中国农村户用生物质炉具碳交易方法研究及节能减排效果分析
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摘要
每天，大约有接近全球人口总数一半的人都在使用传统老式炉灶和固体燃料进行炊事和取暖，大多数都集中在发展中国家。使用老式炉灶与固体燃料产生的空气污染是造成发展中国家贫困农村地区居民患病与死亡的一个主要原因。本文首先总结了使用老式炉灶对农村用户健康造成的影响问题，可导致急性下呼吸道感染，慢性阻塞性肺病与肺癌等疾病，并提出了解决方法及策略，包括：
1、大规模推广新型清洁炉具是必要有效的解决方式，并提出了利用开发清洁炉具自愿减排碳交易项目获得碳资金的方式，对清洁炉具的大规模推广进行补贴，以便贫困地区的农户以较低的价格购买。并系统的对清洁炉具自愿减排碳交易项目开发方法学中的关键点进行分析阐述，增加了项目能够成功开发的可能性。
2、对新型清洁生物质炉具的可持续推广模式进行探索，得出了我国目前最优的可持续推广模式是前期政府建立示范项目为农民提供补贴，结合后期碳交易的方式。
3、通过在我国山西省、湖北省、贵州省进行的大规模调研测试结果，对清洁生物质炉具的节能减排效果进行分析，发现新型的清洁炉具使用生物质作为燃料可以完全替代煤的使用。数据表明，在山西省阳泉市盂县非取暖季使用一台清洁生物质炊事炉具及玉米芯燃料，每年可以代替1.84吨煤并减排4.81吨CO2；在湖北省恩施市与贵州省安顺市取暖季使用一台清洁生物质烤火炊事炉具及木柴燃料，每年可以分别代替1.99吨煤与1.79吨煤，分别减排5.21吨CO2与4.68吨CO2，显著的降低了农户的燃料花费与温室气体排放，可以为我国新农村建设及应对气候变化作出贡献。
Every day almost half of the world’s population is using traditional oldstove and solid fuel to meet their needs for cooking and heating, which mostlyhappens in developing countries. Exposure to the indoor air pollution causedby smoke emission from traditional old stove is a main reason for the diseaseand death of rural households in developing countries. The thesis summarizesthe negative health impacts that the adoption of traditional old stove brings onrural households, including the disease incidence of acute infections of thelower respiratory tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, etc.The solutions and strategies for solving the problems are proposed as follows:
1. Conclude that large scale promotion of clean stove is a necessary andeffective way to solve the problem. A new approach of developing stove VERcarbon project to get the carbon finance to promote clean stove in large scaleis put forward. Carbon finance can subsidize rural households to buy newclean stoves at a lower price. Key points in the methodology for the stoveVER carbon project development are summarized and analyzed systematically, increasing the possibility of successful development.
2. The model for sustainable promotion of new clean biomass stove isdiscussed resulting in that government subsidy for rural households combiningthe carbon finance is the most rational model.
3. The effect of energy-saving and emission-reduction of clean stove isalso analyzed based on the surveys and tests conducted in Shanxi Province,Hubei Province and Guizhou Province. New clean stoves use biomass as fuel,completely replacing the coal use. The testing data shows that a clean cookingstove using corn cob in Yu County of Shanxi Province can replace1.84tons ofcoal and reduce4.81tons of CO2emission; a clean combined heating andcooking stove using wood in Enshi City of Hubei Province and Anshun Cityof Guizhou Province can replace1.99tons of coal and1.79tons of coalrespectively, reducing5.21tons of CO2emission and4.68tons of CO2emission. Fuel cost of rural households and greenhouse gas emission arereduced significantly, contributing to the construction of new countryside andcombating with climate change.
