剩余污泥温度分级—生物分相厌氧消化系统研究
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摘要
随着我国城市污水处理厂建设力度加大，导致污泥产量激增，污泥的处理处置问题日益突出。厌氧消化是实现污泥稳定化、无害化、减量化、资源化重要工艺之一，在降解有机物的同时可以产生再生能源，在解决污泥处理处置问题方面有着很大的发展潜力。然而厌氧消化技术在我国并不普及，建成的厌氧消化系统能够正常运行的并不多。本研究从厌氧消化工艺原理出发，以城市污水厂的剩余污泥为研究对象，提出温度分级-生物分相（Temperature Staged and Biologically Phased, TSBP）厌氧消化工艺，通过同时控制温度和停留时间来实现产酸相和产甲烷相的分离。并结合污泥集中处理的思路，开发适用于高含固率污泥的热碱联合预处理+TSBP厌氧消化工艺，使高含固率污泥能够更容易水解酸化，进而提高整个TSBP系统的厌氧消化能力。
通过间歇试验和半连续试验，分别研究温度和停留时间对污泥产酸相处理效果的影响。研究结果表明，在25~60oC范围内温度对水解和酸化反应的影响不同。污泥的水解效果随着温度升高而水解作用增强，而温度高于45oC时挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）浓度并没有继续增长。当产酸相温度为45oC时，在2~6d的停留时间范围内停留时间为4d时比较合适。
在产酸相反应器运行工况确定的基础上，建立污泥TSBP厌氧消化系统，将其系统产气量以及有机物降解率等方面与单相系统进行比较。研究结果表明，在产酸相温度为45oC、停留时间为4d，产甲烷相反应器温度为35oC、停留时间为16d时TSBP系统运行情况较好。TSBP厌氧消化系统甲烷产量和VS去除率分别能达到754mLCH4/d和51.3%，高于中温单相系统的408mLCH4/d和46.0%。通过扫描电镜对反应器内微生物形态进行分析表明在TSBP系统中通过对温度和停留时间的控制成功实现了产酸菌和产甲烷菌生物相的基本分离。
将TSBP系统应用于含固率为8%左右的污泥厌氧消化中，在工艺前端增加热碱预处理技术。通过批式试验对热碱预处理进行条件参数优化研究，结果表明投加KOH溶液将污泥初始pH调节至11.0后，在80oC下持续加热30min能够明显促进污泥水解反应。而热碱预处理后的污泥在水解酸化间歇试验中产生的溶解性有机物浓度（SCOD）和VFAs浓度均明显高于未预处理的污泥。同时KOH热碱预处理后的污泥在经过水解酸化反应后污泥细胞壁破裂现象明显且经过预处理的污泥在水解酸化后的产甲烷潜力明显高于未预处理的污泥。将热碱预处理技术与TSBP厌氧消化系统相结合，高含固率污泥热碱预处理+TSBP厌氧消化系统的甲烷产量和有机物去除率均明显高于单相系统。
依据小试试验结果，建立高含固率污泥TSBP厌氧消化系统的示范工程。并着重对整个系统从能量平衡的角度进行计算和分析，从经济性方面来评价本工艺的推广和应用潜力。经过对系统进行能量平衡核算，TSBP系统能够实现能量自给自足。
In recent years, with the rapid development of WWTPs and the increase of sewagetreatment rates, sewage treatment capacity has substantially increased, resulting in acorresponding increase in sludge production. Sewage sludge has become a prominentglobal environmental problem. Anaerobic digestion is an established technology that iseffective and economical for the stabilization of sewage sludge and renewable energy canbe generated in the process of the degradation of organic matter at the same time.Therefore, it is very potential for the treatment and disposal of sludge. However, anaerobicdigestion technology is not popular in China and most of the exsiting anaerobic digestivesystems didn’t run very well. The concept of temperature staged and biologically phased(TSBP) was proposed to enhance the performance of waste-activated sludge (WAS)anaerobic digestion in this paper and the separation of acidogenic and methanogenic phasewas achieved by simultaneously controlling temperature and hydraulic retention time(HRT). Furthermore, thermal-alkaline pretreatment and TSBP anaerobic digestion processwere combined to discuss the efficiency of high solid content WAS treatment.
