点火具燃烧特性的研究
摘要
本论文研究的点火具是用于底排增程弹点火的关键部件。文章以Ba(NO_3)_2、KClO_4、Sr(NO_3)_2、Mg、Al成分组成3种基础配方,分别添加磷铁、锆、石墨等材料,配制了配方1:Ba(NO_3)_2:Mg:Al:磷铁:NC;配方2:KClO_4:Mg:磷铁:NC;配方3:Sr(NO_3)_2:Mg:磷铁:NC;配方4:Ba(NO_3)_2:Mg:Al:Zr:石墨:NC;配方5:KClO_4:Mg:Zr:石墨:NC等5种不同的点火药,通过对其性能参数、燃烧试验的对比分析,最后确定了两种性能较好的配方;并对确定配方的点火具在静态、高减压梯度、高速旋转和高速气流扰动条件下燃烧特性进行了研究。
在静态条件下,研究了点火药在不同的压药压力、装药量对点火具燃烧时间、燃烧速度和火焰大小的影响。结果表明,配方1、4在压药压力17.56MPa、配方2、5在13.65MPa、配方3在23.41MPa下燃烧时间最长;加入锆、石墨后,点火药燃烧时间明显延长,比加磷铁的配方最多高出23.35%,比基础配方甚至高出40%。配方2、5燃烧火焰面积较大,其它配方在组分比例改变时火焰大小变化不明显。试验中加入的调节剂对点火药燃烧热和燃烧温度影响不大。在配方中磷铁的试验中,发现含量超过15%时燃烧残渣较多,容易堵塞点火具。试验表明石墨含量超过3%造成点火困难。吸湿性试验表明,配方3吸湿性最强,配方1、4吸湿性较差,配方4吸湿率仅为0.800%;点火能力测试结果表明配方4、5的点火能力明显高于其它配方。
经过以上测试、分析后确定配方4、5为优选配方,其点火具在高减压梯度下能持续稳定地进行点火,没有出现熄火或断火现象。在高速旋转条件下,点火具燃烧时间明显下降,燃烧速度明显增大,达30mm/s左右,是静态下燃速的3倍以上;火焰燃烧面积比静态下明显增大。在高速气流扰动条件下,点火具燃烧时间随马赫数增大而减小,点火具燃烧猛烈,火焰被拉长数倍。最后,利用FLUENT软件对不同马赫数下流场的点火燃烧进行初步的数值模拟计算,得出了其燃烧速度、温度、压力的模拟图形和曲线,模拟结果与试验规律比较吻合。
本文设计的点火具在以上环境中均获得了稳定、可靠的点火燃烧。
The igniter researched in this paper is the key part of base bleed extended range projectile. The 3 base formulations in this paper was made up of Ba(NO_3)_2, KClO_4, Sr(NO_3)_2, Mg ,Al, which were added Fe_xP_y, Zr and graphite to form five different kinds of igniting powder. Formulation 1: Ba(NO_3)_2:Mg:Al:Fe_xP_y: NC; Formulation 2: KClO_4:Mg :Fe_xP_y : NC; Formulation 3: Sr(NO_3)_2:Mg: Fe_xP_y: NC; Formulation 4: Ba(NO_3)_2 :Mg :Al:Zr: graphite: NC; Formulation 5: KClO_4:Mg: Zr: graphite: NC. Finally two formulations were determined according the analysis of the comparison of the characteristic parameters and combustion tests, the igniters filled with which were researched under the static state, high decompression grads condition, high-speed rotary condition, and high-speed airflow disturbance condition.
Under the static state, the influence of the pressure of charge pressing, charge mass on burning rate and flame area were researched. The results show that the burning time achieves the longest for Formulation 1 and 4 when the pressure of charge pressing is 17.56MPa while for Formulation2 and 5 is 13.65MPa and for Formulation 3 is 23.41MPa. The combustion time is markedly longer when Zr or graphite were added, being 23.35% longer at most than that of the formulation which contains Fe_xP_y and even 40% longer than base formulations. The flame area of Formulation 2 and 5 are bigger, and the flame areas of other formulation changes not obviously when the proportion changes. There is little influence of regulation powder on the combustion heat and combustion temperature of igniting powder. For the formulations containing Fe_xP_y, the combustion residue is too much when the Fe_xP_y is more than 15%, and it is prone to jam the igniter. The ignition becomes difficulty when the graphite is more than 3%. The strongest moisture absorption is formulation 3 while there are little moisture absorption with formulation 1 and 4. The moisture absorption rate of Formulation 4 is only 0.800%. The ignition capability of Formulation 4 and 5 is obvious better according to the results of ignition capability tests.
