千阳县冉沟流域生物措施治理水土流失效益分析
摘要
结合实施的小流域治理工程,以千阳县冉沟流域为主要研究对象,在调查分析研究区自然条件、社会经济条件等的基础上,借鉴国内外水土保持生态治理新技术、新理论,综合分析研究区小流域治理现状,运用生态学和系统工程学原理,遵循可持续发展规律,坚持工程、生物和耕作措施相结合的原则,对流域的持续开发进行研究,得出以下结论:(1)该区土壤含水量变化为10月最高,6、9、11月次之,其余月份比较低,封山育林模式地土壤水分含量最高,林草混交模式地次之,刺槐纯林模式地最小。(2)不同土层的最大持水量、最小持水量、毛管持水量、排水能力:上层(0-20)较大,下层(20-40)较小:储水量:上层(0-20)较小,下层较大。(3)地表径流量和泥沙流失量:封山育林模式>林草混交模式>刺槐沙棘混交模式>刺槐纯林模式。(4)混交林不仅增加凋落物量,而且枯枝落叶层现存量与持水量也明显大于纯林。这对削弱暴雨对地面的溅击能力,分散、阻滞地表径流的形成起着十分重要的作用。(5)几种不同植被恢复模式各层土壤有机质含量均随深度而递减,其趋势基本一致。(6)刺槐人工林地不同月份在0-100cm土壤水分年变化规律为,随土层的增加,土壤内含水量增大。(由8.9%到14.6%)。(7)不同立地类型刺槐林地土壤水分含量总体出现的从高到底变化序列为沟底淤积>原面黄土>阳向沟坡下部黄土>阴向沟坡下部黄土>阳向沟坡上部黄土。(8)土壤含水量与刺槐生长两者之间相关系数r=0.8965,达紧密程度。同时,土壤含水量曲线与刺槐生长曲线基本相吻合。(9)不同立地类型之间水热再分配,存在很大差异,这种差异尤以土壤含水量与林木生长之间存在着十分密切的关系。(10)刺槐不同林龄人工林地土壤水分从3-23年其土壤水分是逐渐增加的,也就是说林龄越高,林中的土壤水分越多;同样土壤深度从0-100cm,含水量也是随土层越深而逐渐增加。(11)刺槐纯林与混交林林地土壤水分含量,无论是各土层含水量,各月含水量还是平均含水量,刺槐+油松混交林都高于刺槐纯林。
With the implementation of small watershed management projects to Qianyang County Ran valley as the main object of study, analysis of the study area in the investigation of natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, etc., based on soil and water conservation at home and abroad learn new technologies, new theories, integrated analysis of small watershed management area status, the use of ecology and systems engineering principles, to follow the law of sustainable development, persist in engineering, biological and farming incentives as the principle of sustainable development of the basin study reached the following conclusions: (1) changes in soil moisture for the area in October the highest, 6,9,11 On the second, the rest of the month is relatively low, Forest Conservation patterns of soil moisture content, and forest and grass mixed pattern in the second, black locust pure forest model to the minimum. (2) the maximum water holding capacity of different soil layers, the minimum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, drainage capacity: the upper (0-20) large, lower (20-40) is small; storage capacity: the upper (0-20) was higher than small, lower large. (3) The loss of surface runoff and sediment volume: Forest Conservation Mode "forest and grass mixed mode" Locust sea buckthorn mixed mode "locust pure forest model. (4) mixed not only increase the amount of litter, and litter biomass and water-holding capacity is also significantly greater than pure forest. This will weaken the rain splash on the ground strike capability, decentralization, and block the formation of surface runoff play an important role. (5) a number of different vegetation restoration patterns of soil organic matter content of each layer with the depth of decline, the trend basically the same. (6), black locust plantations in different months in the 0-100cm soil moisture change of the year, with the increase of soil, and soil water content increased. (From 8.9% to 14.6%). (7) different site types of locust forest soil water content in general changes occur in the end sequence from high-ditch silting "of the original surface of loess" Yang slope to the ditch bottom of loess "Yin to the bottom of trench slope loess" Yang Department of loess slope to the ditch. (8) Soil water content and the correlation coefficient between Robinia growth of r = 0.8965, up tightness. Meanwhile, the soil moisture curve and the black locust growth curve coincide. (9) between the different site types of hydrothermal redistribution, there is a big difference, especially the differences between the soil moisture and tree growth there is a very close relationship. (10) black locust plantations of different forest age from 3-23 years of soil moisture of soil moisture is gradually increasing, meaning that the higher forest age, forest, soil moisture more; the same soil depth from 0-100cm, water content With the deeper soil is also gradually increasing. (11) locust Pure and mixed forest soil moisture content, whether it is the soil moisture content, water content of each month, or an average moisture content, were higher than the mixed forest of black locust + locust pine forest.