The effect of temperature and HRT for acidogenic phase was disccused through batchtests and semi-continuous experiments, respectively. The results showed that theinfluences of temperature on the hydrolysis and acidification processes were different. Thedegree of solubilization gradually increased with the increase of temperature while whilethe acidification degree was highest at45°C. Compared with HRT of2and6days,4dayswas chosen as the appropriate HRT at45°C.
TSBP anaerobic digestion system combined the acidogenic reactor (45°C,4days)with the methanogenic reactor (35°C,16days) was estabilished based on the operatingconditions of acidogenic phase and compared gas production and volatile solid reductionwith a single-phase system. The results showed84.8%and11.4%higher methane yieldand volatile solid reduction, respectively. Moreover, different microbial morphologieswere observed in the acidogenic and methanogenic phase reactors, which resulted fromthe temperature control and HRT adjustment.
Applied TSBP anaerobic digestion system to high solid content (about8%) WAStreatment and thermal-alkaline pretreatment technology was added before the system.Batch tests were carried out to optimize the thermal-alkaline pretreatment condition andthe results explained that the hydrolysis process could significantly be promoted whendosing KOH solution to adjuste the initial pH value of sludge to11.0and then heating thesludge at80oC for30min. Moreover, after hydrolysis and acidification reaction in batchtests, the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand（SCOD）and volatile fattyacids（VFAs）were significantly higher than non-pretreated sludge. And the methanogenicpotential of thermal-alkaline pretreated WAS after hydrolysis and acidification processwas significantly higher than non-pretreated sludge. Combining thermal-alkalinepretreatment technology and TSBP anaerobic digestion system, the methane yield andvolatile solid reduction were both improved compared with single-phase syetem as well asTSBP anaerobic digestion system.
A full-scale TSBP anaerobic digestion project was established based on the results ofthe laboratory research. The discussion was focusd on energy balance calculation andanalysis of the entire system to evaluate the application potential in terms of economy.And the TSBP anaerobic digestion system was able to achieve stable operation and realizeenergy self-sufficiency from the point of view of energy balance.
通过间歇试验和半连续试验，分别研究温度和停留时间对污泥产酸相处理效果的影响。研究结果表明，在25~60oC范围内温度对水解和酸化反应的影响不同。污泥的水解效果随着温度升高而水解作用增强，而温度高于45oC时挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）浓度并没有继续增长。当产酸相温度为45oC时，在2~6d的停留时间范围内停留时间为4d时比较合适。
在产酸相反应器运行工况确定的基础上，建立污泥TSBP厌氧消化系统，将其系统产气量以及有机物降解率等方面与单相系统进行比较。研究结果表明，在产酸相温度为45oC、停留时间为4d，产甲烷相反应器温度为35oC、停留时间为16d时TSBP系统运行情况较好。TSBP厌氧消化系统甲烷产量和VS去除率分别能达到754mLCH4/d和51.3%，高于中温单相系统的408mLCH4/d和46.0%。通过扫描电镜对反应器内微生物形态进行分析表明在TSBP系统中通过对温度和停留时间的控制成功实现了产酸菌和产甲烷菌生物相的基本分离。
将TSBP系统应用于含固率为8%左右的污泥厌氧消化中，在工艺前端增加热碱预处理技术。通过批式试验对热碱预处理进行条件参数优化研究，结果表明投加KOH溶液将污泥初始pH调节至11.0后，在80oC下持续加热30min能够明显促进污泥水解反应。而热碱预处理后的污泥在水解酸化间歇试验中产生的溶解性有机物浓度（SCOD）和VFAs浓度均明显高于未预处理的污泥。同时KOH热碱预处理后的污泥在经过水解酸化反应后污泥细胞壁破裂现象明显且经过预处理的污泥在水解酸化后的产甲烷潜力明显高于未预处理的污泥。将热碱预处理技术与TSBP厌氧消化系统相结合，高含固率污泥热碱预处理+TSBP厌氧消化系统的甲烷产量和有机物去除率均明显高于单相系统。
依据小试试验结果，建立高含固率污泥TSBP厌氧消化系统的示范工程。并着重对整个系统从能量平衡的角度进行计算和分析，从经济性方面来评价本工艺的推广和应用潜力。经过对系统进行能量平衡核算，TSBP系统能够实现能量自给自足。
