女性创业意向与创业行为及其影响因素研究
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摘要
过去30多年的创业研究发现：在内部和外部条件差别不大的情况下，男性和女性的创业行为发生的比率具有很大的差异。关注于创业领域的研究者一直试图解释这一论题。创业意向反映了一个人对将创业作为自己人生规划的意愿和偏好，是创业行为的重要预测因素。通过研究创业意向影响因素及其形成机制的性别间差异，探索不同性别创业行为的差异是一个有益的研究切入点。本文通过聚焦于比较男女在创业意向影响因素和形成机制上的差异，揭示男女创业行为差异的原因。尽管在过去的30多年中，对此问题已有一定的研究积累，但是各种理论框架和研究证据相对零散，缺乏系统的整合。多数该领域的成果集中于理论思辨水平，缺乏有利的实证检验和数据支撑，这极大地限制了创业意向相关研究的进一步理论推进。本文将通过一系列的定性和定量研究，系统地研究创业意向形成过程中的性别差异。围绕本研究的总体框架，分4部分进行：
研究一采用半结构化深度访谈的方法，以我国女性创业实践比较活跃地区的较为典型的女性创业者为访谈对象，获悉女性创业过程中的一些重要事件，尤其有关创业意向形成中的关键事件或者触发事件。根据对这些关键事件的内容编码分析，总结得出女性创业意向区别于男性创业意向的几个关键因素。同时，在提炼出的女性创业意向关键因素的基础上，确定女性创业意向特异性因素。研究显示：丈夫对女性创业者事业角色的认可与否是一个很重要的影响因素；女性创业过程，除了受到本身的创业经验所影响，也与其生命历程及家庭关系产生密切的互动与影响；社会普遍对女性角色的期待、文化环境、国家经济总体运行的形势和政府对创业行为的态度和支持力度构成了影响个体创业的大环境。此外，个体层面的因素，包括个人资源和个性特质等因素也影响创业意向。值得注意的是：区别于男性个体，影响女性创业意向的两个重要特异性因素则是：女性对性别角色认同和对自己家庭的承诺。在访谈中，这两个因素对女性创业意向形成的具有重要的影响作用。
研究二在文献研究和访谈研究的基础上，确定影响个体创业意向的因素，并使用探索性因素分析方法验证测量工具的初步有效性。然后，通过验证性因素分析方法验证其结构并分析量表的信、效度。在提供测量工具恰当性验证的基础上，检验本文提出的个体创业意向影响因素结构模型。同时，检验男女在各个影响因素及其子维度上的系统差别。结果显示：在宏观水平层面，对于两性而言，社会规范和经济发展趋势对创业意向具有相对重要的影响。而政策因素和社会文化对创业行为的态度相对不会产生十分重要的影响。同时两性之间也表现出在创业意向影响结构上的差异：对男性而言社会规范和经济形势表现出对个体创业意向非常接近的影响力。而社会规范在女性样本组中表现出对个体创业意向最重要的影响力。在个人特质水平层面：在女性样本组内，成就动机、追求卓越和利益追逐相对于个体创业意向的路径系数达到了显著性水平。自主性和追求变化对个体创业意向的影响系数未达到显著性水平。在男性样本组内，追求变化和利益追逐相对于个体创业意向的路径系数达到了显著性水平。追求卓越、自主性和成就动机对个体创业意向的影响系数未达到显著性水平。在个人资源水平层面：两性在此层面的差异最小：无论在男性或者女性样本组内，创业回馈、资源获得和未来就业相对于个体创业意向的路径系数同样达到了显著性水平。
研究三在研究二的基础上，探讨各个层次创业意向影响因素发生作用的心理过程。首先，研究三检验个体对创业希求性和创业可行性的认知在个体创业决策过程里中介各个前因变量和创业意向之间的作用；然后，检验创业承诺在各个层面的因素影响个体创业意向过程里的中介作用。同时，研究三还系统地探讨了上述过程中由于性别造成的创业意向决策差异。实证结果验证了创业希求性、创业可行性和创业承诺的中介作用。同时，研究显示：1、女性样本的创业意向同时受到创业可行性和创业希求性的影响；而男性样本更多地受到创业希求性影响。2、相对女性，男性的创业可行性仅受到个人资源的影响。这说明男性对创业的可行性仅限于考虑个人所具备的条件；对宏观条件方面的影响考虑较少。而女性的创业可行性则同时考虑两个方面的因素。3、男性的创业希求性知觉同时受到宏观环境和个人特质的影响。与女性相比，男性的创业希求性知觉受到宏观环境的影响。这说明：社会对创业者的态度、市场条件以及创业成功的事例都会影响男性个体对创业吸引力的知觉。而女性的创业希求性认知仅仅受到个人内部特质层面和个人动机层面因素的影响。4、女性创业希求性和创业可行性的认知对个体创业承诺具有相等的影响力。而男性样本的创业承诺更多地受到创业希求性的影响。
研究四检验影响女性创业意向与行为的一些特异性因素。在文献研究以及访谈研究的基础上，着重探讨女性的性别角色认同和家庭承诺对女性创业意向的影响。结果显示：女性个体的性别认同状况和家庭承诺水平严重制约着个体创业意向决策。本节研究通过实证手段揭示了两个制约个体创业意向的缓冲因素，增进了研究者对女性创业意向影响机制的理解。
最后，在以上4个研究结果的基础上，对本研究的研究结论、理论进展、研究局限性，以及研究的理论与现实意义进行了总结，并提出未来研究展望。
In the past three decades, entrepreneurship literature shows that the rate of starting one' s own business for women is significantly lower than that of man. Although the magnitude of difference is diminishing, the gap between man and women is still huge—the number of male entrepreneurs is almost four times than that of female entrepreneur. What shapes such enormous difference between man and women? This question has been torturing and intriguing lots of researches. Entrepreneurial intentions is defined as an individual internal intention to become an entrepreneur and start one' s own business, which is recognized as one paramount factor leading individual to become an entrepreneur some day or immediately. Through investigating difference between man and women in the formative process that individual engender one' s entrepreneurial intention, scholars have provides some helpful evidence to better our understanding of what cause the gigantic distinction and how it happen. However, limited researches and discrete evidences are far more adequate to provide a comprehensive picture quenching our curiosity about this issue. In this dissertation, I attempt to make contribution to improve our knowledge about the issue by focusing on systematically exploring the disparity and familiarity between genders in formulating their entrepreneurial intention. This dissertation is comprised of four parts described as follows:
