、胶质细胞等一系列“路标”的指引。但是,当神经轴突通过EP后,是什么因素决定鳃运动神经轴突的寻路特征,目前尚未见报道。副神经(即第11对脑神经)是运动神经,其寻路特征较其它脑神经而言具有独特性：副神经神经元胞体起自神经板,向背侧延伸并停留在神经管背外侧,形成一系列头尾方向区域性分布的神经核,每一个神经元发出的轴突对应一个轴突出口,轴突出口由迁移的神经嵴界帽细胞组成,它可阻止神经元胞体通过EP而只允许其轴突通过。穿过EP以后,副神经轴突并不像其它脑神经运动轴突一样直接进入周围组织,而是先穿过神经上皮,转向头侧延伸,随着神经管的发育延伸一段距离,然后汇聚所有轴突形成副神经,沿垂直于纵轴的方向迁移出神经管进入周围组织。由于其寻路方式的特异性,本研究以副神经轴突作为研究对象,来揭示鳃运动神经轴突导向的共性。由于副神经轴突延伸受周围环境因素的影响,因此,我们着重探究第八菱形区(r8)的伸长、r8区体节、神经嵴细胞,神经上皮及神经元胞体本身是否参与鳃运动神经轴突的寻路导向等问题。首先,解答副神经核的特异性分布是否受r8的伸长所影响,也就是说,副神经神经元胞体沿神经管向背侧的迁移特性是否由于起源于发育中r8的伸长所致。第二,解答副神经根的寻路轨迹是受来源于内胚层的环境因子所影响,还是受神经管内在因子所调控。实验对r8区进行异种同位移植(鹌鹑r8一鸡r8),并没有发现在副神经轴突延伸区域发现r8的延伸。对r8区进行从头部到胸部的异位移植后,可以在受体移植区观察到副神经根的典型特征。反过来,胸部神经管异位移植到r8区时,并不能在r8区产生副神经根。并且,对r8区体节的切除也不能影响手术区副神经根的导向。以上结果说明,头部神经管本身具有调控r8区副神经神经元轴向分布的特性。副神经根的寻路特征受神经管内在因子的决定。基于以上的结论,本实验进一步研究运动神经轴突寻路是否受神经上皮和神经嵴的调控。Sox10基因对神经嵴前体细胞的迁移起至关重要的作用,Wntl基因则在神经嵴细胞的形成和迁移中起决定性的作用。因此,本实验设计用SoxlO/acZ/lacZ基因突变鼠和Wntl基因敲除小鼠,来研究神经嵴的形成和迁移受阻后副神经轴突的导向变化。实验发现,在基因突变鼠和敲除鼠,副神经根的寻路特征并没有受到这两种基因突变和敲除的影响。对副神经区域进行冰冻切片后用HNK-1进行特异性免疫组织化学染色发现,在r8区,有残留的神经嵴细胞存在。因此,对Sox10和Wntl基因进行突变和敲除,并不能完全去除神经嵴细胞,也许少量的神经嵴细胞足以介导对轴突寻路的调控。由于突变鼠和敲除鼠在本实验中的局限性,在接下来的实验中,我们以鸡胚和鹌鹑作为研究对象,利用显微切除和种植携带Noggin念珠的方法来局部切除和影响神经嵴。结果显示,穿过EP以后,副神经轴突寻路特征发生改变,与其它鳃运动神经轴突一样,垂直于神经管纵轴向背腹侧延伸到周围组织。但是对神经嵴从r8区到躯干段的异位移植并不能使副神经的轴突寻路发生改变。接着,对含有神经上皮的背侧神经管在r8区、躯干段和r5区(分布面神经运动神经核)之间进行异位移植,来研究神经上皮在鳃运动神经轴突导向中是否起引导和调节作用。结果显示,移植到躯干段和r5区的r8神经上皮排斥宿主脊神经和面神经轴突直接进入周围组织；移植到r8区的躯干段和r5区的神经上皮则允许宿主副神经轴突垂直于纵轴方向进入到周围组织。实验证实,神经上皮含有引导鳃运动神经轴突延伸的导向因子,而且神经嵴细胞可能传递指令给神经上皮,来参与神经管内鳃运动神经轴突导向的决定。
Segmentation is a widely employed strategy in development. In the head, the segmentation of the neuroepithelium of the hindbrain coordinates the development of the cranial motor nerves. Particularly in hindbrain, the branchiomotor nerves reflect this rhombomeric organization. The branchiomotor axons grow dorsally away from the floor plate, project laterally within the neuroepithelium to exit to the periphery. During extending in the neural tube, the projecting branchiomotor axons are guided by diffusible cues including repulsive, attractive and adhesive properties, and aided by guideposts, such as nerve exit points, glial cells etc. However, after exiting to the exit point, nothing is known what determine the pathfinding pattern of branchiomotor axons. The accessory nerve, XI cranial nerve, is a pure motor nerve. It displays a unique organization in that its somata located in an extended region of the neural tube, forming a large rostro-caudal extending nucleus, and its axons turn immediately after exiting the neural epithelium cranially, and ascendant along the developing neural tube before they extend ventrally into the periphery. Due to the unique pathfinding pattern, the cranial accessory axons were used as a model to explore the pathfinding pattern determination of the branchiomotor axons. In our research, the roles of elongation of rhomobomere 8, neural crest cells, neuroepithelium were revealed in guiding pathfinding pattern of branchiomotor axons. Firstly, we investigated whether the extended nucleus domain arises by an elongation of rhomobomere 8 or whether this was due to a migration of neurons along the neural tube which had originated from rhombomere 8. Secondly we determined whether accessory nerve root patterning was influenced by environmental cues derived from the mesoderm or whether it represented an intrinsic property of the neural tube. After the homotopic transplantation of a rhombomere 8 segment, we did not observe an elongation of the grafted tissue. Furthermore migration of cells within the neural tube was not detected. After the heterotopic tranplantation of a rhombomere 8 segment from occipital to cervical and thoracic level, we observed the typical accessory nerve root pattern. In contrast a cervical neural tube graft was not able to give rise to the typical accessory nerve root pattern when transplanted to hindbrain level. The absence of somites did not alter the accessory nerve roots in the operated region. Our results reveal that neurons within rhombomere 8 maintain their axial position within the neural tube in the occipital region. The formation of the accessory nerve root pattern is an intrinsic property of the neural tube. Based on these results, we detect whether the motor axon pattern was determined by neuroepithelium and (or) neural crest. Since Sox 10 signal is essential for the migration of nascent neural crest cells, the mutant mouse SoxlOlacZ/lacZ experiment suggests that the accessory pattern extends at the same pattern as wild-type. Then, the mutant mouse WntlCre-/- was used expectantly to delete all the neural crest cells. We found the same result displayed as mutant mouse SoxlOlacZ/lacZ. Using neural crest cells marker HNK-1, we found some neural crest left in the rhombomere 8 (r8). The data suggest the SoxlOlacZ/lacZ and WntlCre-/- mutant mouse can not inhibit the migration of all the neural crest cells. May be the remanent crest cells is sufficient to carry out the hypothetic axon guidance role of neural crest. Elimination of neural crest source by surgical or Noggin Beads implantation results in accessory axons pathfinding vertically extend dorsally and ventrally. Furthermore, the neural crest transplantation experiment between trunk and r8 was used to validate the result. We found that the accessory and spinal axon patterns were not affected by graft. Further, the heterotopic graft of dorsal neural tube between trunk and r8, which concludes neural crest and neuroepithelium was used to reveal whether the neuroepithelium owns a role of axon guidance. The data tell us that in the trunk level, the grafted r8 neuroepithelium repelled the spinal axons extend directly to periphery. Coincidentally, the grafted trunk neuroepithelium allows accessory axons vertically extending. The neuroepithelium therefore contains guidance cues for axon extending. Together, we conclude that the neuraoepithelium may drive neural crest cells to instruct accessory axons running on the neural tube.
Segmentation is a widely employed strategy in development. In the head, the segmentation of the neuroepithelium of the hindbrain coordinates the development of the cranial motor nerves. Particularly in hindbrain, the branchiomotor nerves reflect this rhombomeric organization. The branchiomotor axons grow dorsally away from the floor plate, project laterally within the neuroepithelium to exit to the periphery. During extending in the neural tube, the projecting branchiomotor axons are guided by diffusible cues including repulsive, attractive and adhesive properties, and aided by guideposts, such as nerve exit points, glial cells etc. However, after exiting to the exit point, nothing is known what determine the pathfinding pattern of branchiomotor axons. The accessory nerve, XI cranial nerve, is a pure motor nerve. It displays a unique organization in that its somata located in an extended region of the neural tube, forming a large rostro-caudal extending nucleus, and its axons turn immediately after exiting the neural epithelium cranially, and ascendant along the developing neural tube before they extend ventrally into the periphery. Due to the unique pathfinding pattern, the cranial accessory axons were used as a model to explore the pathfinding pattern determination of the branchiomotor axons. In our research, the roles of elongation of rhomobomere 8, neural crest cells, neuroepithelium were revealed in guiding pathfinding pattern of branchiomotor axons. Firstly, we investigated whether the extended nucleus domain arises by an elongation of rhomobomere 8 or whether this was due to a migration of neurons along the neural tube which had originated from rhombomere 8. Secondly we determined whether accessory nerve root patterning was influenced by environmental cues derived from the mesoderm or whether it represented an intrinsic property of the neural tube. After the homotopic transplantation of a rhombomere 8 segment, we did not observe an elongation of the grafted tissue. Furthermore migration of cells within the neural tube was not detected. After the heterotopic tranplantation of a rhombomere 8 segment from occipital to cervical and thoracic level, we observed the typical accessory nerve root pattern. In contrast a cervical neural tube graft was not able to give rise to the typical accessory nerve root pattern when transplanted to hindbrain level. The absence of somites did not alter the accessory nerve roots in the operated region. Our results reveal that neurons within rhombomere 8 maintain their axial position within the neural tube in the occipital region. The formation of the accessory nerve root pattern is an intrinsic property of the neural tube. Based on these results, we detect whether the motor axon pattern was determined by neuroepithelium and (or) neural crest. Since Sox 10 signal is essential for the migration of nascent neural crest cells, the mutant mouse SoxlOlacZ/lacZ experiment suggests that the accessory pattern extends at the same pattern as wild-type. Then, the mutant mouse WntlCre-/- was used expectantly to delete all the neural crest cells. We found the same result displayed as mutant mouse SoxlOlacZ/lacZ. Using neural crest cells marker HNK-1, we found some neural crest left in the rhombomere 8 (r8). The data suggest the SoxlOlacZ/lacZ and WntlCre-/- mutant mouse can not inhibit the migration of all the neural crest cells. May be the remanent crest cells is sufficient to carry out the hypothetic axon guidance role of neural crest. Elimination of neural crest source by surgical or Noggin Beads implantation results in accessory axons pathfinding vertically extend dorsally and ventrally. Furthermore, the neural crest transplantation experiment between trunk and r8 was used to validate the result. We found that the accessory and spinal axon patterns were not affected by graft. Further, the heterotopic graft of dorsal neural tube between trunk and r8, which concludes neural crest and neuroepithelium was used to reveal whether the neuroepithelium owns a role of axon guidance. The data tell us that in the trunk level, the grafted r8 neuroepithelium repelled the spinal axons extend directly to periphery. Coincidentally, the grafted trunk neuroepithelium allows accessory axons vertically extending. The neuroepithelium therefore contains guidance cues for axon extending. Together, we conclude that the neuraoepithelium may drive neural crest cells to instruct accessory axons running on the neural tube.
