连续激活SNSR受体后降低吗啡镇痛效力及其机制
|
摘要
本实验主要是对连续激活SNSR受体(sensory neuron-specific receptor)后降低吗啡镇痛效力及其机制的研究。疼痛行为学和免疫组织化学实验表明,连续鞘内注射SNSR的特异性激动剂BAM8-22(bovine adrenal medulla peptide8-22)后,降低吗啡在福尔马林模型中的镇痛作用。随后我们研究了NMDA受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors)在其中参与的作用,和连续激活SNSR后引起吗啡作用效果下降的分子机制。
目前的研究结果为:连续6天鞘内注射BAM8-22 10 nmol,吗啡不能抑制由福尔马林诱发的疼痛行为,并且脊髓中c-Fos表达和NADPH-d阳性神经元数目都明显增加。而联合注射BAM8-22和NMDA受体的拮抗剂AP-5抑制了上述实验现象,吗啡保持其镇痛效力。另外,我们发现连续注射BAM8-22会诱导在脊髓中的NADPH-d和DRG(dorsal root ganglia)中CGRP(Calcitonin-gene-related peptide)表达增加。
实验结果表明,连续激活SNSR可以引起吗啡镇痛作用的下降,这一过程是通过激活NMDA受体来介导的。可能的机制是由于连续激活SNSR引起脊髓中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)信号通路的激活和DRG中的CGRP合成或释放的增加,进一步影响NMDA受体信号通路从而引起吗啡镇痛效力的下降。
The present studies were designed to investigate that the effects of consecutive activation of sensory neuron-specific receptor(SNSR)on potency of morphine antinociception and its mechanisms.The experiment first demonstrated that consecutive activation of SNSR by intrathecal(i.t.)administration of the specific agonist of SNSR BAM8-22 on potency of morphine antinociception which was revealed by the effects of morphin in formalin test.Then, we examined the hypothesis that activation of NMDA may be involved the effects of activation of SNSR on morphine's action.Lastly,we investigated molecul mechanisms.
The present studies showed that following daily administration of BAM8-22 at a dose of 10 nmol for 6 days,i.t.morphine did not inhibit formalin-evoked nocifensive behaviours, expression of c-fos and NADPH-d neurons in the spinal cord and these responses were reversed by co-administration of AP-5,an NMDA receptor antagonist,with BAM8-22.Furthermore, chronic BAM8-22 induced significant increases in NADPH-d-positive neurons in the spinal cord and CGRP(Calcitonin-gene-related peptide)in dorsal root ganglia(DRG).
The results in the current studies indicate that consective pharmacological stimulation of SNSR caused pontency of morphine antinociceptive,and this response was mediated via activation of NMDA receptors.Activation of NOS signal pathway in the spinal cord and increase of CGRP synthesis or/and release of CGRP in DRG underlined NMDA-mediated effects of activation of SNSR.
目前的研究结果为:连续6天鞘内注射BAM8-22 10 nmol,吗啡不能抑制由福尔马林诱发的疼痛行为,并且脊髓中c-Fos表达和NADPH-d阳性神经元数目都明显增加。而联合注射BAM8-22和NMDA受体的拮抗剂AP-5抑制了上述实验现象,吗啡保持其镇痛效力。另外,我们发现连续注射BAM8-22会诱导在脊髓中的NADPH-d和DRG(dorsal root ganglia)中CGRP(Calcitonin-gene-related peptide)表达增加。
实验结果表明,连续激活SNSR可以引起吗啡镇痛作用的下降,这一过程是通过激活NMDA受体来介导的。可能的机制是由于连续激活SNSR引起脊髓中一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)信号通路的激活和DRG中的CGRP合成或释放的增加,进一步影响NMDA受体信号通路从而引起吗啡镇痛效力的下降。
The present studies were designed to investigate that the effects of consecutive activation of sensory neuron-specific receptor(SNSR)on potency of morphine antinociception and its mechanisms.The experiment first demonstrated that consecutive activation of SNSR by intrathecal(i.t.)administration of the specific agonist of SNSR BAM8-22 on potency of morphine antinociception which was revealed by the effects of morphin in formalin test.Then, we examined the hypothesis that activation of NMDA may be involved the effects of activation of SNSR on morphine's action.Lastly,we investigated molecul mechanisms.
The present studies showed that following daily administration of BAM8-22 at a dose of 10 nmol for 6 days,i.t.morphine did not inhibit formalin-evoked nocifensive behaviours, expression of c-fos and NADPH-d neurons in the spinal cord and these responses were reversed by co-administration of AP-5,an NMDA receptor antagonist,with BAM8-22.Furthermore, chronic BAM8-22 induced significant increases in NADPH-d-positive neurons in the spinal cord and CGRP(Calcitonin-gene-related peptide)in dorsal root ganglia(DRG).
The results in the current studies indicate that consective pharmacological stimulation of SNSR caused pontency of morphine antinociceptive,and this response was mediated via activation of NMDA receptors.Activation of NOS signal pathway in the spinal cord and increase of CGRP synthesis or/and release of CGRP in DRG underlined NMDA-mediated effects of activation of SNSR.
引文
[1]赵志奇.疼痛及其脊髓机理[M].上海:上海科技教育出版社,2000,pp.2-40.