In recent years, with the rapid development of WWTPs and the increase of sewagetreatment rates, sewage treatment capacity has substantially increased, resulting in acorresponding increase in sludge production. Sewage sludge has become a prominentglobal environmental problem. Anaerobic digestion is an established technology that iseffective and economical for the stabilization of sewage sludge and renewable energy canbe generated in the process of the degradation of organic matter at the same time.Therefore, it is very potential for the treatment and disposal of sludge. However, anaerobicdigestion technology is not popular in China and most of the exsiting anaerobic digestivesystems didn’t run very well. The concept of temperature staged and biologically phased(TSBP) was proposed to enhance the performance of waste-activated sludge (WAS)anaerobic digestion in this paper and the separation of acidogenic and methanogenic phasewas achieved by simultaneously controlling temperature and hydraulic retention time(HRT). Furthermore, thermal-alkaline pretreatment and TSBP anaerobic digestion processwere combined to discuss the efficiency of high solid content WAS treatment.
The effect of temperature and HRT for acidogenic phase was disccused through batchtests and semi-continuous experiments, respectively. The results showed that theinfluences of temperature on the hydrolysis and acidification processes were different. Thedegree of solubilization gradually increased with the increase of temperature while whilethe acidification degree was highest at45°C. Compared with HRT of2and6days,4dayswas chosen as the appropriate HRT at45°C.
TSBP anaerobic digestion system combined the acidogenic reactor (45°C,4days)with the methanogenic reactor (35°C,16days) was estabilished based on the operatingconditions of acidogenic phase and compared gas production and volatile solid reductionwith a single-phase system. The results showed84.8%and11.4%higher methane yieldand volatile solid reduction, respectively. Moreover, different microbial morphologieswere observed in the acidogenic and methanogenic phase reactors, which resulted fromthe temperature control and HRT adjustment.
Applied TSBP anaerobic digestion system to high solid content (about8%) WAStreatment and thermal-alkaline pretreatment technology was added before the system.Batch tests were carried out to optimize the thermal-alkaline pretreatment condition andthe results explained that the hydrolysis process could significantly be promoted whendosing KOH solution to adjuste the initial pH value of sludge to11.0and then heating thesludge at80oC for30min. Moreover, after hydrolysis and acidification reaction in batchtests, the concentration of soluble chemical oxygen demand（SCOD）and volatile fattyacids（VFAs）were significantly higher than non-pretreated sludge. And the methanogenicpotential of thermal-alkaline pretreated WAS after hydrolysis and acidification processwas significantly higher than non-pretreated sludge. Combining thermal-alkalinepretreatment technology and TSBP anaerobic digestion system, the methane yield andvolatile solid reduction were both improved compared with single-phase syetem as well asTSBP anaerobic digestion system.
A full-scale TSBP anaerobic digestion project was established based on the results ofthe laboratory research. The discussion was focusd on energy balance calculation andanalysis of the entire system to evaluate the application potential in terms of economy.And the TSBP anaerobic digestion system was able to achieve stable operation and realizeenergy self-sufficiency from the point of view of energy balance.
引文
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