引文
Adams, D. H., M. Hathaway, et al. (1991). "Transforming growth factor-beta induces human T lymphocyte migration in vitro." The Journal of Immunology 147 (2):609-612.
Anton, B., J. Fein, et al. (1996). "Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 368 (2):229-251.
Arenkiel, B. R., P. Tvrdik, et al. (2004). "Hoxbl functions in both motoneurons and in tissues of the periphery to establish and maintain the proper neuronal circuitry." Genes & development 18(13): 1539-1552.
Augsburger, A., A. Schuchardt, et al. (1999). "BMPs as mediators of roof plate repulsion of commissural neurons."Neuron 24 (1):127-141.
Ayala, R., T. Shu, et al.(2007). "Trekking across the brain:the journey of neuronal migration."Celll 28 (1):29-43.
Aybar, M. J. and R. Mayor(2002). "Early induction of neural crest cells:lessons learned from frog, fish and chick." Current opinion in genetics & development 12 (4):452-458.
Aybar, M. J., M. A. Nieto, et al. (2003). "Snail precedes slug in the genetic cascade required for the specification and migration of the Xenopus neural crest." Development 130 (3):483-494.
Barrett, C. and S. Guthrie (2001). "Expression patterns of the netrin receptor UNC5H1 among developing motor neurons in the embryonic rat hindbrain." Mechanisms of development 106(1-2): 163-166.
Bell, E., R. J. T. Wingate, et al. (1999). "Homeotic transformation of rhombomere identity after localized Hoxbl misexpression." Science 284 (5423):2168-2171.
Bertrand, N., F. Medevielle, et al. (2000). "FGF signalling controls the timing of Pax6 activation in the neural tube." Development 127 (22):4837-4843.
Bianchi, M. E. and M. Beltrame (1998)."Flexing DNA:HMG-box proteins and their partners."American journal of human genetics 63 (6):1573-1577.
Bingham, S., S. Higashijima, et al. (2002). "The Zebrafish trilobite gene is essential for tangential migration of branchiomotor neurons." Developmental Biology 242 (2):149-160.
Bondurand, N., K. Kuhlbrodt, et al. (1999). "A molecular analysis of the yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome:SOX10 dysfunction causes different neurocristopathies." Human molecular genetics 8 (9):1785-1789.
Brandes, M. E., U. E. Mai, et al. (1991). "Type I transforming growth factor-beta receptors on neutrophils mediate chemotaxis to transforming growth factor-beta." The Journal of Immunology 147 (5):1600-1606.
Brewer, S., W. Feng, et al.(2004). "Wntl-Cre-mediated deletion of AP-2 [alpha] causes multiple neural crest-related defects." Developmental Biology 267 (1):135-152.
Brichta, A. M., R. J. Callister, et al. (1987). "Quantitative analysis of cervical musculature in rats: histochemical composition and motor pool organization. I. Muscles of the spinal accessory complex.'The Journal of Comparative Neurology 255 (3):351-368.
Briscoe, J. and B. G. Novitch (2008). "Regulatory pathways linking progenitor patterning, cell fates and neurogenesis in the ventral neural tube." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1489):57-70.
Britsch, S., D. E. Goerich, et al.(2001). "The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of peripheral glial development." Genes & development 15 (1):66-78.
Bron, R., M. Vermeren, et al. (2007). "Boundary cap cells constrain spinal motor neuron somal migration at motor exit points by a semaphorin-plexin mechanism." Neural Development 2 (21): 1-19.
Bronner-Fraser, M (1986). "Analysis of the early stages of trunk neural crest migration in avian embryos using monoclonal antibody HNK-1." Developmental Biology 115 (1):44-55.
Bronner-Fraser, M. and C. Stern (1991). "Effects of mesodermal tissues on avian neural crest cell migration* 1." Developmental biology 143 (2):213-217.
Brose, K., K. S. Bland, et al. (1999). "Slit proteins bind Robo receptors and have an evolutionarily conserved role in repulsive axon guidance." Cell 96 (6):795-806.
Brunet, L. J., J. A. McMahon, et al. (1998)."Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton."Science 280 (5368):1455-1457.
Burgess, R. W., T. J. Jucius, et al. (2006). "Motor axon guidance of the mammalian trochlear and phrenic nerves:dependence on the netrin receptor Unc5c and modifier loci." Journal of Neuroscience 26 (21):5756-5766.
Butler, S. J. and J. Dodd (2003)."A role for BMP heterodimers in roof plate-mediated repulsion of commissural axons."Neuron 38 (3):389-401.
Carl, T. F., C. Dufton, et al. (1999). "Inhibition of neural crest migration in Xenopus using antisense slug RNA."Developmental Biology 213 (1):101-115.
Chai, Y, X. Jiang, et al. (2000). "Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis."Development 127 (8):1671.
Chang, C. and A. Hemmati-Brivanlou (1998)."Neural crest induction by Xwnt7B in Xenopus."Developmental Biology 194 (1):129-134.
Chen, H., A. Bagri, et al. (2000). "Neuropilin-2 regulates the development of select cranial and sensory nerves and hippocampal mossy fiber projections." Neuron 25 (1):43-56.
Chiang, E. F. L., C. I. Pai, et al. (2001). "Two sox9 genes on duplicated zebrafish chromosomes: expression of similar transcription activators in distinct sites." Developmental Biology 231 (1) 149-163.
Chilton, J. K. and S. Guthrie (2003). "Cranial expression of class 3 secreted semaphorins and their neuropilin receptors." Developmental dynamics 228 (4):726-733.
Christiansen, J. H., E. G. Coles, et al. (2000). "Molecular control of neural crest formation, migration and differentiation."Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12 (6):719-724.
Cirillo, L. A., C. E. McPherson, et al. (1998). "Binding of the winged-helix transcription factor HNF3 to a linker histone site on the nucleosome.'The EMBO journal 17 (1):244-254.
Clarke, J. D. and A. Lumsden (1993). "Segmental repetition of neuronal phenotype sets in the chick embryo hindbrain." Development 118 (1):151-162.
Colamarino, S. A. and M. Tessier-Lavigne (1995). "The axonal chemoattractant netrin-1 is also a chemorepellent for trochlear motor axons." Cell 81 (4):621-629.
Colavita, A., S. Krishna, et al. (1998)."Pioneer Axon Guidance by UNC-129, a C.elegans TGF-(3." Science 281 (5377):706-709.
Covell Jr, D. A. and D. M. Noden (1989). "Embryonic development of the chick primary trigeminal sensory-motor complex." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 286 (4):488-503.
Dale, T. C.(1998). "Signal transduction by the Wnt family of ligands." Biochemical Journal 329(Pt 2): 209-223.
Danielian, P. S. and A. P. McMahon (1996). "Engrailed-1 as a target of the Wnt-1 signalling pathway in vertebrate midbrain development."Nature 383 (6598):332-334.
Davenne, M., M. K. Maconochie, et al. (1999). "Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 control dorsoventral patterns of neuronal development in the rostral hindbrain." Neuron 22 (4):677-691.
de Castro, F., L. Hu, et al. (1999). "Chemoattraction and chemorepulsion of olfactory bulb axons by different secreted semaphorins."Journal of Neuroscience 19 (11):4428-4436.
de Rouvroit, L. (2001). "Goffinet,2001 C. Lambert de Rouvroit and AM Goffinet, Neuronal migration."Mech. Dev 105:47-56.
Deardorff, M. A., C. Tan, et al.(2001). "Arole for frizzled 3 in neural crest development."Development 128 (19):3655-3663.
del Barrio, M. G. and M. A. Nieto (2002). "Overexpression of Snail family members highlights their ability to promote chick neural crest formation." Development 129 (7):1583-1593.
Dillon, A. K., S. C. Fujita, et al. (2005). "Molecular control of spinal accessory motor neuron/axon development in the mouse spinal cord. "Journal of Neuroscience 25 (44):10119-10130.
Dillon, A. K., A. R. Jevince, et al. (2007). "UNC5C is required for spinal accessory motor neuron development." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 35 (3):482-489.