[2]Barber R.P.,J.E.Vaughn,J.R.Slemmon,P.M.Salvaterra,E.Roberts,S.E.Leeman.The Origin,Distribution and Synaptic Relationships of Substance P Axons in Rat Spinal Cord[J],J Comp Neurol,1979,184(2):331-51
[3]Trang T.,M.Sutak,K.Jhamandas.Involvement of Cannabinoid(Cbl)-Receptors in the Development and Maintenance of Opioid Tolerance[J],Neuroscience,2007,146(3):1275-88
[4]Besson J.M.,A.Chaouch.Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Nociception[J],PhysiolRev,1987,67(1):67-186
[5]Minville V.,J.M.Laffosse,O.Fourcade,J.P.Girolami,I.Tack.Mouse Model of Fracture Pain[J],Anesthesiology,2008,108(3):467-72
[6]Imanaka A.,S.Morinobu,S.Toki,S.Yamamoto,A.Matsuki,T.Kozuru,S.Yamawaki.Neonatal Tactile Stimulation Reverses the Effect of Neonatal Isolation on Open-Field and Anxiety-Like Behavior,and Pain Sensitivity in Male and Female Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats[J],Behav Brain Res,2008,186(1):91-7
[7]Munro G.,C.A.Baek,H.K.Erichsen,A.N.Nielsen,E.O.Nielsen,J.Scheel-Kruger,P.Weikop,D.Peters.The Novel Compound (+/-)-1-[10-((E)-3-Phenyl-Allyl)-3,10-Diaza-Bicyclo[4.3.1]Dec-3-Y1]-Propan -1-One(Ns7051)Attenuates Nociceptive Transmission in Animal Models of Experimental Pain;a Pharmacological Comparison with the Combined Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonist and Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor Tramadol[J],Neuropharmacology,2008,54(2):331-43
[8]Spooner M.E,P.Robichaud,J.C.Carrier,S.Marchand.Endogenous Pain Modulation During the Formalin Test in Estrogen Receptor Beta Knockout Mice[J],Neuroscience,2007,150(3):675-80
[9]Palkovits M.,M.A.Deli,K.Gallatz,Z.E.Toth,E.Buzas,A.Falus.Highly Activated C-Fos Expression in Specific Brain Regions(Ependyma, Circumventricular Organs, Choroid Plexus) of Histidine Decarboxylase Deficient Mice in Response to Formalin-Induced Acute Pain[J], Neuropharmacology, 2007, 53 (1): 101-12
[10] Rosa A. O., J. Egea, S. Lorrio, A. I. Rojo, A. Cuadrado, M. G. Lopez. Nrf2-Mediated Haeme Oxygenase-1 up-Regulation Induced by Cobalt Protoporphyrin Has Antinociceptive Effects against Inflammatory Pain in the Formalin Test in Mice[J], Pain, 2007,
[11] McNamara C. R., J. Mandel-Brehm, D. M. Bautista, J. Siemens, K. L. Deranian, M. Zhao, N. J. Hayward, J. A. Chong, D. Julius, M. M. Moran, C. M. Fanger. Trpal Mediates Formalin-Induced Pain[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104 (33): 13525-30
[12] Puig S., L. S. Sorkin. Formalin-Evoked Activity in Identified Primary Afferent Fibers: Systemic Lidocaine Suppresses Phase-2 Activity[J], Pain, 1996, 64(2): 345-55
[13] Taguchi T., R. Taguchi. Effect of Varying Frequency and Duration of Electroacupuncture Stimulation on Carrageenan-Induced Hyperalgesia[J], Acupunct Med, 2007, 25 (3): 80-6
[14] Loram L. C, A. Fuller, L. G. Fick, T. Cartmell, S. Poole, D. Mitchell. Cytokine Profiles During Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rat Muscle and Hind Paw[J], J Pain, 2007, 8 (2): 127-36
[15] Dubovy P., R. Jancalek, I. Klusakova, I. Svizenska, K. Pejchalova. Intra- and Extraneuronal Changes of Immunofluorescence Staining for Tnf-Alpha and Tnfr1 in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of Rat Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Models[J], Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2006, 26 (7-8): 1205-17
[16]Narita M., M. Shimamura, S. Imai, C. Kubota, Y. Yajima, T. Takagi, M. Shiokawa, T. Inoue, M. Suzuki, T. Suzuki. Role of Interleukin-1beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Dependent Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Mrna in Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Chronic Inflammation in Mice[J], Neuroscience, 2008, 152 (2): 477-86
[17] Apkarian A. V., S. Lavarello, A. Randolf, H. H. Berra, D. R. Chialvo, H. O. Besedovsky,A.del Rey.Expression of II-lbeta in Supraspinal Brain Regions in Rats with NeuropathicPain[J],NeurosciLett,2006,407(2):176-81
[18]Hudspith M.,R.Munglani.A Role for Presynaptic Nmda Receptors in Central Sensitization in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn?[J],Br J Anaesth,1998,81(2):294-5
[19]Willis W.D.,Jr.Is Central Sensitization of Nociceptive Transmission in the Spinal Cord a Variety of Long-Term Potentiation?[J],Neuroreport,1997,8(16):iii
[20]Meerson F.Z.,R.I.Lifshits,V.I.Pavlova.[Dynamics and Physiological Significance of Gaba-System Activation in Brain and Cardiac Muscle During Emotional-Pain Stress][J],Vopr Med Khim,1981,27(1):35-9
[21]Sherman A.,Ct E Gebhart.Regional Levels of Gaba and Glutamate in Mouse Brain Following Exposure to Pain[J],Neuropharmacology,1974,13(7):673-5