The first section aimed at identifying women-specific factors impacting individual entrepreneurial intention. Structural interview was used as primary method to locate factors that have exclusively idiosyncratic influence on women entrepreneurial intention. Twenty one entrepreneur scattered largely in east south of China were sampled as interviewees who were asked to describe critical events or trigger events for them to start their own business. The process of interviewing were recorded and transferred, and then content analysis technique is employed to build theory and identify key variables. Finally, the results showed that attitudes of husband to potential women entrepreneurial behaviors and interaction between mates are important determinant for women entrepreneurial intention. In addition, women entrepreneurial intention also is function of work-related experience, life hood and relationship between women and family members. Society-imposing gender role, culture, social norm, national economic situation and attitude of government to entrepreneurial behaviors were also mentioned in the structural interview. Finally, gender identification and family commitment are merged as two striking variable to exclusively impact women entrepreneurial intention.
Based on the literature review and structural interview, section two focused on constructing model of describing what factors impacts on individual entrepreneurial intention. A variety of statistical methods (EFA and CFA) were used to provide evidence that the measurement tools are reliable and valid. The results indicated that 1\ for the Macro level antecedents: both genders are sensitive to the factor of social norm and economic situation, and the effect of social culture and government support is small and no significant. The difference between genders appeared in the relative importance of determinants: the social norm and economic situation seems to be equivalent in influencing individual entrepreneurial intention in male group; however, social norm indicated superior influence for entrepreneurial intention to economic situation in female group. 2\ for the disposition level antecedents: in female group, achievement orientation, competitiveness and value for money turned out to be significant determinant for entrepreneurial intention, and yet the linkage of autonomy and risk taking with entrepreneurial intention is no significant. In male group, risk taking and value for the money achieved significant level (0.05). The effect of competitiveness, autonomy and achievement orientation is no significant. 3\ for the personal resource level: both genders obtain similar data pattern. Payment evaluation, resource availability and future employment all achieved significant level.
The main purpose of section three is to explore the mechanism how extraneous determinants impact on individual entrepreneurial intention. First, the mediating effect of entrepreneurial feasibility and entrepreneurial desirability is tested. Second, whether entrepreneurial commitment constitutes a mediating linkage of feasible recognition and desirable recognition with individual entrepreneurial intention is examined. In addition, the difference between genders in above process was also investigated. The empirical results indicated that 1/ women entrepreneurial intention is simultaneously shaped by feasibility recognition and desirability recognition for starting one' s own business. However, male individuals are primarily driven by desirability recognition. 2/ the determinants of feasibility recognition in male group are only restricted to personal resource level factor. Nevertheless, women are prone to take into account for both level factors (macro factor level and personal resource level). 3/ in male group, desirability recognition is function of both macro level factors and disposition level factors. Comparatively, in female group, desirability recognition is impacted by only disposition level factors. 4/ in female group, feasibility recognition and desirability recognition have almost the same influence on individual entrepreneurial commitment. Yet, man' s entrepreneurial commitment is only associated with desirability recognition.