Dionne, M. S., L. J. Brunet, et al. (2002). "Noggin is required for correct guidance of dorsal root ganglion axons." Developmental Biology 251 (2):283-293.
Dionne, M. S., W. C. Skarnes, et al. (2001). "Mutation and analysis of Dan, the founding member of the Dan family of transforming growth factor{beta} antagonists." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 (2):636-643.
Dorsky, R. I., R. T. Moon, et al. (1998). "Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway."Nature 396 (6709):370-373.
Dottori, M., M. K. Gross, et al. (2001). "The winged-helix transcription factor Foxd3 suppresses interneuron differentiation and promotes neural crest cell fate." Development 128 (21) 4127-4138.
Edmondson, J. C. and M. E. Hatten (1987). "Glial-guided granule neuron migration in vitro:a high-resolution time-lapse video microscopic study." Journal of Neuroscience 7 (6):1928-1934.
Fishell, G. and M. E. Hatten (1991). "Astrotactin provides a receptor system for CNS neuronal migration."Development (Cambridge, England) 113 (3):755-765.
Gammill, L. S. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2003). "Neural crest specification:migrating into genomics." Nature Reviews Neuroscience4 (10):795-805.
Garcia-Castro, M. I., C. Marcelle, et al. (2002). "Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer." Science 297 (5582):848-851.
Gavalas, A., M. Davenne, et al. (1997). "Role of Hoxa-2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning."Development 124 (19):3693-3702.
Gelbart, W. M. (1989). "The decapentaplegic gene:a TGF-(3 homologue controlling pattern formation in Drosophila." Development 107 (Supplement):65-74.
Giger, R. J., J. F. Cloutier, et al. (2000). "Neuropilin-2 is required in vivo for selective axon guidance responses to secreted semaphorins." Neuron 25 (1):29-41.
Gilland, E. and R. Baker (1993)."Conservation of neuroepithelial and mesodermal segments in the embryonic vertebrate head."Cells Tissues Organs 148 (2-3):110-123.
Gilmour, D. T., H. M. Maischein, et al. (2002)."Migration and function of a glial subtype in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system."Neuron 34 (4):577-588.
Goddard, J. M., M. Rossel, et al. (1996). "Mice with targeted disruption of Hoxb-1 fail to form the motor nucleus of the Ⅶth nerve." DEVELOPMENT-CAMBRIDGE 122:3217-3228.
Golding, J. P. and J. Cohen (1997). "Border controls at the mammalian spinal cord:late-surviving neural crest boundary cap cells at dorsal root entry sites may regulate sensory afferent ingrowth and entry zone morphogenesis." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 9 (5-6):381-396.
Graham, A., I. Heyman, et al. (1993). "Even-numbered rhombomeres control the apoptotic elimination of neural crest cells from odd-numbered rhombomeres in the chick hindbrain." Development 119 (1):233-245.
Greene, E. C. (1936)."Anatomy of the Rat.'The American Journal of the Medical Sciences191 (6) 858-868.
Guthrie, S. (2007)."Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons."Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 (11):859-871.
Guthrie, S. and A. Lumsden (1992)."Motor neuron pathfinding following rhombomere reversals in the chick embryo hindbrain."Development 114 (3):663-673.
Guthrie, S. and A. Pini (1995)."Chemorepulsion of developing motor axons by the floor plate."Neuron 14 (6):1117-1130.
Hall, B. K. (1999).The neural crest in development and evolution, Springer Verlag.
Hamburger, V. and H. L. Hamilton (1992)."A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.1951." Developmental dynamics:an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 195 (4):231-272.
Hammond, R., V. Vivancos, et al. (2005). "Slit-mediated repulsion is a key regulator of motor axon pathfinding in the hindbrain." Development 132 (20):4483-4495.
Hanna, L. A., R. K. Foreman, et al. (2002). "Requirement for Foxd3 in maintaining pluripotent cells of the early mouse embryo." Genes & development 16 (20):2650-2661.
Hatten, M. E. (1999)."Central nervous system neuronal migration." Annual review of neuroscience 22 (1):511-539.
Hemavathy, K., S. I. Ashraf, et al. (2000). "Snail/slug family of repressors:slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer." Gene 257 (1):1-12.
Herbarth, B., V. Pingault, et al. (1998). "Mutation of the Sry-related Sox10 gene in Dominant megacolon, a mouse model for human Hirschsprung disease."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (9):5161-5165.
Hirsch, M. R., J. C. Glover, et al. (2007). "Forced expression of Phox2 homeodomain transcription factors induces a branchio-visceromotor axonal phenotype." Developmental biology 303 (2) 687-702.
Hogan, B., F. Costantini, et al. (1994). Manipulating the mouse embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Hollyday, M., J. A. McMahon, et al. (1995). "Wnt expression patterns in chick embryo nervous system." Mechanisms of development 52 (1):9-25.
Hong, K., L. Hinck, et al. (1999). "A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrin-induced growth cone attraction to repulsion." Cell 97 (7):927-941.
Honore, S. M., M. J. Aybar, et al. (2003). "Sox10 is required for the early development of the prospective neural crest in Xenopus embryos." Developmental Biology 260 (1):79-96.
Ikeya, M., S. M. K. Lee, et al. (1997). "Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors." Nature 389 (6654):966-970.
Inoue, K., Y. Tanabe, et al. (1999). "Myelin deficiencies in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems associated with a SOX 10 mutation." Annals of neurology 46 (3):313-318.
Irving, C, A. Malhas, et al. (2002). "Establishing the trochlear motor axon trajectory:role of the isthmic organiser and Fgf8." Development 129 (23):5389-5398.
Isaacs, H. V., D. Tannahill, et al. (1992). "Expression of a novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo.A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specification." Development 114 (3):711-720.
Jacob, J. and S. Guthrie(2000). "Facial visceral motor neurons display specific rhombomere origin and axon pathfinding behavior in the chick." Journal of Neuroscience 20 (20):7664-7671.
Jacob, J., A. Hacker, et al. (2001). "Mechanisms and molecules in motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding."Bioessays 23 (7):582-595.
Jacob, J., M. C. Tiveron, et al. (2000). "Role of the target in the pathfinding of facial visceral motor axons."Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 16 (1):14-26.
Jiang, X., B. Choudhary, et al. (2002). "Normal fate and altered function of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage in retinoic acid receptor mutant embryos."Mechanisms of development 117 (1-2) 115-122.
Jiang, X., D. H. Rowitch, et al. (2000)."Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest."Development 127 (8):1607-1616.
Kalcheim, C. and N. M. Le Douarin(1986). "Requirement of a neural tube signal for the differentiation of neural crest cells into dorsal root ganglia* 1." Developmental biology 116 (2):451-466.
Kalcheim, C. and M. A. Teillet (1989)."Consequences of somite manipulation on the pattern of dorsal root ganglion development."Development 106 (1):85-93.
Kania, A. and T. M. Jessell (2003). "Topographic motor projections in the limb imposed by LIM homeodomain protein regulation of ephrin-A:Eph Ainteractions." Neuron 38 (4):581-596.
Keleman, K. and B. J. Dickson (2001)."Short-and long-range repulsion by the Drosophila Unc5 netrin receptor."Neuron32 (4):605-617.
Kennedy, T. E., T. Serafini, et al. (1994). "Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord." Cell 78 (3):425-435.
Kennedy, T. E., H. Wang, et al. (2006). "Axon guidance by diffusible chemoattractants:a gradient of netrin protein in the developing spinal cord." Journal of Neuroscience 26 (34):8866-8874.
Keynes, R. J. and C. D. Stern (1984)."Segmentation in the vertebrate nervous system."Nature 310 (5980):786-789.
Kitsukawa, T., M. Shimizu, et al. (1997). "Neuropilin-semaphorin Ⅲ/D-mediated chemorepulsive signals play a crucial role in peripheral nerve projection in mice." Neuron 19 (5):995-1005.
Knecht, A. K. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2002). "Induction of the neural crest:a multigene process." Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (6):462-462.
Kos, R., M. V. Reedy, et al. (2001). "The winged-helix transcription factor FoxD3 is important for establishing the neural crest lineage and repressing melanogenesis in avian embryos." Development 128 (8):1467-1479.
Krull, C. E., R. Lansford, et al. (1997). "Interactions of Eph-related receptors and ligands confer rostrocaudal pattern to trunk neural crest migration." Current Biology 7(8):571-580.
Kuhlbrodt, K., B. Herbarth, et al. (1998). "Sox10, a novel transcriptional modulator in glial cells." Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1):237-250.
LaBonne, C. and M. Bronner-Fraser (1998). "Neural crest induction in Xenopus:evidence for a two-signal model." Development 125 (13):2403-2414.
LaBonne, C. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2000). "Snail-related transcriptional repressors are required in Xenopus for both the induction of the neural crest and its subsequent migration." Developmental Biology 221 (1):195-205.
Labrador, J. P., D. O'Keefe, et al. (2005). "The homeobox transcription factor even-skipped regulates netrin-receptor expression to control dorsal motor-axon projections in Drosophila." Current Biology 15 (15):1413-1419.
Landmesser, L. (1978). "The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb." The Journal of Physiology 284 (1):391-414.
Lane, P. W. and H. M. Liu (1984). "Association of megacolon with a new dominant spotting gene (Dom) in the mouse." Journal of Heredity 75 (6):435-439.
Le Douarin, N. and C. Kalcheim (1999).The neural crest, Cambridge University Press.
Le Douarin, N. M. (1984-1985). "Ontogeny of the peripheral nervous system from the neural crest and the placodes. A developmental model studied on the basis of the quail-chick chimaera system." Harvey lectures 80:137-186.
Le Douarin, N. M. and M. A. Teillet (1973). "The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo." Journal of Embryological Experimental Morphology 30 (1): 31-48.