[22]陈龚李惠萍,戴体俊.士的宁敏感的甘氨酸受体对吸入麻醉药催眠和镇痛作用的影响[J],中国药理学通报,2007,23(5):604-607
[23]Qin M.,J.J.Wang,R.Cao,H.Zhang,L.Duan,B.Gao,Y.F.Xiong,L.W.Chen,Z.R.Rao.The Lumbar Spinal Cord Glial Cells Actively Modulate Subcutaneous Formalin Induced Hyperalgesia in the Rat[J],Neurosci Res,2006,55(4):442-50
[24]Guo L.H.,H.J.Schluesener.Acute but Not Chronic Stimulation of Glial Cells in Rat Spinal Cord by Systemic Injection of Lipopolysaccharide Is Associated with Hyperalgesia[J],ActaNeuropathol,2006,112(6):703-13
[25]Watkins L.R.,S.F.Maier.Beyond Neurons:Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States[J],Physiol Rev,2002,82(4):981-1011
[26]Mao J.Nmda and Opioid Receptors:Their Interactions in Antinociception,Tolerance and Neuroplasticity[J],Brain Res Brain Res Rev,1999,30(3):289-304
[27]Yang W.,J.H.Luo,Y.Gao,M.Huang,C.Y.Zheng.[Construction of Expression Vectors for C-Terminally Deleted Nr2b Subunit Mutants and Their Application in the Study of Assembling of Nmda Receptors][J],Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban,2003,32(6):480-5
[28]Lee Y.W.,K.A.Park,W.T.Lee.Effects of Mk-801 and Morphine on Spinal C-Fos Expression During the Development of Neuropathic Pain[J],Yonsei Med J,2002, 43(3):370-6
[29]Zahn P.K.,E.M.Pogatzki-Zahn,T.J.Brennan.Spinal Administration of Mk-801and Nbqx Demonstrates Nmda-Independent Dorsal Horn Sensitization in Incisional Pain[J],Pain,2005,114(3):499-510
[30]Rice A.S.,S.B.McMahon.Pre-Emptive Intrathecal Administration of an Nmda Receptor Antagonist(Ap-5)Prevents Hyper-Reflexia in a Model of Persistent Visceral Pain[J],Pain,1994,57(3):335-40
[31]Martin H.A.,L.Arendt-Nielsen.Effect of Muscle Pain and Intrathecal Ap-5 on Electromyographic Patterns During Treadmill Walking in the Rat[J],Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2000,24(7):1151-75
[32]Vikman K.S.,B.K.Rycroft,M.J.Christie.Switch to Ca2+-Permeable Ampa and Reduced Nr2b Nmda Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission at Dorsal Horn Nociceptive Synapses During Inflammatory Pain in the Rat[J],J Physiol,2008,586(2):515-27
[33]Pittaluga A.,A.Bonfanti,M.Raiteri.Somatostatin Potentiates Nmda Receptor Function Via Activation of Insp(3)Receptors and Pkc Leading to Removal of the Mg(2+)Block without Depolarization[J],BrJ Pharmacol,2000,130(3):557-66
[34]王景阳.疼痛与n-甲基-D-天冬氨本酸(Nmda)受体[J],实用疼痛学杂志,2005,2:111-115
[35]Brookoff Daniel,'Chronic Pain:1.A New Disease'2000)< http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/Pain/CP1NewDisease2K.htm>.
[36]Feil R.,E Hofmann,T.Kleppisch.Function of Cgrnp-Dependent Protein Kinases in the Nervous System[J],Rev Neurosci,2005,16(1):23-41
[37]Hepler J.R.,C.S.Toomim,K.D.McCarthy,E Conti,G.Battaglia,A.Rustioni,P.Petrusz.Characterization of Antisera to Glutamate and Aspartate[J],J Histochem Cytochem,1988,36(1):13-22
[38]Battaglia G.,A.Rustioni.Coexistence of Glutamate and Substance P in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of the Rat and Monkey[J],J Comp NeuroI,1988,277(2):302-12
[39]王雪.神经细胞的生理和病理过程与原癌基因c-Fos的关系[J],Foregin Medical Science of Pathophysiology and Clinical Medicine,1998,18:358-361
[40] Sakamoto A., Y. Oda, Y. Iwamoto, M. Tsuneyoshi. A Comparative Study of Fibrous Dysplasia and Osteofibrous Dysplasia with Regard to Expressions of C-Fos and C-Jun Products and Bone Matrix Proteins: A Clinicopathologic Review and Immunohistochemical Study of C-Fos, C-Jun, Type I Collagen, Osteonectin, Osteopontin, and Osteocalcin[J], Hum Pathol, 1999, 30 (12): 1418-26
[41] Martinez M., A. Calvo-Torrent, J. Herbert. Mapping Brain Response to Social Stress in Rodents with C-Fos Expression: A Review[J], Stress, 2002, 5 (1): 3-13
[42] Bishop J. M. The Molecular Genetics of Cancer[J], Science, 1987, 235(4786): 305-11
[43] Bannister A. J., T. Kouzarides. Cbp-Induced Stimulation of C-Fos Activity Is Abrogated by E1a[J], EMBO J, 1995, 14 (19): 4758-62
[44] Macara I. G. Oncogenes and Cellular Signal Transduction[J], Physiol Rev, 1989, 69 (3): 797-820
[45] Whitmarsh A. J., R. J. Davis. Transcription Factor Ap-1 Regulation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathways[J], J Mol Med, 1996, 74 (10): 589-607
[46] Hunt S. P., A. Pini, G. Evan. Induction of C-Fos-Like Protein in Spinal Cord Neurons Following Sensory Stimulation[J], Nature, 1987, 328 (6131): 632-4
[47] Tolle T. R., J. Schadrack, J. M. Castro-Lopes, G. Evan, B. P. Roques, W. Zieglgansberger. Effects of Kelatorphan and Morphine before and after Noxious Stimulation on Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Rat Spinal Cord Neurons[J], Pain, 1994, 56 (1): 103-12
