美洲斑潜蝇与三叶斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇种间竞争的初步研究
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摘要
美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard、三叶斑潜蝇L. trifolii(Burgess)、南美斑潜蝇L. huidobrensis(Blanchard)是三种危险的外来入侵性害虫,严重危害蔬菜、花卉等植物。且具有繁殖力强、发育周期短、寄主范围广、耐药性高、易暴发成灾等特点,给防治工作带来巨大困难。自1970年以来,不断向世界各地蔓延危害。近年来,这三种斑潜蝇种间取代现象时有发生。这三种斑潜蝇均已侵入我国,在我国南方三种斑潜蝇同时发生,那么,它们之间是否也存在竞争替代现象,国内还未见报道。我们对此开展了一些初步研究,主要从近年来三种斑潜蝇种间竞争的研究进展,斑潜蝇种间更替和取代现象的可能机理,温度、嗅觉、生殖干扰、种群动态调查等方面对三种斑潜蝇的种间竞争进行了初步研究,以期为斑潜蝇的种间更替取代提供理论依据,为斑潜蝇的有效控制提供技术支撑。主要结果如下:
综述了近年来三种斑潜蝇种间竞争的研究进展,并分析了种间更替和取代现象的可能机理。种间杂交、生殖干扰、天敌、生态位、寄主植物、抗药性以及高致害性生物型的出现都可能是造成斑潜蝇种间更替与取代的原因。
研究了温度对美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响。结果显示:在18℃下,南美斑潜蝇F1代成虫数(2.5±0.7)显著高于美洲斑潜蝇(0.4±0.3);25℃下,两种斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数无显著差异;30℃下,美洲斑潜蝇F1代成虫数(18.0±2.9)显著高于南美斑潜蝇(0)。研究了高温对美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响。结果显示:三叶斑潜蝇耐高温能力更强。28℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数为5.2±1.9,与三叶斑潜蝇的6.2±1.2无显著差异;35℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数仅为0.8±0.3显著低于三叶斑潜蝇的4.5±1.1。
应用Y型嗅觉仪测定了美洲斑潜蝇(Ls)和南美斑潜蝇(Lh)、美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇(Lt)对相互间产卵叶片、幼虫叶片以及成虫的气味趋避性差异。发现幼虫叶片和产卵叶片对美洲斑潜蝇雌虫、南美斑潜蝇雌虫、三叶斑潜蝇雌虫都有一定的驱避作用,其驱避作用顺序为Ls幼虫叶片≥Lh幼虫叶片>新鲜叶片,Ls产卵叶片>Lh产卵叶片>新鲜叶片;Lt幼虫叶片≥Ls幼虫叶片>新鲜叶片,Lt产卵叶片≥Ls产卵叶片>新鲜叶片。南美斑潜蝇雌虫对其雄虫的引诱作用显著高于美洲斑潜蝇雌虫对其雄虫的引诱作用;三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇雌虫对各自雄虫有一定的引诱作用,但差异不显著。
对美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇间的生殖干扰进行了研究。结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇间存在相互生殖干扰。向美洲斑潜蝇试验笼中释放不同数量的三叶斑潜蝇雄虫,其后代数量会有不同程度的降低,三叶斑潜蝇雄虫越多,其后代越少;相反,向三叶斑潜蝇试验笼中释放美洲斑潜蝇雄虫,三叶斑潜蝇后代数量也有不同程度的降低。在同等干扰条件下,三叶斑潜蝇具有更强的干扰能力。两种斑潜蝇间的生殖干扰只是影响F1代的数量,并不影响化蛹率、羽化率和雌雄比。
2005年～2011年,对三叶斑潜蝇在我国的种群动态进行了调查,发现其已蔓延至我国华南地区及江苏、浙江危害,局部地区危害严重。在海南省,其已取代美洲斑潜蝇成为优势种群。
Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard), L. trifolii (Burgess) are three invasive insect pests of vegetable crops and ornamental plants in china and elsewhere in the word which have caused tremendous economical losses. Due to having these characteristics such as high fertility, short development cycle, wide host range, resistance to pesticides, easy breakout, etc., they are very difficult to control. Since 1970s, the three species of Liriomyza constantly spread to other countries all over the world. In recent years, interspecific competition and displacements occur occasionally among the three Liriomyza species. Here, the research progresses on interspecific competition among the three Liriomyza species were summarized. The possible mechanism for those competition phenomenon are also discussed. Impacts of temperature, volatiles and reproductive interference on interspecific competion among the three leafminer species were examined. Population dynamics of the three leafminer species were surveyed. These information and our results will be helpful to provide new strategy for controlling leafminers and provided knowledge on leafeminers pest status evolution.The results are summarized as follows:
Research progresses on interspecific competition among these three Liriomyza species were summarized. The possible mechanism for those competition phenomenon are also discussed. There are many reasons which can cause displacements between different leafminers, such as interspecific hybridization, reproductive interference, natural enemy, niches, host plants, susceptivity to pesticides, appearance of new dangerous biological type.