Lieberam, I., D. Agalliu, et al. (2005). "A Cxcl12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling pathway defines the initial trajectory of mammalian motor axons." Neuron 47 (5):667-679.
Liem, K. F. (1997)."A role for the roof plate and its resident TGF [beta]-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord." Cell 91 (1):127-138.
Linker, C, M. Bronner-Fraser, et al. (2000)."Relationship between gene expression domains of Xsnail, Xslug, and Xtwist and cell movement in the prospective neural crest of Xenopus." Developmental Biology 224 (2):215-225.
Locascio, A., M. Manzanares, et al. (2002). "Modularity and reshuffling of Snail and Slug expression during vertebrate evolution."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (26):16841-16846.
Lumsden, A. (2004)."Segmentation and compartition in the early avian hindbrain."Mechanisms of development 121 (9):1081-1088.
Lumsden, A. and S. Guthrie(1991). "Alternating patterns of cell surface properties and neural crest cell migration during segmentation of the chick hindbrain." Development 2:9-15.
Lumsden, A. and R. Keynes (1989). "Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain." Nature 337:424-428.
Lumsden, A., N. Sprawson, et al. (1991)."Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo." Development 113 (4):1281-1291.
Mahmood, R., P. Kiefer, et al. (1995). "Multiple roles for FGF-3 during cranial neural development in the chicken." Development 121 (5):1399-1410.
Mastick, G. S., C. M. Fan, et al. (1996). "Early deletion of neuromeres in Wntl-/-mutant mice: evaluation by morphological and molecular markers." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 374 (2):246-258.
Mauti, O., E. Domanitskaya, et al. (2007). "Semaphorin6Aacts as a gate keeper between the central and the peripheral nervous system." Neural Development 2:28-44.
Mayor, M. A. and P. A. Gilmour (1999).Communications method for a code division multiple access system without a base station, Google Patents.
Mayor, R., R. Morgan, et al. (1995)."Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus." Development 121 (3):767-777.
McClearn, D. and D. M. Noden (1988)."Ontogeny of architectural complexity in embryonic quail visceral arch muscles." American Journal of Anatomy 183 (4):277-293.
McMahon, A. P. and A. Bradley(1990). "The Wnt-1 (int-1)proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain." Cell 62 (6):1073-1085.
McMahon, A. P., A. L. Joyner, et al. (1992)."The midbrain-hindbrain phenotype of Wnt-/-Wnt-/-mice results from stepwise deletion of engrailed-expressing cells by 9.5 days postcoitum." Cell 69 (4): 581-595.
Melendez-Herrera, E. and A. Varela-Echavarria (2006)."Expression of secreted semaphorins and their receptors in specific neuromeres, boundaries, and neuronal groups in the developing mouse and chick brain." Brain research 1067 (1):126-137.
Miller, J. R. (2002)."The wnts." Genome Biology 3 (1):1-15.
Moens, C. B. and V. E. Prince (2002)."Constructing the hindbrain; insights from the zebrafish." Developmental dynamics 224 (1):1-17.
Monsoro-Burq, A. H., R. B. Fletcher, et al. (2003). "Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals." Development 130 (14):3111-3124.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Developmental relationships between trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos. Ⅰ. Ganglion development is necessary for motoneuron migration." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 213 (3):327-343.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Developmental relationships between trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos. Ⅱ. Ganglion axon ingrowth guides motoneuron migration. "The Journal of comparative neurology 213 (3):344-349.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Ultrastructural observations of the migration and early development of trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos." The Journal of comparative neurology 216 (1):20-35.
Mori-Akiyama, Y., H. Akiyama, et al. (2003). "Sox9 is required for determination of the chondrogenic cell lineage in the cranial neural crest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (16):9360-9365.
Mueller, B. K. (1999). "Growth cone guidance:first steps towards a deeper understanding." Annual review of neuroscience 22 (1):351-388.
Muller, M., N. Jabs, et al. (2003). "Nkx6.1 controls migration and axon pathfinding of cranial branchio-motoneurons." Development 130 (23):5815-5826.
Newgreen, D. F. and C. A. Erickson (1986)."The migration of neural crest cells." International review of cytology 103:89-145.
Niederlander, C. and A. Lumsden(1996). "Late emigrating neural crest cells migrate specifically to the exit points of cranial branchiomotor nerves." Development 122 (8):2367-2374.
Nieto, M. A., M. G. Sargent, et al. (1994). "Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc finger gene." Science 264 (5160):835-839.
Noden, D. M. (1983)."The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues." Developmental Biology 96 (1):144-165.
Odenthal, J. and C. Nusslein-Volhard (1998)."Fork head domain genes in zebrafish." Development genes and evolution 208 (5):245-258.
Pabst, O., J. Rummelies, et al. (2003). "Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve." Development 130 (6):1193-1202.
Parnavelas, J. G. (2000). "The origin and migration of cortical neurones:new vistas." Trends in neurosciences 23 (3):126-131.
Parr, B. A., M. J. Shea, et al. (1993). "Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds." Development 119 (1):247-261.
Pattyn, A., A. Vallstedt, et al. (2003). "Complementary roles for Nkx6 and Nkx2 class proteins in the establishment of motoneuron identity in the hindbrain." Development 130 (17):4149-4159.
Peirano, R. I. and M. Wegner (2000). "The glial transcription factor Sox10 binds to DNA both as monomer and dimer with different functional consequences." Nucleic acids research 28 (16) 3047-3055.
Pingault, V., N. Bondurand, et al. (1998)."SOX10 mutations in patients with Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease." Nature genetics 18 (2):171-173.
Price, S. R. and J. Briscoe (2004). "The generation and diversification of spinal motor neurons:signals and responses." Mechanisms of development 121 (9):1103-1115.
Price, S. R., N. V. De Marco Garcia, et al. (2002). "Regulation of motor neuron pool sorting by differential expression of type Ⅱ cadherins." Cell 109 (2):205-216.
Prin, R, K. E. Ng, et al. (2005)."Ephrin-As play a rhombomere-specific role in trigeminal motor axon projections in the chick embryo." Developmental Biology 279 (2):402-419.
Pusch, C, E. Hustert, et al. (1998). "The SOX10/Sox10 gene from human and mouse:sequence, expression, and transactivation by the encoded HMG domain transcription factor." Human genetics 103 (2):115-123.
Rakic, P. (1971)."Guidance of neurons migrating to the fetal monkey neocortex."Brain research 33(2): 471-476.
Rehberg, S., P. Lischka, et al. (2002). "Sox10 is an active nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein, and shuttling is crucial for Sox10-mediated transactivation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22 (16): 5826-5834.
Rickmann, M., J. W. Fawcett, et al.(1985)."The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite." Journal of Embryological Experimental Morphology 90:437-455.
Ridley, A. J., M. A. Schwartz, et al. (2003). "Cell migration:integrating signals from front to back." Science 302 (5651):1704-1709.
Roelink, H. and R. Nusse (1991)."Expression of two members of the Wnt family during mouse development-restricted temporal and spatial patterns in the developing neural tube." Genes & developments (3):381-388.
Sahay, A., M. E. Molliver, et al. (2003). "Semaphorin 3F is critical for development of limbic system circuitry and is required in neurons for selective CNS axon guidance events." Journal of Neuroscience 23 (17):6671-6680.
Saint-Jeannet, J. P., X. He, et al. (1997)."Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (25):13713-13718.
Salinas, P. C. and R. Nusse (1992)."Regional expression of the Wnt-3 gene in the developing mouse forebrain in relationship to diencephalic neuromeres." Mechanisms of development 39 (3): 151-160.
Sasai, N., K. Mizuseki, et al. (2001). "Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus." Development 128 (13):2525-2536.
Sechrist, J., G. N. Serbedzija, et al. (1993). "Segmental migration of the hindbrain neural crest does not arise from its segmental generation." Development 118 (3):691-703.
Selleck, M. A., M. I. Garcia-Castro, et al.(1998). "Effects of Shh and Noggin on neural crest formation demonstrate that BMP is required in the neural tube but not ectoderm." Development 125 (24): 4919-4930.
Serafini, T., S. A. Colamarino, et al.(1996). "Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system." Cell 87 (6):1001-1014.
Serbedzija, G. N., M. Dickinson, et al. (1996). "Cell death in the CNS of the Wntl mutant mouse." Journal of neurobiology 31 (3):275-282.
Shah, N. M., M. A. Marchionni, et al. (1994). "Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate." Cell 77 (3):349-360.
Shamim, H. and I. Mason (1999)."Expression of Fgf4 during early development of the chick embryo." Mechanisms of development 85 (1-2):189-192.
Sharma, K., H. Z. Sheng, et al. (1998). "LIM homeodomain factors Lhx3 and Lhx4 assign subtype identities for motor neurons." Cell 95 (6):817-828.
Simon, H., S. Guthrie, et al. (1994). "Regulation of SC1/DM-GRASP during the migration of motor neurons in the chick embryo brain stem." Journal of neurobiology 25 (9):1129-1143.
Simon, H. and A. Lumsden(1993)."Rhombomere-specific origin of the contralateral vestibulo-acoustic efferent neurons and their migration across the embryonic midline." Neuron 11 (2):209-220.
Smith, M. M. and B. K. Hall (1993)."A developmental model for evolution of the vertebrate exoskeleton and teeth.The role of cranial and trunk neural crest." Evolutionary biology 27:387-448.
Smith, W. C. and R. M. Harland (1992). "Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos." Cell 70 (5):829-840.
Snider, W. D. and V. Palavali (1990). "Early axon and dendritic outgrowth of spinal accessory motor neurons studied with DiI in fixed tissues." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 297 (2): 227-238.
Southard-Smith, E. M., M. Angrist, et al. (1999). "The Sox10Dom mouse:modeling the genetic variation of Waardenburg-Shah (WS4) syndrome." Genome research 9 (3):215-225.