[48] Molander C., J. Hongpaisan, G. Grant. Changing Pattern of C-Fos Expression in Spinal Cord Neurons after Electrical Stimulation of the Chronically Injured Sciatic Nerve in the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 1992, 50 (1): 223-36
[49] Presley R. W., D. Menetrey, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Systemic Morphine Suppresses Noxious Stimulus-Evoked Fos Protein-Like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Spinal Cord[J], J Neurosci, 1990, 10 (1): 323-35
[50] Dragunow M., R. Faull. The Use of C-Fos as a Metabolic Marker in Neuronal Pathway Tracing[J], J Neurosci Methods, 1989, 29 (3): 261-5
[51] Menetrey D., A. Gannon, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Expression of C-Fos Protein in Interneurons and Projection Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord in Response to Noxious Somatic, Articular, and Visceral Stimulation[J], J Comp Neurol, 1989, 285 (2): 177-95
[52] Bullitt E. Expression of C-Fos-Like Protein as a Marker for Neuronal Activity Following Noxious Stimulation in the Rat[J], J Comp Neurol, 1990,296(4): 517-30
[53] Omote K., K. Hazama, T. Kawamata, M. Kawamata, Y. Nakayaka, M. Toriyabe, A. Namiki. Peripheral Nitric Oxide in Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation [J], Brain Res, 2001, 912 (2): 171-5
[54] Holthusen H., G Kojda. [Nitric Oxide (No) and Pain. The Role of No in the Origin and Treatment of Pain][J], Med Monatsschr Pharm, 2000, 23 (10): 323-8
[55] 赵忠球.一氧化氮与脊髓水平的痛觉传递和调制[J], 解剖科学进展, 2002, 8：240-244
[56] Semos M. L., P. M. Headley. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Spinal Nociceptive Reflexes in Rats with Neurogenic and Non-Neurogenic Peripheral Inflammation[J], Neuropharmacology, 1994, 33 (11): 1487-97
[57] Elfering S. L., T. M. Sarkela, C. Giulivi. Biochemistry of Mitochondrial Nitric-Oxide Synthase[J], J Biol Chem, 2002, 277 (41): 38079-86
[58] Valdez L. B., T. Zaobornyj, A. Boveris. Mitochondrial Metabolic States and Membrane Potential Modulate Mtnos Activity[J], Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006, 1757 (3): 166-72
[59]Lacza Z., E. Pankotai, A. Csordas, D. Gero, L. Kiss, E. M. Horvath, M. Kollai, D. W. Busija, C. Szabo. Mitochondrial No and Reactive Nitrogen Species Production: Does Mtnos Exist?[J], Nitric Oxide, 2006, 14 (2): 162-8
[60] Tao F., Y. X. Tao, P. Mao, C. Zhao, D. Li, W. J. Liaw, S. N. Raja, R. A. Johns. Intact Carrageenan-Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia in Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase[J], Neuroscience, 2003, 120 (3): 847-54
[61] Zang M. W., X. X. Peng, P. Hu, J. S. Liu. Construction of an Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Gene Transferring Vector Mediated by Retrovirus[J], Zhongguo Yao Li XueBao, 1998, 19 (2): 121-7
[62]Kawamata T.,K.Omote.Activation of Spinal N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Stimulates a Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine 3,5-Monophosphate/Glutamate Release Cascade in Nociceptive Signaling[J],Anesthesiology,1999,91(5):1415-24
[63]Tao Y.X.,R.A.Johns.Activation and up-Regulation of Spinal Cord Nitric Oxide Receptor,Soluble Guanylate Cyclase,after Formalin Injection into the Rat Hind Paw[J],Neuroscience,2002,112(2):439-46
[64]Yoon M.H.,J.I.Choi,H.B.Bae,S.W.Jeong,S.S.Chung,K.Y.Yoo,C.Y.Jeong,S.J.Kim,S.T.Chung,C.M.Kim.Lack of the Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Gmp-Potassium Channel Pathway for the Antinociceptive Effect of Intrathecal Zaprinast in a Rat Formalin Test[J],Neurosci Lett,2005,390(2):114-7
[65]Gobeil F.,Jr.,T.Zhu,S.Brault,A.Geha,A.Vazquez-Tello,A.Fortier,D.Barbaz,D.Checchin,X.Hou,M.Nader,G.Bkaily,J.P.Gratton,N.Heveker,A.Ribeiro-da-Silva,K.Peri,H.Bard,A.Chorvatova,P.D'Orleans-Juste,E.J.Goetzl,S.Chemtob.Nitric Oxide Signaling Via Nuclearized Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase Modulates Expression of the Immediate Early Genes Inos and Mpges-1[J],J Biol Chem,2006,281(23):16058-67
[66]Roche A.K.,M.Cook,G;L.Wilcox,K.C.Kajander.A Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibitor(L-Name)Reduces Licking Behavior and Fos-Labeling in the Spinal Cord of Rats During Formalin-Induced Inflammation[J],Pain,1996,66(2-3):331-41
[67]Chapman V.,J.Buritova,P.Honore,J.M.Besson.7-Nitro-indazole,a Selective Inhibitor of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase,Reduces Formalin Evoked C-Fos Expression in Dorsal Horn Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord[J],Brain Res,1995,697(1-2):258-61
[68]Lawand N.B.,W.D.Willis,K.N.Westlund.Blockade of Joint Inflammation and Secondary Hyperalgesia by L-Name,a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor[J],Neuroreport,1997,8(4):895-9