Through the tests above and analysis above, the Formulation 4 and 5 were selected as better formulation, the igniter with which can combust continuously and steadily under the conditions of high decompression grads without misfire or cut-off deflagration. Under the high-speed rotary condition, the combustion time declined obviously, and the burning rate increased obviously, achieving about 30mm/s, being 2 times more than that under the static state, and the flame area is obvious larger than that under the static state. Under the high-speed airflow disturbance condition, the combustion time of the igniter declined when the Mach number increased, the combustion was fierce, and the flame length was several times longer then that under the static state. The ignition and combustion under the flow fields with different Mach numbers were been numerical simulation using FLUENT, acquiring the stimulant graphs and curves of the burning rate, temperature and pressure, and the simulation result is similar to the tests result.
The igniters used in this paper can ignite and combust steadily and reliably under the conditions above.
在静态条件下,研究了点火药在不同的压药压力、装药量对点火具燃烧时间、燃烧速度和火焰大小的影响。结果表明,配方1、4在压药压力17.56MPa、配方2、5在13.65MPa、配方3在23.41MPa下燃烧时间最长;加入锆、石墨后,点火药燃烧时间明显延长,比加磷铁的配方最多高出23.35%,比基础配方甚至高出40%。配方2、5燃烧火焰面积较大,其它配方在组分比例改变时火焰大小变化不明显。试验中加入的调节剂对点火药燃烧热和燃烧温度影响不大。在配方中磷铁的试验中,发现含量超过15%时燃烧残渣较多,容易堵塞点火具。试验表明石墨含量超过3%造成点火困难。吸湿性试验表明,配方3吸湿性最强,配方1、4吸湿性较差,配方4吸湿率仅为0.800%;点火能力测试结果表明配方4、5的点火能力明显高于其它配方。
经过以上测试、分析后确定配方4、5为优选配方,其点火具在高减压梯度下能持续稳定地进行点火,没有出现熄火或断火现象。在高速旋转条件下,点火具燃烧时间明显下降,燃烧速度明显增大,达30mm/s左右,是静态下燃速的3倍以上;火焰燃烧面积比静态下明显增大。在高速气流扰动条件下,点火具燃烧时间随马赫数增大而减小,点火具燃烧猛烈,火焰被拉长数倍。最后,利用FLUENT软件对不同马赫数下流场的点火燃烧进行初步的数值模拟计算,得出了其燃烧速度、温度、压力的模拟图形和曲线,模拟结果与试验规律比较吻合。
本文设计的点火具在以上环境中均获得了稳定、可靠的点火燃烧。
The igniter researched in this paper is the key part of base bleed extended range projectile. The 3 base formulations in this paper was made up of Ba(NO_3)_2, KClO_4, Sr(NO_3)_2, Mg ,Al, which were added Fe_xP_y, Zr and graphite to form five different kinds of igniting powder. Formulation 1: Ba(NO_3)_2:Mg:Al:Fe_xP_y: NC; Formulation 2: KClO_4:Mg :Fe_xP_y : NC; Formulation 3: Sr(NO_3)_2:Mg: Fe_xP_y: NC; Formulation 4: Ba(NO_3)_2 :Mg :Al:Zr: graphite: NC; Formulation 5: KClO_4:Mg: Zr: graphite: NC. Finally two formulations were determined according the analysis of the comparison of the characteristic parameters and combustion tests, the igniters filled with which were researched under the static state, high decompression grads condition, high-speed rotary condition, and high-speed airflow disturbance condition.