Southard-Smith, E. M., L. Kos, et al. (1998). "Sox10 mutation disrupts neural crest development in Dom Hirschsprung mouse model." Nature genetics 18 (1):60-64.
Spokony, R. F., Y. Aoki, et al. (2002). "The transcription factor Sox9 is required for cranial neural crest development in Xenopus." Development 129 (2):421-432.
Stern, C. D. and R. J. Keynes (1987). "Interactions between somite cells:the formation and maintenance of segment boundaries in the chick embryo." Development 99 (2):261-272.
Streit, A. and C. D. Stern (1999). "Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick:involvement of FGF and BMP activity." Mechanisms of development 82 (1-2):51-66.
Studer, M., A. Lumsden, et al. (1996)."Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb-1." Nature 384:630-634.
Sutton, J., R. Costa, et al. (1996). "Genesis, a winged helix transcriptional repressor with expression restricted to embryonic stem cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (38):23126-23133.
Tan, C., M. A. Deardorff, et al. (2001). "Kermit, a frizzled interacting protein, regulates frizzled 3 signaling in neural crest development." Development 128 (19):3665-3674.
Taniguchi, M., S. Yuasa, et al. (1997). "Disruption of semaphorin Ⅲ/D gene causes severe abnormality in peripheral nerve projection." Neuron 19 (3):519-530.
Thesleff, I. and P. Sharpe (1997)."Signalling networks regulating dental development." Mechanisms of development 67 (2):111-123.
Thomas, K. R. and M. R. Capecchi (1990)."Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development." Nature 346 (6287) 847-850.
Tosney, K. W.(1988). "Proximal tissues and patterned neurite outgrowth at the lumbosacral level of the chick embryo:Partial and complete deletion of the somite 1." Developmental biology 127 (2) 266-286.
Tosney, K. W. (1988)."Somites and axon guidance." Scanning microscopy 2 (1):427-442.
Touraine, R. L., T. Attie-Bitach, et al. (2000). "Neurological phenotype in Waardenburg syndrome type 4 correlates with novel SOX 10 truncating mutations and expression in developing brain." The American Journal of Human Genetics 66 (5):1496-1503.
Trainor, P. A. and R. Krumlauf (2001). "Hox genes, neural crest cells and branchial arch patterning." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 13 (6):698-705.
Tucker, A., A. Lumsden, et al. (1996). "Cranial motor axons respond differently to the floor plate and sensory ganglia in collagen gel co-cultures." European Journal of Neuroscience 8(5):906-916.
Tucker, A. S. and P. T. Sharpe (1999). "Molecular genetics of tooth morphogenesis and patterning:the right shape in the right place." Journal of dental research 78 (4):826-834.
Tucker, G. C., H. Aoyama, et al. (1984). "Identical reactivity of monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 and NC-1:conservation in vertebrates on cells derived from the neural primordium and on some leukocytes." Cell differentiation 14 (3):223-230.
Vaage, S. (1969). "The segmentation of the primitive neural tube in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). A morphological, histochemical and autoradiographical investigation." Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 41 (3):1-88.
Varela-Echavarria, A., A. Tucker, et al. (1997). "Motor axon subpopulations respond differentially to the chemorepellents netrin-1 and semaphorin D." Neuron 18 (2):193-207.
Villanueva, S., A. Glavic, et al. (2002). "Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction." Developmental Biology 241 (2):289-301.
Wang, H. U. and D. J. Anderson (1997). "Eph family transmembrane ligands can mediate repulsive guidance of trunk neural crest migration and motor axon outgrowth." Neuron 18 (3):383-396.
Wegner, M. (1999). "From head to toes:the multiple facets of Sox proteins." Nucleic acids research 27 (6):1409-1420.
Wentworth, L. E. and J. W. Hinds (1978). "Early motoneuron formation in the cervical spinal cord of the mouse:An electron microscopic, serial section analysis." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 177 (4):611-633.
Weston, J. A. (1963). "Aradioautographic analysis of the migration and localization of trunk neural crest cells in the chick." Developmental Biology 6(3):279-310.
Wozney, J. M. (1998). "The bone morphogenetic protein family:multifunctional cellular regulators in the embryo and adult." European journal of oral sciences 106:160-166.
Wozney, J. M., V. Rosen, et al. (1988). "Novel regulators of bone formation:molecular clones and activities." Science 242 (4885):1528-1534.
Wu, J., J. P. Saint-Jeannet, et al. (2003). "Wnt-frizzled signaling in neural crest formation."Trends in neurosciences 26 (1):40-45.
Zimmerman, L. B., J. M. De Jesus-Escobar, et al. (1996). "The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4." Cell 86 (4):599-606.
Anton, B., J. Fein, et al. (1996). "Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 368 (2):229-251.
Arenkiel, B. R., P. Tvrdik, et al. (2004). "Hoxbl functions in both motoneurons and in tissues of the periphery to establish and maintain the proper neuronal circuitry." Genes & development 18(13): 1539-1552.
Augsburger, A., A. Schuchardt, et al. (1999). "BMPs as mediators of roof plate repulsion of commissural neurons."Neuron 24 (1):127-141.
Ayala, R., T. Shu, et al.(2007). "Trekking across the brain:the journey of neuronal migration."Celll 28 (1):29-43.
Aybar, M. J. and R. Mayor(2002). "Early induction of neural crest cells:lessons learned from frog, fish and chick." Current opinion in genetics & development 12 (4):452-458.
Aybar, M. J., M. A. Nieto, et al. (2003). "Snail precedes slug in the genetic cascade required for the specification and migration of the Xenopus neural crest." Development 130 (3):483-494.
Barrett, C. and S. Guthrie (2001). "Expression patterns of the netrin receptor UNC5H1 among developing motor neurons in the embryonic rat hindbrain." Mechanisms of development 106(1-2): 163-166.
Bell, E., R. J. T. Wingate, et al. (1999). "Homeotic transformation of rhombomere identity after localized Hoxbl misexpression." Science 284 (5423):2168-2171.
Bertrand, N., F. Medevielle, et al. (2000). "FGF signalling controls the timing of Pax6 activation in the neural tube." Development 127 (22):4837-4843.
Bianchi, M. E. and M. Beltrame (1998)."Flexing DNA:HMG-box proteins and their partners."American journal of human genetics 63 (6):1573-1577.
Bingham, S., S. Higashijima, et al. (2002). "The Zebrafish trilobite gene is essential for tangential migration of branchiomotor neurons." Developmental Biology 242 (2):149-160.
Bondurand, N., K. Kuhlbrodt, et al. (1999). "A molecular analysis of the yemenite deaf-blind hypopigmentation syndrome:SOX10 dysfunction causes different neurocristopathies." Human molecular genetics 8 (9):1785-1789.
Brandes, M. E., U. E. Mai, et al. (1991). "Type I transforming growth factor-beta receptors on neutrophils mediate chemotaxis to transforming growth factor-beta." The Journal of Immunology 147 (5):1600-1606.
Brewer, S., W. Feng, et al.(2004). "Wntl-Cre-mediated deletion of AP-2 [alpha] causes multiple neural crest-related defects." Developmental Biology 267 (1):135-152.
Brichta, A. M., R. J. Callister, et al. (1987). "Quantitative analysis of cervical musculature in rats: histochemical composition and motor pool organization. I. Muscles of the spinal accessory complex.'The Journal of Comparative Neurology 255 (3):351-368.
Briscoe, J. and B. G. Novitch (2008). "Regulatory pathways linking progenitor patterning, cell fates and neurogenesis in the ventral neural tube." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1489):57-70.
Britsch, S., D. E. Goerich, et al.(2001). "The transcription factor Sox10 is a key regulator of peripheral glial development." Genes & development 15 (1):66-78.
Bron, R., M. Vermeren, et al. (2007). "Boundary cap cells constrain spinal motor neuron somal migration at motor exit points by a semaphorin-plexin mechanism." Neural Development 2 (21): 1-19.
Bronner-Fraser, M (1986). "Analysis of the early stages of trunk neural crest migration in avian embryos using monoclonal antibody HNK-1." Developmental Biology 115 (1):44-55.
Bronner-Fraser, M. and C. Stern (1991). "Effects of mesodermal tissues on avian neural crest cell migration* 1." Developmental biology 143 (2):213-217.
Brose, K., K. S. Bland, et al. (1999). "Slit proteins bind Robo receptors and have an evolutionarily conserved role in repulsive axon guidance." Cell 96 (6):795-806.
Brunet, L. J., J. A. McMahon, et al. (1998)."Noggin, cartilage morphogenesis, and joint formation in the mammalian skeleton."Science 280 (5368):1455-1457.
Burgess, R. W., T. J. Jucius, et al. (2006). "Motor axon guidance of the mammalian trochlear and phrenic nerves:dependence on the netrin receptor Unc5c and modifier loci." Journal of Neuroscience 26 (21):5756-5766.
Butler, S. J. and J. Dodd (2003)."A role for BMP heterodimers in roof plate-mediated repulsion of commissural axons."Neuron 38 (3):389-401.
Carl, T. F., C. Dufton, et al. (1999). "Inhibition of neural crest migration in Xenopus using antisense slug RNA."Developmental Biology 213 (1):101-115.
Chai, Y, X. Jiang, et al. (2000). "Fate of the mammalian cranial neural crest during tooth and mandibular morphogenesis."Development 127 (8):1671.
Chang, C. and A. Hemmati-Brivanlou (1998)."Neural crest induction by Xwnt7B in Xenopus."Developmental Biology 194 (1):129-134.
Chen, H., A. Bagri, et al. (2000). "Neuropilin-2 regulates the development of select cranial and sensory nerves and hippocampal mossy fiber projections." Neuron 25 (1):43-56.