[69]Wu J.,L.Fang,Q.Lin,W.D.Willis.Fos Expression Is Induced by Increased Nitric Oxide Release in Rat Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn[J],Neuroscience,2000,96(2):351-7
[70]孙怡.一氧化氮对脊髓背角疼痛的调制作用[J],临床麻醉学杂志,2005,
[71] Han I. O., H. S. Kim, H. C. Kim, E. H. Joe, W. K. Kim. Synergistic Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Phorbol Ester and Interferon-Gamma Is Mediated through Nf-Kappab and Erk in Microglial Cells[J], J Neurosci Res, 2003, 73 (5): 659-69
[72] Mollace V., M. Colasanti, C. Muscoli, G. M. Lauro, M. Iannone, D. Rotiroti, G. Nistico. The Effect of Nitric Oxide on Cytokine-Induced Release of Pge2 by Human Cultured Astroglial Cells[J], Br J Pharmacol, 1998, 124 (4): 742-6
[73] Huang T. H., V. H. Tran, R. K. Duke, S. Tan, S. Chrubasik, B. D. Roufogalis, C. C. Duke. Harpagoside Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inos and Cox-2 Expression through Inhibition of Nf-Kappa B Activation[J], J Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 104 (1-2): 149-55
[74] Tassorelli C, R. Greco, D. Wang, G. Sandrini, G. Nappi. Prostaglandins, Glutamate and Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediate Nitroglycerin-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Formalin Test[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 2006, 534 (1-3): 103-7
[75] Bogdanov M. B., R. J. Wurtman. Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Nmda-Induced Glutamate Release in the Rat Striatum: An in Vivo Microdialysis Study[J], Neurosci Lett, 1997, 221 (2-3): 197-201
[76] Skyba D. A., T. L. Lisi, K. A. Sluka. Excitatory Amino Acid Concentrations Increase in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn after Repeated Intramuscular Injection of Acidic Saline[J], Pain, 2005, 119 (1-3): 142-9
[77] Osborne M. G, T. J. Coderre. Effects of Intrathecal Administration of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors on Carrageenan-Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia[J], Br J Pharmacol, 1999, 126 (8): 1840-6
[78] Handy R. L., P. K. Moore. Effects of Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase on Carrageenan-Induced Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia[J], Neuropharmacology, 1998, 37 (1): 37-43
[79] Zhang X. C, Y. Q. Zhang, Z. Q. Zhao. Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Long-Term Potentiation of Spinal Nociceptive Responses in Rats[J], Neuroreport, 2005, 16 (11): 1197-201
[80] Ge Y. X., W. J. Xin, N. W. Hu, T. Zhang, J. T. Xu, X. G. Liu. Clonidine Depresses Ltp of C-Fiber Evoked Field Potentials in Spinal Dorsal Horn Via No-Cgmp Pathway[J], Brain Res, 2006, 1118 (1): 58-65
[81] Lembo P. M., E. Grazzini, T. Groblewski, D. O'Donnell, M. O. Roy, J. Zhang, C. Hoffert, J. Cao, R. Schmidt, M. Pelletier, M. Labarre, M. Gosselin, Y. Fortin, D. Banville, S. H. Shen, P. Strom, K. Payza, A. Dray, P. Walker, S. Ahmad. Proenkephalin a Gene Products Activate a New Family of Sensory Neuron-Specific Gpcrs[J], Nat Neurosci, 2002, 5 (3): 201-9
[82] Hong Y., P. Dai, J. Jiang, X. Zeng. Dual Effects of Intrathecal Bam22 on Nociceptive Responses in Acute and Persistent Pain—Potential Function of a Novel Receptor[J], Br J Pharmacol, 2004, 141 (3): 423-30
[83] Grazzini E., C. Puma, M. O. Roy, X. H. Yu, D. O'Donnell, R. Schmidt, S. Dautrey, J. Ducharme, M. Perkins, R. Panetta, J. M. Laird, S. Ahmad, P. M. Lembo. Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Activation Elicits Central and Peripheral Nociceptive Effects in Rats[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101 (18): 7175-80
[84] Iadarola M. J., P. Panula, E. A. Majane, Y. T. Yang. The Opioid Octapeptide Met5-Enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8: Characterization and Distribution in Rat Spinal Cord[J], Brain Res, 1985, 330 (1): 127-34
[85] Zylka M. J., X. Dong, A. L. Southwell, D. J. Anderson. Atypical Expansion in Mice of the Sensory Neuron-Specific Mrg G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100 (17): 10043-8
[86] Mizuno K., N. Minamino, K. Kangawa, H. Matsuo. A New Endogenous Opioid Peptide from Bovine Adrenal Medulla: Isolation and Amino Acid Sequence of a Dodecapeptide (Bam-12p)[J], Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1980, 95 (4): 1482-8
[87] Hollt V., I. Haarmann, C. Grimm, A. Herz, F. C. Tulunay, H. H. Loh. Pro-Enkephalin Intermediates in Bovine Brain and Adrenal Medulla: Characterization of Immunoreactive Peptides Related to Bam-22p and Peptide F[J], Life Sci. 1982, 31 (16-17): 1883-6