With the implementation of small watershed management projects to Qianyang County Ran valley as the main object of study, analysis of the study area in the investigation of natural conditions, socio-economic conditions, etc., based on soil and water conservation at home and abroad learn new technologies, new theories, integrated analysis of small watershed management area status, the use of ecology and systems engineering principles, to follow the law of sustainable development, persist in engineering, biological and farming incentives as the principle of sustainable development of the basin study reached the following conclusions: (1) changes in soil moisture for the area in October the highest, 6,9,11 On the second, the rest of the month is relatively low, Forest Conservation patterns of soil moisture content, and forest and grass mixed pattern in the second, black locust pure forest model to the minimum. (2) the maximum water holding capacity of different soil layers, the minimum water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity, drainage capacity: the upper (0-20) large, lower (20-40) is small; storage capacity: the upper (0-20) was higher than small, lower large. (3) The loss of surface runoff and sediment volume: Forest Conservation Mode "forest and grass mixed mode" Locust sea buckthorn mixed mode "locust pure forest model. (4) mixed not only increase the amount of litter, and litter biomass and water-holding capacity is also significantly greater than pure forest. This will weaken the rain splash on the ground strike capability, decentralization, and block the formation of surface runoff play an important role. (5) a number of different vegetation restoration patterns of soil organic matter content of each layer with the depth of decline, the trend basically the same. (6), black locust plantations in different months in the 0-100cm soil moisture change of the year, with the increase of soil, and soil water content increased. (From 8.9% to 14.6%). (7) different site types of locust forest soil water content in general changes occur in the end sequence from high-ditch silting "of the original surface of loess" Yang slope to the ditch bottom of loess "Yin to the bottom of trench slope loess" Yang Department of loess slope to the ditch. (8) Soil water content and the correlation coefficient between Robinia growth of r = 0.8965, up tightness. Meanwhile, the soil moisture curve and the black locust growth curve coincide. (9) between the different site types of hydrothermal redistribution, there is a big difference, especially the differences between the soil moisture and tree growth there is a very close relationship. (10) black locust plantations of different forest age from 3-23 years of soil moisture of soil moisture is gradually increasing, meaning that the higher forest age, forest, soil moisture more; the same soil depth from 0-100cm, water content With the deeper soil is also gradually increasing. (11) locust Pure and mixed forest soil moisture content, whether it is the soil moisture content, water content of each month, or an average moisture content, were higher than the mixed forest of black locust + locust pine forest.
引文
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[15]北京林业大学编.土壤学.北京:中国林业出版社,1982
[16]吴蔚东,张桃林,孙波,等.人工杉木林地有机物和养分库的退化与调控.土壤学报,2000,37(1):41-47
[17]方乐金,张运斌.杉木幼林地土壤肥力变化研究[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2)316-319
[18]傅伯杰,陈利顶,张光灿.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2001.68-69
[20]邹年根.罗伟祥.黄土高原造林学[M].中国林业出版社.1997.48-55
[21]罗伟祥,邹年根.韩恩贤,黄土高原造林立地条件类型划分及适地适树[J],陕西林业科技,1985.(1)1-7
[22]卢纹岱,SPSS for windows统计分析[M],北京电子工业出版社,2002.15-35。
[23]袁志发,周静芋,试验设计与分析[M],高等教育出版社,2000.35-58。
[24]郝文芳 单长卷 梁宗锁,陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工刺槐林土壤养分背景和生产力关系研究[J],农学通报2005年9月
[25]杨建伟,梁宗锁,韩蕊莲,不同土壤水分状况对刺槐的生长及水分利用特征的影响[J],林业科学2004.9
[26]单长卷,梁宗锁,郝文芳,黄土高原刺槐林生长与土壤水分关系研究进展[J],西北植物学报2003 23(8)
[27]吴照柏,杨新民,黄土丘陵区刺槐生长及林地土壤水分动态规律研究[J],水土保持研究第11卷第4期2004年12月
[28]宋娟丽,姚军,吴发启,黄土高原南部刺槐林地的土壤水分变化规律研究[J],西北林学院学报,2007,22(1):47-50
[29]徐秀琴,杨敏生,刺槐资源的利用现状[J],河北林业科技,2006.9
[30]赵忠,李鹏,渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征及抗旱性研究,林业科学,第16卷第1期,2002.3
[31]张社奇,王国栋,刘建军,黄土高原刺槐林地土壤水分物理性质研究[J],西北林学院学报,2004,19(3):11-14
[32]郭军权,卜耀军,张广军,黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤水分研究[J],西北林学院学报,2005,20(4):1-4
[33]赵忠,李鹏,王乃江,渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征的研究应[J],用生态学报,2000年2月(11)1
[34]曹扬,赵忠,渠美,成向荣,王迪海,刺槐根系对深层土壤水分的影响[J],应用生态学报,2006.5(17)5
[35]韩恩贤,韩刚,渭北高原沟壑区主要立地类型水热变化及对刺槐生长影响研究[J],干旱区资源与环境(19)5.2005.9
[36]董三孝,渭北沟壑区人工刺槐林根系生长分布与地上生长的关系[J],西北林学院学报2004,19(3):4-6
[37]杨建伟,周索,韩蕊莲,梁宗锁,土壤干旱对刺槐蒸腾变化及抗旱性研究[J],西北林学院学报2006.21(5):32-36
[38]刘晨峰,王正宁,贺康宁,黄土高原半干旱区几种人工林的土壤水分、光照变化及其对林分的影响[J],西部林业科学(33)3
[2]马祥庆,何智英,俞新妥.杉木幼林生态系统水文效应研究[J].福建林学院学报,1994,1(14),35-39
[3]王平,闫成璞,王玉玺.人工林植被水文效应研究[J].黑龙江水利科技,1999.3,5-7
[4]吴钦孝,杨文治.黄土高原植被建设与持续发展[M].北京:科学出版社,1998.