Built on the basis of section two, section four examined the moderating effect of gender identification and family commitment, which were identified in structural interview part, in the process that antecedents of entrepreneurial intention impact on feasibility recognition and desirability recognition. The results confirmed the moderator role of gender identification and family commitment, and these findings facilitate our understanding of the mechanism how women generate their entrepreneurial intentions.
Finally, the empirical findings and theoretical contribution were summarized. Practical implication and limitations of the research were also discussed. Additionally, future research directions are brought forward.
研究一采用半结构化深度访谈的方法，以我国女性创业实践比较活跃地区的较为典型的女性创业者为访谈对象，获悉女性创业过程中的一些重要事件，尤其有关创业意向形成中的关键事件或者触发事件。根据对这些关键事件的内容编码分析，总结得出女性创业意向区别于男性创业意向的几个关键因素。同时，在提炼出的女性创业意向关键因素的基础上，确定女性创业意向特异性因素。研究显示：丈夫对女性创业者事业角色的认可与否是一个很重要的影响因素；女性创业过程，除了受到本身的创业经验所影响，也与其生命历程及家庭关系产生密切的互动与影响；社会普遍对女性角色的期待、文化环境、国家经济总体运行的形势和政府对创业行为的态度和支持力度构成了影响个体创业的大环境。此外，个体层面的因素，包括个人资源和个性特质等因素也影响创业意向。值得注意的是：区别于男性个体，影响女性创业意向的两个重要特异性因素则是：女性对性别角色认同和对自己家庭的承诺。在访谈中，这两个因素对女性创业意向形成的具有重要的影响作用。
研究二在文献研究和访谈研究的基础上，确定影响个体创业意向的因素，并使用探索性因素分析方法验证测量工具的初步有效性。然后，通过验证性因素分析方法验证其结构并分析量表的信、效度。在提供测量工具恰当性验证的基础上，检验本文提出的个体创业意向影响因素结构模型。同时，检验男女在各个影响因素及其子维度上的系统差别。结果显示：在宏观水平层面，对于两性而言，社会规范和经济发展趋势对创业意向具有相对重要的影响。而政策因素和社会文化对创业行为的态度相对不会产生十分重要的影响。同时两性之间也表现出在创业意向影响结构上的差异：对男性而言社会规范和经济形势表现出对个体创业意向非常接近的影响力。而社会规范在女性样本组中表现出对个体创业意向最重要的影响力。在个人特质水平层面：在女性样本组内，成就动机、追求卓越和利益追逐相对于个体创业意向的路径系数达到了显著性水平。自主性和追求变化对个体创业意向的影响系数未达到显著性水平。在男性样本组内，追求变化和利益追逐相对于个体创业意向的路径系数达到了显著性水平。追求卓越、自主性和成就动机对个体创业意向的影响系数未达到显著性水平。在个人资源水平层面：两性在此层面的差异最小：无论在男性或者女性样本组内，创业回馈、资源获得和未来就业相对于个体创业意向的路径系数同样达到了显著性水平。
研究三在研究二的基础上，探讨各个层次创业意向影响因素发生作用的心理过程。首先，研究三检验个体对创业希求性和创业可行性的认知在个体创业决策过程里中介各个前因变量和创业意向之间的作用；然后，检验创业承诺在各个层面的因素影响个体创业意向过程里的中介作用。同时，研究三还系统地探讨了上述过程中由于性别造成的创业意向决策差异。实证结果验证了创业希求性、创业可行性和创业承诺的中介作用。同时，研究显示：1、女性样本的创业意向同时受到创业可行性和创业希求性的影响；而男性样本更多地受到创业希求性影响。2、相对女性，男性的创业可行性仅受到个人资源的影响。这说明男性对创业的可行性仅限于考虑个人所具备的条件；对宏观条件方面的影响考虑较少。而女性的创业可行性则同时考虑两个方面的因素。3、男性的创业希求性知觉同时受到宏观环境和个人特质的影响。与女性相比，男性的创业希求性知觉受到宏观环境的影响。这说明：社会对创业者的态度、市场条件以及创业成功的事例都会影响男性个体对创业吸引力的知觉。而女性的创业希求性认知仅仅受到个人内部特质层面和个人动机层面因素的影响。4、女性创业希求性和创业可行性的认知对个体创业承诺具有相等的影响力。而男性样本的创业承诺更多地受到创业希求性的影响。
研究四检验影响女性创业意向与行为的一些特异性因素。在文献研究以及访谈研究的基础上，着重探讨女性的性别角色认同和家庭承诺对女性创业意向的影响。结果显示：女性个体的性别认同状况和家庭承诺水平严重制约着个体创业意向决策。本节研究通过实证手段揭示了两个制约个体创业意向的缓冲因素，增进了研究者对女性创业意向影响机制的理解。
最后，在以上4个研究结果的基础上，对本研究的研究结论、理论进展、研究局限性，以及研究的理论与现实意义进行了总结，并提出未来研究展望。
In the past three decades, entrepreneurship literature shows that the rate of starting one' s own business for women is significantly lower than that of man. Although the magnitude of difference is diminishing, the gap between man and women is still huge—the number of male entrepreneurs is almost four times than that of female entrepreneur. What shapes such enormous difference between man and women? This question has been torturing and intriguing lots of researches. Entrepreneurial intentions is defined as an individual internal intention to become an entrepreneur and start one' s own business, which is recognized as one paramount factor leading individual to become an entrepreneur some day or immediately. Through investigating difference between man and women in the formative process that individual engender one' s entrepreneurial intention, scholars have provides some helpful evidence to better our understanding of what cause the gigantic distinction and how it happen. However, limited researches and discrete evidences are far more adequate to provide a comprehensive picture quenching our curiosity about this issue. In this dissertation, I attempt to make contribution to improve our knowledge about the issue by focusing on systematically exploring the disparity and familiarity between genders in formulating their entrepreneurial intention. This dissertation is comprised of four parts described as follows:
The first section aimed at identifying women-specific factors impacting individual entrepreneurial intention. Structural interview was used as primary method to locate factors that have exclusively idiosyncratic influence on women entrepreneurial intention. Twenty one entrepreneur scattered largely in east south of China were sampled as interviewees who were asked to describe critical events or trigger events for them to start their own business. The process of interviewing were recorded and transferred, and then content analysis technique is employed to build theory and identify key variables. Finally, the results showed that attitudes of husband to potential women entrepreneurial behaviors and interaction between mates are important determinant for women entrepreneurial intention. In addition, women entrepreneurial intention also is function of work-related experience, life hood and relationship between women and family members. Society-imposing gender role, culture, social norm, national economic situation and attitude of government to entrepreneurial behaviors were also mentioned in the structural interview. Finally, gender identification and family commitment are merged as two striking variable to exclusively impact women entrepreneurial intention.
Based on the literature review and structural interview, section two focused on constructing model of describing what factors impacts on individual entrepreneurial intention. A variety of statistical methods (EFA and CFA) were used to provide evidence that the measurement tools are reliable and valid. The results indicated that 1\ for the Macro level antecedents: both genders are sensitive to the factor of social norm and economic situation, and the effect of social culture and government support is small and no significant. The difference between genders appeared in the relative importance of determinants: the social norm and economic situation seems to be equivalent in influencing individual entrepreneurial intention in male group; however, social norm indicated superior influence for entrepreneurial intention to economic situation in female group. 2\ for the disposition level antecedents: in female group, achievement orientation, competitiveness and value for money turned out to be significant determinant for entrepreneurial intention, and yet the linkage of autonomy and risk taking with entrepreneurial intention is no significant. In male group, risk taking and value for the money achieved significant level (0.05). The effect of competitiveness, autonomy and achievement orientation is no significant. 3\ for the personal resource level: both genders obtain similar data pattern. Payment evaluation, resource availability and future employment all achieved significant level.
The main purpose of section three is to explore the mechanism how extraneous determinants impact on individual entrepreneurial intention. First, the mediating effect of entrepreneurial feasibility and entrepreneurial desirability is tested. Second, whether entrepreneurial commitment constitutes a mediating linkage of feasible recognition and desirable recognition with individual entrepreneurial intention is examined. In addition, the difference between genders in above process was also investigated. The empirical results indicated that 1/ women entrepreneurial intention is simultaneously shaped by feasibility recognition and desirability recognition for starting one' s own business. However, male individuals are primarily driven by desirability recognition. 2/ the determinants of feasibility recognition in male group are only restricted to personal resource level factor. Nevertheless, women are prone to take into account for both level factors (macro factor level and personal resource level). 3/ in male group, desirability recognition is function of both macro level factors and disposition level factors. Comparatively, in female group, desirability recognition is impacted by only disposition level factors. 4/ in female group, feasibility recognition and desirability recognition have almost the same influence on individual entrepreneurial commitment. Yet, man' s entrepreneurial commitment is only associated with desirability recognition.
Built on the basis of section two, section four examined the moderating effect of gender identification and family commitment, which were identified in structural interview part, in the process that antecedents of entrepreneurial intention impact on feasibility recognition and desirability recognition. The results confirmed the moderator role of gender identification and family commitment, and these findings facilitate our understanding of the mechanism how women generate their entrepreneurial intentions.
Finally, the empirical findings and theoretical contribution were summarized. Practical implication and limitations of the research were also discussed. Additionally, future research directions are brought forward.
引文
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