[88] Liebisch D. C., B. R. Seizinger, G Michael, A. Herz. Novel Opioid Peptide Amidorphin: Characterization and Distribution of Amidorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in Bovine, Ovine, and Porcine Brain, Pituitary, and Adrenal Medulla[J], J Neurochem, 1985, 45 (5): 1495-503
[89] Pittius C. W., N. Kley, J. P. Loeffler, V. Hollt. Quantitation of Proenkephalin a Messenger Rna in Bovine Brain, Pituitary and Adrenal Medulla: Correlation between Mrna and Peptide Levels [J], EMBO J, 1985, 4 (5): 1257-60
[90] Seizinger B. R., D. C. Liebisch, C. Gramsch, A. Herz, E. Weber, C. J. Evans, F. S. Esch, P. Bohlen. Isolation and Structure of a Novel C-Terminally Amidated Opioid Peptide, Amidorphin, from Bovine Adrenal Medulla[J], Nature, 1985, 313(5997): 57-9
[91] Maderdrut J. L., I. Merchenthaler, D. K. Sundberg, N. Okado, R. W. Oppenheim. Distribution and Development of Proenkephalin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Chicken[J], Brain Res, 1986, 377 (1): 29-40
[92] Khachaturian H., M. E. Lewis, S. J. Watson. Colocalization of Proenkephalin Peptides in Rat Brain Neurons[J], Brain Res, 1983, 279 (1-2): 369-73
[93] Boersma C. J., C. W. Pool, J. J. Van Heerikhuize, F. W Van Leeuwen. Characterization of Opioid Binding Sites in the Neural and Intermediate Lobe of the Rat Pituitary Gland by Quantitative Receptor Autoradiography[J] , J Neuroendocrinol, 1994, 6 (1): 47-56
[94] Cai M., T. Chen, R. Quirion, Y. Hong. The Involvement of Spinal Bovine Adrenal Medulla 22-Like Peptide, the Proenkephalin Derivative, in Modulation of Nociceptive Processing[J], Eur J Neurosci, 2007, 26 (5): 1128-38
[95] Zeng X., H. Huang, Y. Hong. Effects of Intrathecal Bam22 on Noxious Stimulus-Evoked C-Fos Expression in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn [J], Brain Res, 2004, 1028 (2): 170-9
[96] Chen T., Q. Cai, Y. Hong. Intrathecal Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Agonists Bovine Adrenal Medulla 8-22 and (Tyr6)-Gamma2-Msh-6-12 Inhibit Formalin-Evoked Nociception and Neuronal Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Spinal Cord of the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 2006, 141 (2): 965-75
[97] Bardin L., M. B. Assie, M. Pelissou, I. Royer-Urios, A. Newman-Tancredi, J. P. Ribet, F. Sautel, W. Koek, F. C. Colpaert. Dual, Hyperalgesic, and Analgesic Effects of the High-Efficacy 5-Hydroxytryptamine la(5-Htla)Agonist F 13640[(3-Chloro-4-Fluoro-Phenyl)-[4-Fluoro-4-{[(5-Methyl-Pyridin-2-Ylmethyl)-Am Ino]-Methyl}Piperidin-l-Y1]Methanone,Fumaric Acid Salt]:Relationship with 5-Htla Receptor Occupancy and Kinetic Parameters[J],J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2005,312(3):1034-42
[98]Chen H.,S.R.Ikeda.Modulation of Ion Channels and Synaptic Transmission by a Human Sensory Neuron-Specific G-Protein-Coupled Receptor,Snsr4/Mrgxl,Heterologously Expressed in Cultured Rat Neurons[J],J Neurosci,2004,24(21):5044-53
[99]Jiang J.,J.Huang,Y.Hong.Bovine Adrenal Medulla 22 Reverses Antinociceptive Morphine Tolerance in the Rat[J],Behav Brain Res,2006,168(1):167-71
[100]江剑平洪炎国.牛肾上腺髓质22肽在吗啡耐受大鼠中对伤害性引起的脊髓背角c-Fos表达的影响[J],中国疼痛医学杂志,2007,13(3):166-171
[101]江剑平,陈雅娟,洪炎国.椎管内注射牛肾上腺髓质22肽差异性翻转吗啡耐受作用[J],生理学报,2006,58(6):529-535
[102]Cai Q.,J.Jiang,T.Chen,Y.Hong.Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Agonist Barn8-22 Inhibits the Development and Expression of Tolerance to Morphine in Rats[J],Behav Brain Res,2007,178(1):154-9
[103]Trujillo K.A.,H.Akil.Excitatory Amino Acids and Drugs of Abuse:A Role for N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Drug Tolerance,Sensitization and Physical Dependence[J],Drug Alcohol Depend,1995,38(2):139-54
[104]Mendez I.A.,K.A.Trujillo.Nmda Receptor Antagonists Inhibit Opiate Antinociceptive Tolerance and Locomotor Sensitization in Rats[J],Psychopharmacology(Berl),2008,196(3):497-509
[105]Hingne E M.,K.A.Sluka.Blockade of Nmda Receptors Prevents Analgesic Tolerance to Repeated Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(Tens)in Rats[J],J Pain,2008,9(3):217-25
[106]Adam E,E.Dufour,D.Le Bars.The Glycine Site-Specific Nmda Antagonist (+)-Ha966 Enhances the Effect of Morphine and Reverses Morphine Tolerance Via a Spinal Mechanism[J],Neuropharmacology,2008,54(3):588-596
[107] Smith F. L., B. H. Gabra, P. A. Smith, M. C. Redwood, W. L. Dewey. Determination of the Role of Conventional, Novel and Atypical Pkc Isoforms in the Expression of Morphine Tolerance in Mice[J], Pain, 2007, 127 (1-2): 129-39
[108] Cuschieri J., J. Billigren, R. V. Maier. Endotoxin Tolerance Attenuates Lps-Induced Tlr4 Mobilization to Lipid Rafts: A Condition Reversed by Pkc Activation[J], J Leukoc Biol, 2006, 80 (6): 1289-97