Chiang, E. F. L., C. I. Pai, et al. (2001). "Two sox9 genes on duplicated zebrafish chromosomes: expression of similar transcription activators in distinct sites." Developmental Biology 231 (1) 149-163.
Chilton, J. K. and S. Guthrie (2003). "Cranial expression of class 3 secreted semaphorins and their neuropilin receptors." Developmental dynamics 228 (4):726-733.
Christiansen, J. H., E. G. Coles, et al. (2000). "Molecular control of neural crest formation, migration and differentiation."Current Opinion in Cell Biology 12 (6):719-724.
Cirillo, L. A., C. E. McPherson, et al. (1998). "Binding of the winged-helix transcription factor HNF3 to a linker histone site on the nucleosome.'The EMBO journal 17 (1):244-254.
Clarke, J. D. and A. Lumsden (1993). "Segmental repetition of neuronal phenotype sets in the chick embryo hindbrain." Development 118 (1):151-162.
Colamarino, S. A. and M. Tessier-Lavigne (1995). "The axonal chemoattractant netrin-1 is also a chemorepellent for trochlear motor axons." Cell 81 (4):621-629.
Colavita, A., S. Krishna, et al. (1998)."Pioneer Axon Guidance by UNC-129, a C.elegans TGF-(3." Science 281 (5377):706-709.
Covell Jr, D. A. and D. M. Noden (1989). "Embryonic development of the chick primary trigeminal sensory-motor complex." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 286 (4):488-503.
Dale, T. C.(1998). "Signal transduction by the Wnt family of ligands." Biochemical Journal 329(Pt 2): 209-223.
Danielian, P. S. and A. P. McMahon (1996). "Engrailed-1 as a target of the Wnt-1 signalling pathway in vertebrate midbrain development."Nature 383 (6598):332-334.
Davenne, M., M. K. Maconochie, et al. (1999). "Hoxa2 and Hoxb2 control dorsoventral patterns of neuronal development in the rostral hindbrain." Neuron 22 (4):677-691.
de Castro, F., L. Hu, et al. (1999). "Chemoattraction and chemorepulsion of olfactory bulb axons by different secreted semaphorins."Journal of Neuroscience 19 (11):4428-4436.
de Rouvroit, L. (2001). "Goffinet,2001 C. Lambert de Rouvroit and AM Goffinet, Neuronal migration."Mech. Dev 105:47-56.
Deardorff, M. A., C. Tan, et al.(2001). "Arole for frizzled 3 in neural crest development."Development 128 (19):3655-3663.
del Barrio, M. G. and M. A. Nieto (2002). "Overexpression of Snail family members highlights their ability to promote chick neural crest formation." Development 129 (7):1583-1593.
Dillon, A. K., S. C. Fujita, et al. (2005). "Molecular control of spinal accessory motor neuron/axon development in the mouse spinal cord. "Journal of Neuroscience 25 (44):10119-10130.
Dillon, A. K., A. R. Jevince, et al. (2007). "UNC5C is required for spinal accessory motor neuron development." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 35 (3):482-489.
Dionne, M. S., L. J. Brunet, et al. (2002). "Noggin is required for correct guidance of dorsal root ganglion axons." Developmental Biology 251 (2):283-293.
Dionne, M. S., W. C. Skarnes, et al. (2001). "Mutation and analysis of Dan, the founding member of the Dan family of transforming growth factor{beta} antagonists." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 (2):636-643.
Dorsky, R. I., R. T. Moon, et al. (1998). "Control of neural crest cell fate by the Wnt signalling pathway."Nature 396 (6709):370-373.
Dottori, M., M. K. Gross, et al. (2001). "The winged-helix transcription factor Foxd3 suppresses interneuron differentiation and promotes neural crest cell fate." Development 128 (21) 4127-4138.
Edmondson, J. C. and M. E. Hatten (1987). "Glial-guided granule neuron migration in vitro:a high-resolution time-lapse video microscopic study." Journal of Neuroscience 7 (6):1928-1934.
Fishell, G. and M. E. Hatten (1991). "Astrotactin provides a receptor system for CNS neuronal migration."Development (Cambridge, England) 113 (3):755-765.
Gammill, L. S. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2003). "Neural crest specification:migrating into genomics." Nature Reviews Neuroscience4 (10):795-805.
Garcia-Castro, M. I., C. Marcelle, et al. (2002). "Ectodermal Wnt function as a neural crest inducer." Science 297 (5582):848-851.
Gavalas, A., M. Davenne, et al. (1997). "Role of Hoxa-2 in axon pathfinding and rostral hindbrain patterning."Development 124 (19):3693-3702.
Gelbart, W. M. (1989). "The decapentaplegic gene:a TGF-(3 homologue controlling pattern formation in Drosophila." Development 107 (Supplement):65-74.
Giger, R. J., J. F. Cloutier, et al. (2000). "Neuropilin-2 is required in vivo for selective axon guidance responses to secreted semaphorins." Neuron 25 (1):29-41.
Gilland, E. and R. Baker (1993)."Conservation of neuroepithelial and mesodermal segments in the embryonic vertebrate head."Cells Tissues Organs 148 (2-3):110-123.
Gilmour, D. T., H. M. Maischein, et al. (2002)."Migration and function of a glial subtype in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system."Neuron 34 (4):577-588.
Goddard, J. M., M. Rossel, et al. (1996). "Mice with targeted disruption of Hoxb-1 fail to form the motor nucleus of the Ⅶth nerve." DEVELOPMENT-CAMBRIDGE 122:3217-3228.
Golding, J. P. and J. Cohen (1997). "Border controls at the mammalian spinal cord:late-surviving neural crest boundary cap cells at dorsal root entry sites may regulate sensory afferent ingrowth and entry zone morphogenesis." Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 9 (5-6):381-396.
Graham, A., I. Heyman, et al. (1993). "Even-numbered rhombomeres control the apoptotic elimination of neural crest cells from odd-numbered rhombomeres in the chick hindbrain." Development 119 (1):233-245.
Greene, E. C. (1936)."Anatomy of the Rat.'The American Journal of the Medical Sciences191 (6) 858-868.
Guthrie, S. (2007)."Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons."Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8 (11):859-871.
Guthrie, S. and A. Lumsden (1992)."Motor neuron pathfinding following rhombomere reversals in the chick embryo hindbrain."Development 114 (3):663-673.
Guthrie, S. and A. Pini (1995)."Chemorepulsion of developing motor axons by the floor plate."Neuron 14 (6):1117-1130.
Hall, B. K. (1999).The neural crest in development and evolution, Springer Verlag.
Hamburger, V. and H. L. Hamilton (1992)."A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo.1951." Developmental dynamics:an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 195 (4):231-272.
Hammond, R., V. Vivancos, et al. (2005). "Slit-mediated repulsion is a key regulator of motor axon pathfinding in the hindbrain." Development 132 (20):4483-4495.
Hanna, L. A., R. K. Foreman, et al. (2002). "Requirement for Foxd3 in maintaining pluripotent cells of the early mouse embryo." Genes & development 16 (20):2650-2661.
Hatten, M. E. (1999)."Central nervous system neuronal migration." Annual review of neuroscience 22 (1):511-539.
Hemavathy, K., S. I. Ashraf, et al. (2000). "Snail/slug family of repressors:slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer." Gene 257 (1):1-12.
Herbarth, B., V. Pingault, et al. (1998). "Mutation of the Sry-related Sox10 gene in Dominant megacolon, a mouse model for human Hirschsprung disease."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (9):5161-5165.
Hirsch, M. R., J. C. Glover, et al. (2007). "Forced expression of Phox2 homeodomain transcription factors induces a branchio-visceromotor axonal phenotype." Developmental biology 303 (2) 687-702.
Hogan, B., F. Costantini, et al. (1994). Manipulating the mouse embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Hollyday, M., J. A. McMahon, et al. (1995). "Wnt expression patterns in chick embryo nervous system." Mechanisms of development 52 (1):9-25.
Hong, K., L. Hinck, et al. (1999). "A ligand-gated association between cytoplasmic domains of UNC5 and DCC family receptors converts netrin-induced growth cone attraction to repulsion." Cell 97 (7):927-941.
Honore, S. M., M. J. Aybar, et al. (2003). "Sox10 is required for the early development of the prospective neural crest in Xenopus embryos." Developmental Biology 260 (1):79-96.
Ikeya, M., S. M. K. Lee, et al. (1997). "Wnt signalling required for expansion of neural crest and CNS progenitors." Nature 389 (6654):966-970.
Inoue, K., Y. Tanabe, et al. (1999). "Myelin deficiencies in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems associated with a SOX 10 mutation." Annals of neurology 46 (3):313-318.
Irving, C, A. Malhas, et al. (2002). "Establishing the trochlear motor axon trajectory:role of the isthmic organiser and Fgf8." Development 129 (23):5389-5398.
Isaacs, H. V., D. Tannahill, et al. (1992). "Expression of a novel FGF in the Xenopus embryo.A new candidate inducing factor for mesoderm formation and anteroposterior specification." Development 114 (3):711-720.
Jacob, J. and S. Guthrie(2000). "Facial visceral motor neurons display specific rhombomere origin and axon pathfinding behavior in the chick." Journal of Neuroscience 20 (20):7664-7671.
Jacob, J., A. Hacker, et al. (2001). "Mechanisms and molecules in motor neuron specification and axon pathfinding."Bioessays 23 (7):582-595.
Jacob, J., M. C. Tiveron, et al. (2000). "Role of the target in the pathfinding of facial visceral motor axons."Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 16 (1):14-26.
Jiang, X., B. Choudhary, et al. (2002). "Normal fate and altered function of the cardiac neural crest cell lineage in retinoic acid receptor mutant embryos."Mechanisms of development 117 (1-2) 115-122.
Jiang, X., D. H. Rowitch, et al. (2000)."Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest."Development 127 (8):1607-1616.