Under the static state, the influence of the pressure of charge pressing, charge mass on burning rate and flame area were researched. The results show that the burning time achieves the longest for Formulation 1 and 4 when the pressure of charge pressing is 17.56MPa while for Formulation2 and 5 is 13.65MPa and for Formulation 3 is 23.41MPa. The combustion time is markedly longer when Zr or graphite were added, being 23.35% longer at most than that of the formulation which contains Fe_xP_y and even 40% longer than base formulations. The flame area of Formulation 2 and 5 are bigger, and the flame areas of other formulation changes not obviously when the proportion changes. There is little influence of regulation powder on the combustion heat and combustion temperature of igniting powder. For the formulations containing Fe_xP_y, the combustion residue is too much when the Fe_xP_y is more than 15%, and it is prone to jam the igniter. The ignition becomes difficulty when the graphite is more than 3%. The strongest moisture absorption is formulation 3 while there are little moisture absorption with formulation 1 and 4. The moisture absorption rate of Formulation 4 is only 0.800%. The ignition capability of Formulation 4 and 5 is obvious better according to the results of ignition capability tests.
Through the tests above and analysis above, the Formulation 4 and 5 were selected as better formulation, the igniter with which can combust continuously and steadily under the conditions of high decompression grads without misfire or cut-off deflagration. Under the high-speed rotary condition, the combustion time declined obviously, and the burning rate increased obviously, achieving about 30mm/s, being 2 times more than that under the static state, and the flame area is obvious larger than that under the static state. Under the high-speed airflow disturbance condition, the combustion time of the igniter declined when the Mach number increased, the combustion was fierce, and the flame length was several times longer then that under the static state. The ignition and combustion under the flow fields with different Mach numbers were been numerical simulation using FLUENT, acquiring the stimulant graphs and curves of the burning rate, temperature and pressure, and the simulation result is similar to the tests result.
The igniters used in this paper can ignite and combust steadily and reliably under the conditions above.
引文
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2 吴护林.炮弹增程技术的发展[J].四川兵工学报,2005,(5):3-5
3 陈西武.新型耐水点火药燃烧性能及应用研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,2002
4 Dodecahydrodecaborate compound[P]. Brit: 989295, Apr. 14, 1965
5 Robort, K.A.Ignition composition comprising boro-containing salts[P]. US: 3126305
6 Liles, G.H.Pelleted igniter[P]. US: 3017300
7 Stevenson, T. Incendiary composition containing a metal, metal alloy, Oxidizer salt and a nitrated organic compound . US: 3617405
8 Nauflett, GW. preparation of magnesium fluoropolymer pyroteehnic material[P] . US:5886293
9 1gnitor for roeket with ignition powder contg. Metal and oxidant. JP61083697A Apr. 28, 1986
10 Pyrotechnic aluminothermic igniter. FR2626875Aug. 11, 1989
11 秦志春等.纳米点火药.CNO1101196.3
12 秦志春等.纳米TiO_2对K_1K点火药点火能力的影响[J].火工品,2002,(4):18
13 Volk.F. ICT thermachemical data base. ICT 1995 26~(th)52/1-52/12
14 王文杰,劳允亮,陈基业.化学沉积点火药制备机理及应用研究[J].火工品,2001,(2):14-17
15 周彬,秦志春,徐振相,刘西广.用汽相沉积法制作红外辐射膜材料[J].火工品,2000,(1):12-13
16 Frederick G Allford, Kent. Pyrotechnic train[P] . US 5090322, 1992
17 刘静平,潘功配,赵尚军.基于高速分散的烟火药剂制备工艺[J].火工品,2003,(2):11-13
18 Safe and fast method of mixing potentially explosive charge. DE3925234A. Jan. 31,1991
19 Production of pyrotechnic primer chages. W09961394 Dec. 2, 1999
20 Farncomb, R.E. Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of apyrotechnic. NASA conf. Publi.1997, 385-390
21 马友林,于江,杨斌。一步制粒法制备点火药的工艺研究[J].火工品,2006,(1):22-24
22 Achwarz, Kurt.Alloy and inorganic component pyrotechnical compositions for fuses. DD300704. 1992.7.9
23 Lombard, J.M. Application of molecular collisions theory to gas-solid reactions ignition and combustion of pyrotechnic ompositions. Proc.Int.Pyrotch.Semin. 1984, 9~(th): 851-860
24 Lipanov A.M.et al, Mathematical modeling of nonstationary physic-chemical process in large sized SPRM pyrotechnical ignition system.Def.Sci.J. 1997, 47(4): 505-516
25 Klimov, V.L. quasi-equilibrium thermodynamic calculation of nonequilibrium combustion products composition of pyrotechnic mixtures. roc.Int. Pyrotech. Semin. 1995, 21th:399-413
26 王健,马宏伟,张炎清.底排药柱点火燃烧特性研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2004,24(2):40-43
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