Impacts of temperature on interspecific competion between L. sativae and L. huidobrensis were determined. It was found that there was significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (0.4±0.3) and L. huidobrensis (2.5±0.7) in 18℃; in 25℃, the number of L. sativae adults (7.6±3.0) were more than that of L. huidobrensis adults (4.3±2.0) in F1 progeny, but no significant difference; in 30℃,there were only L. sativae adults (18.0±2.9) in F1 progeny.
Influences of high temperature on interspecific competion between L. sativae and L. trifolii were determined. It indicated that L. trifolii had a stronger capability against high temperature than L. sativae. There was no significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (5.2±1.9) and L. trifolii (6.2±1.2) in 28℃, but there was significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (0.8±0.3) and L. trifolii (4.5±1.1) in 35℃.
Responses of L. sativae, L. huidobrensis and L. trifolii female leafminers to odours of ovipositing leaves, lavae leaves and attractiveness of female leafminers to male leafminers were tested with a Y-tube olfactometer. It was found that ovipositing leaves and lavae leaves had some repellent function to female leafminers, and the order from high to low was L. sativae lavae leaves≥L. huidobrensis lavae leaves>healthy leaves, L. sativae ovipositing leaves>L. huidobrensis ovipositing leaves>healthy leaves; L. trifolii lavae leaves≥L. sativae lavae leaves>healthy leaves, L. trifolii ovipositing leaves≥L. sativae ovipositing leaves>healthy leaves. The attractiveness on female leafminers to male leafminers of L. huidobrensis was significantly higher than that of L. sativae, and there was some attractiveness on female leafminers to male leafminers of L. sativae and L. trifolii, but no significant difference.
Reproductive interference between L. sativae and L. trifolii was examined. It was found that there was reproductive interference between L. sativae and L. trifolii. The number of L. sativae F1offsprings descended when L. trifolii male adults were put into the cages of L. sativae, and more L. trifolii male adults, fewer L. sativae F1offsprings. On the contrary, it was samilar that L. sativae male adults were put into the cages of L. trifolii. under the same interference condition, F1 progeny ralative percentage of L. sativae was significantly less than that of L. trifolii. In reproductive interference, only the number of F1 progeny was interfered, and there were no significant differences on pupal rates, emergence rates and sex ratios.
The population dynamics of L. trifolii was surveyed from 2005 to 2011. It was found that South China and Jiangsu, Zhejiang were its distribution areas some of where it caused serious damages. L. trifolii has become the dominant population in Hainan Province.
综述了近年来三种斑潜蝇种间竞争的研究进展,并分析了种间更替和取代现象的可能机理。种间杂交、生殖干扰、天敌、生态位、寄主植物、抗药性以及高致害性生物型的出现都可能是造成斑潜蝇种间更替与取代的原因。
研究了温度对美洲斑潜蝇和南美斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响。结果显示:在18℃下,南美斑潜蝇F1代成虫数(2.5±0.7)显著高于美洲斑潜蝇(0.4±0.3);25℃下,两种斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数无显著差异;30℃下,美洲斑潜蝇F1代成虫数(18.0±2.9)显著高于南美斑潜蝇(0)。研究了高温对美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇种间竞争的影响。结果显示:三叶斑潜蝇耐高温能力更强。28℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数为5.2±1.9,与三叶斑潜蝇的6.2±1.2无显著差异;35℃下,美洲斑潜蝇的F1代成虫数仅为0.8±0.3显著低于三叶斑潜蝇的4.5±1.1。
应用Y型嗅觉仪测定了美洲斑潜蝇(Ls)和南美斑潜蝇(Lh)、美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇(Lt)对相互间产卵叶片、幼虫叶片以及成虫的气味趋避性差异。发现幼虫叶片和产卵叶片对美洲斑潜蝇雌虫、南美斑潜蝇雌虫、三叶斑潜蝇雌虫都有一定的驱避作用,其驱避作用顺序为Ls幼虫叶片≥Lh幼虫叶片>新鲜叶片,Ls产卵叶片>Lh产卵叶片>新鲜叶片;Lt幼虫叶片≥Ls幼虫叶片>新鲜叶片,Lt产卵叶片≥Ls产卵叶片>新鲜叶片。南美斑潜蝇雌虫对其雄虫的引诱作用显著高于美洲斑潜蝇雌虫对其雄虫的引诱作用;三叶斑潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇雌虫对各自雄虫有一定的引诱作用,但差异不显著。
对美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇间的生殖干扰进行了研究。结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇和三叶斑潜蝇间存在相互生殖干扰。向美洲斑潜蝇试验笼中释放不同数量的三叶斑潜蝇雄虫,其后代数量会有不同程度的降低,三叶斑潜蝇雄虫越多,其后代越少;相反,向三叶斑潜蝇试验笼中释放美洲斑潜蝇雄虫,三叶斑潜蝇后代数量也有不同程度的降低。在同等干扰条件下,三叶斑潜蝇具有更强的干扰能力。两种斑潜蝇间的生殖干扰只是影响F1代的数量,并不影响化蛹率、羽化率和雌雄比。
2005年～2011年,对三叶斑潜蝇在我国的种群动态进行了调查,发现其已蔓延至我国华南地区及江苏、浙江危害,局部地区危害严重。在海南省,其已取代美洲斑潜蝇成为优势种群。
Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard), L. trifolii (Burgess) are three invasive insect pests of vegetable crops and ornamental plants in china and elsewhere in the word which have caused tremendous economical losses. Due to having these characteristics such as high fertility, short development cycle, wide host range, resistance to pesticides, easy breakout, etc., they are very difficult to control. Since 1970s, the three species of Liriomyza constantly spread to other countries all over the world. In recent years, interspecific competition and displacements occur occasionally among the three Liriomyza species. Here, the research progresses on interspecific competition among the three Liriomyza species were summarized. The possible mechanism for those competition phenomenon are also discussed. Impacts of temperature, volatiles and reproductive interference on interspecific competion among the three leafminer species were examined. Population dynamics of the three leafminer species were surveyed. These information and our results will be helpful to provide new strategy for controlling leafminers and provided knowledge on leafeminers pest status evolution.The results are summarized as follows:
Research progresses on interspecific competition among these three Liriomyza species were summarized. The possible mechanism for those competition phenomenon are also discussed. There are many reasons which can cause displacements between different leafminers, such as interspecific hybridization, reproductive interference, natural enemy, niches, host plants, susceptivity to pesticides, appearance of new dangerous biological type.
Impacts of temperature on interspecific competion between L. sativae and L. huidobrensis were determined. It was found that there was significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (0.4±0.3) and L. huidobrensis (2.5±0.7) in 18℃; in 25℃, the number of L. sativae adults (7.6±3.0) were more than that of L. huidobrensis adults (4.3±2.0) in F1 progeny, but no significant difference; in 30℃,there were only L. sativae adults (18.0±2.9) in F1 progeny.
Influences of high temperature on interspecific competion between L. sativae and L. trifolii were determined. It indicated that L. trifolii had a stronger capability against high temperature than L. sativae. There was no significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (5.2±1.9) and L. trifolii (6.2±1.2) in 28℃, but there was significant difference on the number of F1 adults between L. sativae (0.8±0.3) and L. trifolii (4.5±1.1) in 35℃.
Responses of L. sativae, L. huidobrensis and L. trifolii female leafminers to odours of ovipositing leaves, lavae leaves and attractiveness of female leafminers to male leafminers were tested with a Y-tube olfactometer. It was found that ovipositing leaves and lavae leaves had some repellent function to female leafminers, and the order from high to low was L. sativae lavae leaves≥L. huidobrensis lavae leaves>healthy leaves, L. sativae ovipositing leaves>L. huidobrensis ovipositing leaves>healthy leaves; L. trifolii lavae leaves≥L. sativae lavae leaves>healthy leaves, L. trifolii ovipositing leaves≥L. sativae ovipositing leaves>healthy leaves. The attractiveness on female leafminers to male leafminers of L. huidobrensis was significantly higher than that of L. sativae, and there was some attractiveness on female leafminers to male leafminers of L. sativae and L. trifolii, but no significant difference.
Reproductive interference between L. sativae and L. trifolii was examined. It was found that there was reproductive interference between L. sativae and L. trifolii. The number of L. sativae F1offsprings descended when L. trifolii male adults were put into the cages of L. sativae, and more L. trifolii male adults, fewer L. sativae F1offsprings. On the contrary, it was samilar that L. sativae male adults were put into the cages of L. trifolii. under the same interference condition, F1 progeny ralative percentage of L. sativae was significantly less than that of L. trifolii. In reproductive interference, only the number of F1 progeny was interfered, and there were no significant differences on pupal rates, emergence rates and sex ratios.
The population dynamics of L. trifolii was surveyed from 2005 to 2011. It was found that South China and Jiangsu, Zhejiang were its distribution areas some of where it caused serious damages. L. trifolii has become the dominant population in Hainan Province.
引文
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