[109] Guettler D. L., S. X. Ma. Effects of Nitric Oxide and Noradrenergic Activation in the Posterior Hypothalamus on Arterial Pressure Tolerance to Nitroglycerin in Rats[J], J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 2008,
[110] Bourret T. J., S. Porwollik, M. McClelland, R. Zhao, T. Greco, H. Ischiropoulos, A. Vazquez-Torres. Nitric Oxide Antagonizes the Acid Tolerance Response That Protects Salmonella against Innate Gastric Defenses[J], PLoS ONE, 2008, 3(3): e1833
[111] Galeote L., R. Maldonado, F. Berrendero. Involvement of Kappa/Dynorphin System in the Development of Tolerance to Nicotine-Induced Antinociception[J], J Neurochem, 2008,
[112] Vanderah T. W., L. R. Gardell, S. E. Burgess, M. Ibrahim, A. Dogrul, C. M. Zhong, E. T. Zhang, T. P. Malan, Jr., M. H. Ossipov, J. Lai, F. Porreca. Dynorphin Promotes Abnormal Pain and Spinal Opioid Antinociceptive Tolerance [J], J Neurosci, 2000, 20 (18): 7074-9
[113] Mason D. J., Jr., J. Lowe, S. P. Welch. A Diminution of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Modulation of Dynorphin a-(1-17) in Conjunction with Tolerance Development[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1999, 381 (2-3): 105-11
[114] Felsby S., J. Nielsen, L. Arendt-Nielsen, T. S. Jensen. Nmda Receptor Blockade in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Comparison of Ketamine and Magnesium Chloride[J], Pain, 1996, 64 (2): 283-91
[115] Hunskaar S., O. B. Fasmer, K. Hole. Formalin Test in Mice, a Useful Technique for Evaluating Mild Analgesics [J], J Neurosci Methods, 1985, 14(1): 69-76
[116] Abbott F. V, Y. Hong, P. Blier. Activation of 5-Ht2a Receptors Potentiates Pain Produced by Inflammatory Mediators[J], Neuropharmacology, 1996, 35(1): 99-110
[117] Coderre T. J., R. Melzack. The Contribution of Excitatory Amino Acids to Central Sensitization and Persistent Nociception after Formalin-Induced Tissue Injury[J], J Neurosci, 1992, 12 (9): 3665-70
[118] Yamamoto T, T. L. Yaksh. Comparison of the Antinociceptive Effects of Pre-and Posttreatment with Intrathecal Morphine and Mk801, an Nmda Antagonist, on the Formalin Test in the Rat[J], Anesthesiology, 1992, 77 (4): 757-63
[119] Lalatta-Costerbosa G., M. Mazzoni, P. Clavenzani, G. Di Guardo, G. Mazzuoli, G. Marruchella, L. De Grossi, U. Agrimi, R. Chiocchetti. Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity and Nadph-D Histochemistry in the Enteric Nervous System of Sarda Breed Sheep with Different Prp Genotypes in Whole-Mount and Cryostat Preparations[J], J Histochem Cytochem, 2007, 55 (4): 387-401
[120] Garthwaite J., S. L. Charles, R. Chess-Williams. Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor Release on Activation of Nmda Receptors Suggests Role as Intercellular Messenger in the Brain[J], Nature, 1988, 336 (6197): 385-8
[121] Buritova J., V. Chapman, P. Honore, J. M. Besson. The Contribution of Gabab Receptor-Mediated Events to Inflammatory Pain Processing: Carrageenan Oedema and Associated Spinal C-Fos Expression in the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 1996, 73 (2): 487-96
[122] Catheline G, S. Le Guen, J. M. Besson. Effects of Opioid Receptor Antagonists on the Effects of I.V. Morphine on Carrageenin Evoked C-Fos Expression in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Rat Spinal Cord[J], Brain Res, 1999,824(1): 105-11
[123] Le Guen S., G. Catheline, J. M. Besson. Effects of Nmda Receptor Antagonists on Morphine Tolerance: A C-Fos Study in the Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Rat[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1999, 373 (1): 1-11
[124] Martin W. J., C. M. Loo, A. I. Basbaum. Spinal Cannabinoids Are Anti-Allodynic in Rats with Persistent Inflammation [J], Pain, 1999, 82(2): 199-205
[125] Bellavance L. L., A. J. Beitz. Altered C-Fos Expression in the Parabrachial Nucleus in a Rodent Model of Cfa-Induced Peripheral Inflammation[J], J Comp Neurol, 1996, 366 (3): 431-47
[126] Jasmin L., H. Wang, K. Tarczy-Hornoch, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Differential Effects of Morphine on Noxious Stimulus-Evoked Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in Subpopulations of Spinoparabrachial Neurons[J], J Neurosci, 1994, 14 (12): 7252-60
[127] Du J., S. Zhou, R. E. Coggeshall, S. M. Carlton. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Induced Excitation and Sensitization of Normal and Inflamed Nociceptors[J], Neuroscience, 2003, 118 (2): 547-62
[128] Leem J. W., J. H. Hwang, S. J. Hwang, H. Park, M. K. Kim, Y. Choi. The Role of Peripheral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Freund's Complete Adjuvant Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Rats[J], Neurosci Lett, 2001, 297(3): 155-8