[5]中国科学院南京土壤研究所编.土壤理化分析[M].上海:科学技术出版社,1980.[1]常庆瑞,魏永胜,刘京,等.黄土高原不同树种防止土地退化效益研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(1):108-111
[6]朱显谟.迅速全面恢复植被是根除河害之本[J].中国水土保持,1999(10):29-31
[7]郑粉莉.子午岭林区植被破坏与恢复对土壤演变的影响[J].水土保持通报,1996,16(5):41-44
[8]侯扶江,肖金玉,南志标.黄土高原退耕地的生态恢复[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(8):923-929
[9]沈慧.水土保持林土壤肥力及其评价指标[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):60-65
[10]袁春明,郎南军,孟广涛,等.长江上游云南松林水土保持生态效益的研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):87-90
[11]张俊华,常庆瑞,贾科利,等.黄土高原植被恢复对土壤肥力质量的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(4):38-41
[12]黄和平,杨劼,毕军,等.皇甫川流域植被恢复对改善土壤肥力的作用研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(3)37-40
[13]胡小平,王长发主编.SAS基础及统计实例教程[M].西安:西安地图出版社,2001.77
[14]李学垣.土壤化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2001.4
[15]北京林业大学编.土壤学.北京:中国林业出版社,1982
[16]吴蔚东,张桃林,孙波,等.人工杉木林地有机物和养分库的退化与调控.土壤学报,2000,37(1):41-47
[17]方乐金,张运斌.杉木幼林地土壤肥力变化研究[J].土壤学报,2003,40(2)316-319
[18]傅伯杰,陈利顶,张光灿.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组.中国土壤系统分类检索(第三版)[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2001.68-69
[20]邹年根.罗伟祥.黄土高原造林学[M].中国林业出版社.1997.48-55
[21]罗伟祥,邹年根.韩恩贤,黄土高原造林立地条件类型划分及适地适树[J],陕西林业科技,1985.(1)1-7
[22]卢纹岱,SPSS for windows统计分析[M],北京电子工业出版社,2002.15-35。
[23]袁志发,周静芋,试验设计与分析[M],高等教育出版社,2000.35-58。
[24]郝文芳 单长卷 梁宗锁,陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区人工刺槐林土壤养分背景和生产力关系研究[J],农学通报2005年9月
[25]杨建伟,梁宗锁,韩蕊莲,不同土壤水分状况对刺槐的生长及水分利用特征的影响[J],林业科学2004.9
[26]单长卷,梁宗锁,郝文芳,黄土高原刺槐林生长与土壤水分关系研究进展[J],西北植物学报2003 23(8)
[27]吴照柏,杨新民,黄土丘陵区刺槐生长及林地土壤水分动态规律研究[J],水土保持研究第11卷第4期2004年12月
[28]宋娟丽,姚军,吴发启,黄土高原南部刺槐林地的土壤水分变化规律研究[J],西北林学院学报,2007,22(1):47-50
[29]徐秀琴,杨敏生,刺槐资源的利用现状[J],河北林业科技,2006.9
[30]赵忠,李鹏,渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征及抗旱性研究,林业科学,第16卷第1期,2002.3
[31]张社奇,王国栋,刘建军,黄土高原刺槐林地土壤水分物理性质研究[J],西北林学院学报,2004,19(3):11-14
[32]郭军权,卜耀军,张广军,黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤水分研究[J],西北林学院学报,2005,20(4):1-4
[33]赵忠,李鹏,王乃江,渭北黄土高原主要造林树种根系分布特征的研究应[J],用生态学报,2000年2月(11)1
[34]曹扬,赵忠,渠美,成向荣,王迪海,刺槐根系对深层土壤水分的影响[J],应用生态学报,2006.5(17)5
[35]韩恩贤,韩刚,渭北高原沟壑区主要立地类型水热变化及对刺槐生长影响研究[J],干旱区资源与环境(19)5.2005.9
[36]董三孝,渭北沟壑区人工刺槐林根系生长分布与地上生长的关系[J],西北林学院学报2004,19(3):4-6
[37]杨建伟,周索,韩蕊莲,梁宗锁,土壤干旱对刺槐蒸腾变化及抗旱性研究[J],西北林学院学报2006.21(5):32-36
[38]刘晨峰,王正宁,贺康宁,黄土高原半干旱区几种人工林的土壤水分、光照变化及其对林分的影响[J],西部林业科学(33)3