Kalcheim, C. and N. M. Le Douarin(1986). "Requirement of a neural tube signal for the differentiation of neural crest cells into dorsal root ganglia* 1." Developmental biology 116 (2):451-466.
Kalcheim, C. and M. A. Teillet (1989)."Consequences of somite manipulation on the pattern of dorsal root ganglion development."Development 106 (1):85-93.
Kania, A. and T. M. Jessell (2003). "Topographic motor projections in the limb imposed by LIM homeodomain protein regulation of ephrin-A:Eph Ainteractions." Neuron 38 (4):581-596.
Keleman, K. and B. J. Dickson (2001)."Short-and long-range repulsion by the Drosophila Unc5 netrin receptor."Neuron32 (4):605-617.
Kennedy, T. E., T. Serafini, et al. (1994). "Netrins are diffusible chemotropic factors for commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord." Cell 78 (3):425-435.
Kennedy, T. E., H. Wang, et al. (2006). "Axon guidance by diffusible chemoattractants:a gradient of netrin protein in the developing spinal cord." Journal of Neuroscience 26 (34):8866-8874.
Keynes, R. J. and C. D. Stern (1984)."Segmentation in the vertebrate nervous system."Nature 310 (5980):786-789.
Kitsukawa, T., M. Shimizu, et al. (1997). "Neuropilin-semaphorin Ⅲ/D-mediated chemorepulsive signals play a crucial role in peripheral nerve projection in mice." Neuron 19 (5):995-1005.
Knecht, A. K. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2002). "Induction of the neural crest:a multigene process." Nature Reviews Genetics 3 (6):462-462.
Kos, R., M. V. Reedy, et al. (2001). "The winged-helix transcription factor FoxD3 is important for establishing the neural crest lineage and repressing melanogenesis in avian embryos." Development 128 (8):1467-1479.
Krull, C. E., R. Lansford, et al. (1997). "Interactions of Eph-related receptors and ligands confer rostrocaudal pattern to trunk neural crest migration." Current Biology 7(8):571-580.
Kuhlbrodt, K., B. Herbarth, et al. (1998). "Sox10, a novel transcriptional modulator in glial cells." Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1):237-250.
LaBonne, C. and M. Bronner-Fraser (1998). "Neural crest induction in Xenopus:evidence for a two-signal model." Development 125 (13):2403-2414.
LaBonne, C. and M. Bronner-Fraser (2000). "Snail-related transcriptional repressors are required in Xenopus for both the induction of the neural crest and its subsequent migration." Developmental Biology 221 (1):195-205.
Labrador, J. P., D. O'Keefe, et al. (2005). "The homeobox transcription factor even-skipped regulates netrin-receptor expression to control dorsal motor-axon projections in Drosophila." Current Biology 15 (15):1413-1419.
Landmesser, L. (1978). "The development of motor projection patterns in the chick hind limb." The Journal of Physiology 284 (1):391-414.
Lane, P. W. and H. M. Liu (1984). "Association of megacolon with a new dominant spotting gene (Dom) in the mouse." Journal of Heredity 75 (6):435-439.
Le Douarin, N. and C. Kalcheim (1999).The neural crest, Cambridge University Press.
Le Douarin, N. M. (1984-1985). "Ontogeny of the peripheral nervous system from the neural crest and the placodes. A developmental model studied on the basis of the quail-chick chimaera system." Harvey lectures 80:137-186.
Le Douarin, N. M. and M. A. Teillet (1973). "The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in avian embryo." Journal of Embryological Experimental Morphology 30 (1): 31-48.
Lieberam, I., D. Agalliu, et al. (2005). "A Cxcl12-CXCR4 chemokine signaling pathway defines the initial trajectory of mammalian motor axons." Neuron 47 (5):667-679.
Liem, K. F. (1997)."A role for the roof plate and its resident TGF [beta]-related proteins in neuronal patterning in the dorsal spinal cord." Cell 91 (1):127-138.
Linker, C, M. Bronner-Fraser, et al. (2000)."Relationship between gene expression domains of Xsnail, Xslug, and Xtwist and cell movement in the prospective neural crest of Xenopus." Developmental Biology 224 (2):215-225.
Locascio, A., M. Manzanares, et al. (2002). "Modularity and reshuffling of Snail and Slug expression during vertebrate evolution."Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 (26):16841-16846.
Lumsden, A. (2004)."Segmentation and compartition in the early avian hindbrain."Mechanisms of development 121 (9):1081-1088.
Lumsden, A. and S. Guthrie(1991). "Alternating patterns of cell surface properties and neural crest cell migration during segmentation of the chick hindbrain." Development 2:9-15.
Lumsden, A. and R. Keynes (1989). "Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain." Nature 337:424-428.
Lumsden, A., N. Sprawson, et al. (1991)."Segmental origin and migration of neural crest cells in the hindbrain region of the chick embryo." Development 113 (4):1281-1291.
Mahmood, R., P. Kiefer, et al. (1995). "Multiple roles for FGF-3 during cranial neural development in the chicken." Development 121 (5):1399-1410.
Mastick, G. S., C. M. Fan, et al. (1996). "Early deletion of neuromeres in Wntl-/-mutant mice: evaluation by morphological and molecular markers." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 374 (2):246-258.
Mauti, O., E. Domanitskaya, et al. (2007). "Semaphorin6Aacts as a gate keeper between the central and the peripheral nervous system." Neural Development 2:28-44.
Mayor, M. A. and P. A. Gilmour (1999).Communications method for a code division multiple access system without a base station, Google Patents.
Mayor, R., R. Morgan, et al. (1995)."Induction of the prospective neural crest of Xenopus." Development 121 (3):767-777.
McClearn, D. and D. M. Noden (1988)."Ontogeny of architectural complexity in embryonic quail visceral arch muscles." American Journal of Anatomy 183 (4):277-293.
McMahon, A. P. and A. Bradley(1990). "The Wnt-1 (int-1)proto-oncogene is required for development of a large region of the mouse brain." Cell 62 (6):1073-1085.
McMahon, A. P., A. L. Joyner, et al. (1992)."The midbrain-hindbrain phenotype of Wnt-/-Wnt-/-mice results from stepwise deletion of engrailed-expressing cells by 9.5 days postcoitum." Cell 69 (4): 581-595.
Melendez-Herrera, E. and A. Varela-Echavarria (2006)."Expression of secreted semaphorins and their receptors in specific neuromeres, boundaries, and neuronal groups in the developing mouse and chick brain." Brain research 1067 (1):126-137.
Miller, J. R. (2002)."The wnts." Genome Biology 3 (1):1-15.
Moens, C. B. and V. E. Prince (2002)."Constructing the hindbrain; insights from the zebrafish." Developmental dynamics 224 (1):1-17.
Monsoro-Burq, A. H., R. B. Fletcher, et al. (2003). "Neural crest induction by paraxial mesoderm in Xenopus embryos requires FGF signals." Development 130 (14):3111-3124.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Developmental relationships between trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos. Ⅰ. Ganglion development is necessary for motoneuron migration." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 213 (3):327-343.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Developmental relationships between trigeminal ganglia and trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos. Ⅱ. Ganglion axon ingrowth guides motoneuron migration. "The Journal of comparative neurology 213 (3):344-349.
Moody, S. A. and M. B. Heaton (1983)."Ultrastructural observations of the migration and early development of trigeminal motoneurons in chick embryos." The Journal of comparative neurology 216 (1):20-35.
Mori-Akiyama, Y., H. Akiyama, et al. (2003). "Sox9 is required for determination of the chondrogenic cell lineage in the cranial neural crest." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (16):9360-9365.
Mueller, B. K. (1999). "Growth cone guidance:first steps towards a deeper understanding." Annual review of neuroscience 22 (1):351-388.
Muller, M., N. Jabs, et al. (2003). "Nkx6.1 controls migration and axon pathfinding of cranial branchio-motoneurons." Development 130 (23):5815-5826.
Newgreen, D. F. and C. A. Erickson (1986)."The migration of neural crest cells." International review of cytology 103:89-145.
Niederlander, C. and A. Lumsden(1996). "Late emigrating neural crest cells migrate specifically to the exit points of cranial branchiomotor nerves." Development 122 (8):2367-2374.
Nieto, M. A., M. G. Sargent, et al. (1994). "Control of cell behavior during vertebrate development by Slug, a zinc finger gene." Science 264 (5160):835-839.
Noden, D. M. (1983)."The role of the neural crest in patterning of avian cranial skeletal, connective, and muscle tissues." Developmental Biology 96 (1):144-165.
Odenthal, J. and C. Nusslein-Volhard (1998)."Fork head domain genes in zebrafish." Development genes and evolution 208 (5):245-258.
Pabst, O., J. Rummelies, et al. (2003). "Targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Nkx2.9 reveals a role in development of the spinal accessory nerve." Development 130 (6):1193-1202.
Parnavelas, J. G. (2000). "The origin and migration of cortical neurones:new vistas." Trends in neurosciences 23 (3):126-131.
Parr, B. A., M. J. Shea, et al. (1993). "Mouse Wnt genes exhibit discrete domains of expression in the early embryonic CNS and limb buds." Development 119 (1):247-261.
Pattyn, A., A. Vallstedt, et al. (2003). "Complementary roles for Nkx6 and Nkx2 class proteins in the establishment of motoneuron identity in the hindbrain." Development 130 (17):4149-4159.
Peirano, R. I. and M. Wegner (2000). "The glial transcription factor Sox10 binds to DNA both as monomer and dimer with different functional consequences." Nucleic acids research 28 (16) 3047-3055.
Pingault, V., N. Bondurand, et al. (1998)."SOX10 mutations in patients with Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease." Nature genetics 18 (2):171-173.