1、大规模推广新型清洁炉具是必要有效的解决方式，并提出了利用开发清洁炉具自愿减排碳交易项目获得碳资金的方式，对清洁炉具的大规模推广进行补贴，以便贫困地区的农户以较低的价格购买。并系统的对清洁炉具自愿减排碳交易项目开发方法学中的关键点进行分析阐述，增加了项目能够成功开发的可能性。
2、对新型清洁生物质炉具的可持续推广模式进行探索，得出了我国目前最优的可持续推广模式是前期政府建立示范项目为农民提供补贴，结合后期碳交易的方式。
3、通过在我国山西省、湖北省、贵州省进行的大规模调研测试结果，对清洁生物质炉具的节能减排效果进行分析，发现新型的清洁炉具使用生物质作为燃料可以完全替代煤的使用。数据表明，在山西省阳泉市盂县非取暖季使用一台清洁生物质炊事炉具及玉米芯燃料，每年可以代替1.84吨煤并减排4.81吨CO2；在湖北省恩施市与贵州省安顺市取暖季使用一台清洁生物质烤火炊事炉具及木柴燃料，每年可以分别代替1.99吨煤与1.79吨煤，分别减排5.21吨CO2与4.68吨CO2，显著的降低了农户的燃料花费与温室气体排放，可以为我国新农村建设及应对气候变化作出贡献。
Every day almost half of the world’s population is using traditional oldstove and solid fuel to meet their needs for cooking and heating, which mostlyhappens in developing countries. Exposure to the indoor air pollution causedby smoke emission from traditional old stove is a main reason for the diseaseand death of rural households in developing countries. The thesis summarizesthe negative health impacts that the adoption of traditional old stove brings onrural households, including the disease incidence of acute infections of thelower respiratory tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, etc.The solutions and strategies for solving the problems are proposed as follows:
1. Conclude that large scale promotion of clean stove is a necessary andeffective way to solve the problem. A new approach of developing stove VERcarbon project to get the carbon finance to promote clean stove in large scaleis put forward. Carbon finance can subsidize rural households to buy newclean stoves at a lower price. Key points in the methodology for the stoveVER carbon project development are summarized and analyzed systematically, increasing the possibility of successful development.
2. The model for sustainable promotion of new clean biomass stove isdiscussed resulting in that government subsidy for rural households combiningthe carbon finance is the most rational model.
3. The effect of energy-saving and emission-reduction of clean stove isalso analyzed based on the surveys and tests conducted in Shanxi Province,Hubei Province and Guizhou Province. New clean stoves use biomass as fuel,completely replacing the coal use. The testing data shows that a clean cookingstove using corn cob in Yu County of Shanxi Province can replace1.84tons ofcoal and reduce4.81tons of CO2emission; a clean combined heating andcooking stove using wood in Enshi City of Hubei Province and Anshun Cityof Guizhou Province can replace1.99tons of coal and1.79tons of coalrespectively, reducing5.21tons of CO2emission and4.68tons of CO2emission. Fuel cost of rural households and greenhouse gas emission arereduced significantly, contributing to the construction of new countryside andcombating with climate change.
引文
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[2] The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the LeastDeveloped Countries and Sub-Saharan African[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization,2009
[3] Estimated deaths&DALYs attributable to selected environmental risk factors[R]. Geneva:World Health Organization,2009
[4] World Energy Outlook2010[R]. Paris: International Energy Agency,2010
[5] Zhang J, Smith K R, Ma Y, et al. Greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants fromhousehold stoves in China: a database for emission factors [J]. Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:4537-4549
[6] Air Quality Guidelines[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization,1999
[7] Bruce N, Perez-Padilla R, Albalak R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: A majorenvironmental and public health challenge for the new millennium[J]. Bulletin of theWorld Health Organization,2000,78(9):1078-1092
[8] Majid E, Alan D L, Anthony R, et al. Selected major risk factors and global and regionalburden of disease[J]. The Lancet,2002,9343(360):1347-1360
[9] World Health Statistics2010[R]. France: World Health Organization,2010
[10] Smith K R, John P. Mccracken, et al. Personal child and mother carbon monoxideexposures and kitchen levels: Methods and results from a randomized trial of woodfiredchimney cookstoves in Guatemala (RESPIRE)[J]. Journal of Exposure Science andEnvironmental Epidemiology,2010,20:406–416
[11] Smith K R, Samet J M, Romieu I, et al. Indoor air pollution in developing countries andacute lower respiratory infections in children[J]. Thorax,2000,55:518-532
[12] Smith K R, Mehta S. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and RegionalBurden of Disease due to Selected Major Risk Factors[R].Geneva: World HealthOrganization,2004
[13] Tessa W, Peter S, Emily W J, et al. Pneumonia: the leading killer of children[J]. Lancet,2006,18(368):1048-1051
[14] World Health Report[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization,2004
[15] Jones G, Steketee R W, et al. How many child deaths can we prevent this year?[J]. Lancet,2003,362(9377):65-71