Price, S. R. and J. Briscoe (2004). "The generation and diversification of spinal motor neurons:signals and responses." Mechanisms of development 121 (9):1103-1115.
Price, S. R., N. V. De Marco Garcia, et al. (2002). "Regulation of motor neuron pool sorting by differential expression of type Ⅱ cadherins." Cell 109 (2):205-216.
Prin, R, K. E. Ng, et al. (2005)."Ephrin-As play a rhombomere-specific role in trigeminal motor axon projections in the chick embryo." Developmental Biology 279 (2):402-419.
Pusch, C, E. Hustert, et al. (1998). "The SOX10/Sox10 gene from human and mouse:sequence, expression, and transactivation by the encoded HMG domain transcription factor." Human genetics 103 (2):115-123.
Rakic, P. (1971)."Guidance of neurons migrating to the fetal monkey neocortex."Brain research 33(2): 471-476.
Rehberg, S., P. Lischka, et al. (2002). "Sox10 is an active nucleocytoplasmic shuttle protein, and shuttling is crucial for Sox10-mediated transactivation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22 (16): 5826-5834.
Rickmann, M., J. W. Fawcett, et al.(1985)."The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of motor axons through the rostral half of the chick somite." Journal of Embryological Experimental Morphology 90:437-455.
Ridley, A. J., M. A. Schwartz, et al. (2003). "Cell migration:integrating signals from front to back." Science 302 (5651):1704-1709.
Roelink, H. and R. Nusse (1991)."Expression of two members of the Wnt family during mouse development-restricted temporal and spatial patterns in the developing neural tube." Genes & developments (3):381-388.
Sahay, A., M. E. Molliver, et al. (2003). "Semaphorin 3F is critical for development of limbic system circuitry and is required in neurons for selective CNS axon guidance events." Journal of Neuroscience 23 (17):6671-6680.
Saint-Jeannet, J. P., X. He, et al. (1997)."Regulation of dorsal fate in the neuraxis by Wnt-1 and Wnt-3a." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (25):13713-13718.
Salinas, P. C. and R. Nusse (1992)."Regional expression of the Wnt-3 gene in the developing mouse forebrain in relationship to diencephalic neuromeres." Mechanisms of development 39 (3): 151-160.
Sasai, N., K. Mizuseki, et al. (2001). "Requirement of FoxD3-class signaling for neural crest determination in Xenopus." Development 128 (13):2525-2536.
Sechrist, J., G. N. Serbedzija, et al. (1993). "Segmental migration of the hindbrain neural crest does not arise from its segmental generation." Development 118 (3):691-703.
Selleck, M. A., M. I. Garcia-Castro, et al.(1998). "Effects of Shh and Noggin on neural crest formation demonstrate that BMP is required in the neural tube but not ectoderm." Development 125 (24): 4919-4930.
Serafini, T., S. A. Colamarino, et al.(1996). "Netrin-1 is required for commissural axon guidance in the developing vertebrate nervous system." Cell 87 (6):1001-1014.
Serbedzija, G. N., M. Dickinson, et al. (1996). "Cell death in the CNS of the Wntl mutant mouse." Journal of neurobiology 31 (3):275-282.
Shah, N. M., M. A. Marchionni, et al. (1994). "Glial growth factor restricts mammalian neural crest stem cells to a glial fate." Cell 77 (3):349-360.
Shamim, H. and I. Mason (1999)."Expression of Fgf4 during early development of the chick embryo." Mechanisms of development 85 (1-2):189-192.
Sharma, K., H. Z. Sheng, et al. (1998). "LIM homeodomain factors Lhx3 and Lhx4 assign subtype identities for motor neurons." Cell 95 (6):817-828.
Simon, H., S. Guthrie, et al. (1994). "Regulation of SC1/DM-GRASP during the migration of motor neurons in the chick embryo brain stem." Journal of neurobiology 25 (9):1129-1143.
Simon, H. and A. Lumsden(1993)."Rhombomere-specific origin of the contralateral vestibulo-acoustic efferent neurons and their migration across the embryonic midline." Neuron 11 (2):209-220.
Smith, M. M. and B. K. Hall (1993)."A developmental model for evolution of the vertebrate exoskeleton and teeth.The role of cranial and trunk neural crest." Evolutionary biology 27:387-448.
Smith, W. C. and R. M. Harland (1992). "Expression cloning of noggin, a new dorsalizing factor localized to the Spemann organizer in Xenopus embryos." Cell 70 (5):829-840.
Snider, W. D. and V. Palavali (1990). "Early axon and dendritic outgrowth of spinal accessory motor neurons studied with DiI in fixed tissues." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 297 (2): 227-238.
Southard-Smith, E. M., M. Angrist, et al. (1999). "The Sox10Dom mouse:modeling the genetic variation of Waardenburg-Shah (WS4) syndrome." Genome research 9 (3):215-225.
Southard-Smith, E. M., L. Kos, et al. (1998). "Sox10 mutation disrupts neural crest development in Dom Hirschsprung mouse model." Nature genetics 18 (1):60-64.
Spokony, R. F., Y. Aoki, et al. (2002). "The transcription factor Sox9 is required for cranial neural crest development in Xenopus." Development 129 (2):421-432.
Stern, C. D. and R. J. Keynes (1987). "Interactions between somite cells:the formation and maintenance of segment boundaries in the chick embryo." Development 99 (2):261-272.
Streit, A. and C. D. Stern (1999). "Establishment and maintenance of the border of the neural plate in the chick:involvement of FGF and BMP activity." Mechanisms of development 82 (1-2):51-66.
Studer, M., A. Lumsden, et al. (1996)."Altered segmental identity and abnormal migration of motor neurons in mice lacking Hoxb-1." Nature 384:630-634.
Sutton, J., R. Costa, et al. (1996). "Genesis, a winged helix transcriptional repressor with expression restricted to embryonic stem cells." Journal of Biological Chemistry 271 (38):23126-23133.
Tan, C., M. A. Deardorff, et al. (2001). "Kermit, a frizzled interacting protein, regulates frizzled 3 signaling in neural crest development." Development 128 (19):3665-3674.
Taniguchi, M., S. Yuasa, et al. (1997). "Disruption of semaphorin Ⅲ/D gene causes severe abnormality in peripheral nerve projection." Neuron 19 (3):519-530.
Thesleff, I. and P. Sharpe (1997)."Signalling networks regulating dental development." Mechanisms of development 67 (2):111-123.
Thomas, K. R. and M. R. Capecchi (1990)."Targeted disruption of the murine int-1 proto-oncogene resulting in severe abnormalities in midbrain and cerebellar development." Nature 346 (6287) 847-850.
Tosney, K. W.(1988). "Proximal tissues and patterned neurite outgrowth at the lumbosacral level of the chick embryo:Partial and complete deletion of the somite 1." Developmental biology 127 (2) 266-286.
Tosney, K. W. (1988)."Somites and axon guidance." Scanning microscopy 2 (1):427-442.
Touraine, R. L., T. Attie-Bitach, et al. (2000). "Neurological phenotype in Waardenburg syndrome type 4 correlates with novel SOX 10 truncating mutations and expression in developing brain." The American Journal of Human Genetics 66 (5):1496-1503.
Trainor, P. A. and R. Krumlauf (2001). "Hox genes, neural crest cells and branchial arch patterning." Current Opinion in Cell Biology 13 (6):698-705.
Tucker, A., A. Lumsden, et al. (1996). "Cranial motor axons respond differently to the floor plate and sensory ganglia in collagen gel co-cultures." European Journal of Neuroscience 8(5):906-916.
Tucker, A. S. and P. T. Sharpe (1999). "Molecular genetics of tooth morphogenesis and patterning:the right shape in the right place." Journal of dental research 78 (4):826-834.
Tucker, G. C., H. Aoyama, et al. (1984). "Identical reactivity of monoclonal antibodies HNK-1 and NC-1:conservation in vertebrates on cells derived from the neural primordium and on some leukocytes." Cell differentiation 14 (3):223-230.
Vaage, S. (1969). "The segmentation of the primitive neural tube in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). A morphological, histochemical and autoradiographical investigation." Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 41 (3):1-88.
Varela-Echavarria, A., A. Tucker, et al. (1997). "Motor axon subpopulations respond differentially to the chemorepellents netrin-1 and semaphorin D." Neuron 18 (2):193-207.
Villanueva, S., A. Glavic, et al. (2002). "Posteriorization by FGF, Wnt, and retinoic acid is required for neural crest induction." Developmental Biology 241 (2):289-301.
Wang, H. U. and D. J. Anderson (1997). "Eph family transmembrane ligands can mediate repulsive guidance of trunk neural crest migration and motor axon outgrowth." Neuron 18 (3):383-396.
Wegner, M. (1999). "From head to toes:the multiple facets of Sox proteins." Nucleic acids research 27 (6):1409-1420.
Wentworth, L. E. and J. W. Hinds (1978). "Early motoneuron formation in the cervical spinal cord of the mouse:An electron microscopic, serial section analysis." The Journal of Comparative Neurology 177 (4):611-633.
Weston, J. A. (1963). "Aradioautographic analysis of the migration and localization of trunk neural crest cells in the chick." Developmental Biology 6(3):279-310.
Wozney, J. M. (1998). "The bone morphogenetic protein family:multifunctional cellular regulators in the embryo and adult." European journal of oral sciences 106:160-166.
Wozney, J. M., V. Rosen, et al. (1988). "Novel regulators of bone formation:molecular clones and activities." Science 242 (4885):1528-1534.
Wu, J., J. P. Saint-Jeannet, et al. (2003). "Wnt-frizzled signaling in neural crest formation."Trends in neurosciences 26 (1):40-45.
Zimmerman, L. B., J. M. De Jesus-Escobar, et al. (1996). "The Spemann organizer signal noggin binds and inactivates bone morphogenetic protein 4." Cell 86 (4):599-606.