[16] Schwartz J. Air pollution and daily mortality A review and meta analysis[J]. EnvironmentResources,1994,64:36-52
[17] Smith K R. Guatemalan Studies on Household Air Pollution and HealthRESPIRE/CRECER[R]. North Carolina: National Institute of Environmental HealthSciences,2010
[18] Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease[R]. Geneva: GOLD,2004
[19] Ezzati M, Lopez A D. Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in2000[J].Lancet,2003,362(9387):847-852
[20]国家统计局.2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2010
[21]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2010
[22] Human Exposure Assessment Series[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization,1996
[23] Sustainable and Efficient Energy Use to Alleviate Indoor Air Pollution in Poor RuralAreas in China [R]. Geneva: WHO,2007
[24]胡宇,肖碧玉,罗卫东.冬季取暖及燃煤对农村不同类型住宅室内空气质量影响的研究[J].现代预防医学杂志,1995,22(3): l80-l82
[25]赵宝新.太原市PM10与SO2对儿童肺功能的影响[J].环境与职业医学,2003,20(3):203-206
[26] Household stove improvement and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inXuanwei, China: retrospective cohort study[R]. British: Med.J.in press,2005,
[27]唐根富,袁方,庞玉瑛.安徽省部分农村慢性阻塞性肺疾病患病及危险因素的调查[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2001,24(4):245
[28]李小芡,胡志,李守田.安徽农村不同居住环境对慢阻肺患病率的影响[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,2002,22(4):46-48
[29]周晓铁,金永堂,何兴舟.宣威县室内空气污染与慢性阻塞性肺部疾病关系的研究[J].中华预防医学杂志,1995,29(1):38-40
[30] Mumford J L, He X Z. Lung cancer and indoor air pollution in Xuan-Wei, China[J].Science,1987,235(4785):217-220
[31]周晓铁,金永堂,何兴舟.室内空气污染对呼吸道症状和肺功能的影响[J].疾病控制杂志,2003,7(3):225-227
[32]金永堂,周晓铁,何兴舟.生活燃料造成的室内空气污染对肺功能影响的研究[J].中国公共卫生,1995,11(1):18-19
[33]周书凯,朱静媛,程学敏.生活炉灶所致室内空气污染对人体健康的影响[J].郑州大学学报(医学版),2003,4(38):589-590
[34] Mestl H, Aunan K, Seip H. Potential health benefit of reducing household solid fuel use inShanxi province, China[J]. Science of The Total Environment,2006,372:120-132
[35] Peck, Michael, Gerebreg K. Burns and Fires from Flammable Non-electric DomesticAppliances: The Scope of the Problem[R]. Texas: International Society for Burn Injuries,2005
[36] Cecelski, Elizabeth. The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development[R]. Golden:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2000
[37] Beyond Firewood: Fuel Alternatives and Protection Strategies for Displaced Women andGirls[R]. New York: Women’s Refugee Commission,2006
[38] Smith K R. Health, Energy, and Greenhouse-gas Impacts of Biomass Combustion inHousehold Stoves[J]. Energy for Sustainable Development,1994,14:23-29
[39] Rose, Simmone, Elizabeth R, et al. Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Woodfuels[R].Washington: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,2009
[40] Kammen, Daniel M, Debra J L. Review of Technologies for the Production and Use ofCharcoal[R].Berkeley: Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory,2005
[41] Wood T S, Baldwin S. Fuelwood and Charcoal Use in Developing Countries[J]. AnnualReview of Energy,1985,10:407-429
[42] Jérémie K F, Honam A, Kossi A, et al. Impact of Charcoal Production on Biodiversity inTogo (West Africa)[A]. In: Jordi L P. The Importance of Biological Interactions in theStudy of Biodiversity[C]. Croatia, InTech,2011,215-230
[43] Nicholls, Mark. Novozymes Targets Multi-billion Dollar African Charcoal Market withGreen Alternative[J]. Environmental Finance,2011
[44] Martin, Adrian. Environmental Conflict Between Refugee and Host Communities[J].Journal of Peace Research,2005,42(3):329-346
[45] Cecelski, Elizabeth. The Role of Women in Sustainable Energy Development[R]. Golden:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2000
[46] Ruiz M, Omar M, Hilda Z, et al. Adoption and Sustained Use of Improved Cookstoves[J].Energy Policy,2011,39(12):7557-7566
[47] Smith K R. Biomass Combustion and Indoor Air Pollution: the Bright and Dark Sides ofSmall Is Beautiful[J]. Environmental Management,1986,10(1):61-74
[48] Zhang J F, Smith K R. Household Air Pollution from Coal and Biomass Fuels in China:Measurements, Health Impacts, and Interventions[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2007,115(6):848-55
[49] Bond T, Streets K, Yarber S, et al. A Technology-based Global Inventory of Black andOrganic Carbon Emissions from Combustion[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,(109):14203-14246
[50] Bond T, Chandra V, Omar M. Global Atmospheric Impacts of Residential Fuels[J].Energy for Sustainable Development,2004,8(3):20-32
[51] Kuylenstierna, Johan, Markus A, et al. Towards an Action Plan for Near-term ClimateProtection and Clean Air Benfits[R]. Nairobi: United Nations,2011
[52] A Focus on Children and Non-communicable Diseases[R]. New York: NCD Alliance,2011
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