[129] Davidson E. M., R. E. Coggeshall, S. M. Carlton. Peripheral Nmda and Non-Nmda Glutamate Receptors Contribute to Nociceptive Behaviors in the Rat Formalin Test[J], Neuroreport, 1997, 8 (4): 941-6
[130] Cairns B. E., P. Svensson, K. Wang, S. Hupfeld, T. Graven-Nielsen, B. J. Sessle, C. B. Berde, L. Arendt-Nielsen. Activation of Peripheral Nmda Receptors Contributes to Human Pain and Rat Afferent Discharges Evoked by Injection of Glutamate into the Masseter Muscle [J], J Neurophysiol, 2003, 90(4): 2098-105
[131] Zhang G. H., S. S. Min, K. S. Lee, S. K. Back, S. J. Yoon, Y. W. Yoon, Y. I. Kim, H. S. Na, S. K. Hong, H. C. Han. Intraarticular Pretreatment with Ketamine and Memantine Could Prevent Arthritic Pain: Relevance to the Decrease of Spinal C-Fos Expression in Rats[J], AnesthAnalg, 2004, 99 (1): 152-8
[132] Carlton S. M., G L. Hargett, R. E. Coggeshall. Localization and Activation of Glutamate Receptors in Unmyelinated Axons of Rat Glabrous Skin[J], Neurosci Lett, 1995, 197 (1): 25-8
[133] Coggeshall R. E., S. M. Carlton. Ultrastructural Analysis of Nmda, Ampa, and Kainate Receptors on Unmyelinated and Myelinated Axons in the Periphery[J], J Comp Neurol, 1998, 391 (1): 78-86
[134] Kinkelin I., E. B. Brocker, M. Koltzenburg, S. M. Carlton. Localization of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Axons of Human Skin[J], Neurosci Lett, 2000, 283 (2): 149-52
[135] Marvizon J. C, J. A. McRoberts, H. S. Ennes, B. Song, X. Wang, L. Jinton, B. Corneliussen, E. A. Mayer. Two N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia with Different Subunit Composition and Localization[J], J Comp Neurol, 2002, 446 (4): 325-41
[136] Huang F., Z. Liu, H. Liu, L. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Li. Gm1 and Ngf Modulate Ca2+ Homeostasis and Gap43 Mrna Expression in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons with Excitotoxicity Induced by Glutamate[J], Nutr Neurosci, 2007, 10 (3-4): 105-11
[137] Carlton S. M., G L. Hargett. Colocalization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells[J], J Comp Neurol, 2007, 501 (5): 780-9
[138] Yang X. D., Z. Liu, H. X. Liu, L. H. Wang, C. H. Ma, Z. Z. Li. Regulatory Effect of Nerve Growth Factor on Release of Substance P in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of Rat[J], Neurosci Bull, 2007, 23 (4): 215-20
[139] Tang H. B., Y. Nakata. The Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Receptor Subtype 1 by Capsaicin without Extracellular Ca(2+) Is Involved in the Mechanism of Distinct Substance P Release in Cultured Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons [J], Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2007,
[140] Tang H. B., Y. S. Li, Y. Nakata. The Release of Substance P from Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Requires the Non-Neuronal Cells around These Neurons[J], J Pharmacol Sci, 2007, 105 (3): 264-71
[141] Tang H. B., Y. S. Li, K. Arihiro, Y. Nakata. Activation of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor by Substance P Triggers the Release of Substance P from Cultured Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons [J], Mol Pain, 2007, 3: 42
[142] Staton P. C, A. W. Wilson, C. Bountra, I. P. Chessell, N. C. Day. Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglion Cgrp Expression in a Chronic Inflammatory Model of the Rat Knee Joint: Differential Modulation by Rofecoxib and Paracetamol [J], Eur J Pain, 2007, 11 (3): 283-9
[143] Yamamoto J., T. Kawamata, Y. Niiyama, K. Omote, A. Namiki. Down-Regulation of Mu Opioid Receptor Expression within Distinct Subpopulations of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in a Murine Model of Bone Cancer Pain[J],Neuroscience,2008,151(3):843-53
[144]Walwyn W.,C.J.Evans,T.G.Hales.Beta-Arrestin2 and C-Src Regulate the Constitutive Activity and Recycling of Mu Opioid Receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J],J Neurosci,2007,27(19):5092-104
[145]Komai H.,T.S.McDowell.Effects of Local Anesthetics on Opioid Inhibition of Calcium Current in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J],Neurosci Lett,2007,418(3):298-303
[146]Garry M.G.,J.D.Richardson,K.M.Hargreaves.Sodium Nitroprusside Evokes the Release of Immunoreactive Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P from Dorsal Horn Slices Via Nitric Oxide-Dependent and Nitric Oxide-Independent Mechanisms[J],J Neurosci,1994,14(7):4329-37
[147]Cridland R.A.,J.L.Henry.Intrathecal Administration of Cgrp in the Rat Attenuates a Facilitation of the Tail Flick Reflex Induced by Either Substance P or Noxious Cutaneous Stimulation[J],Neurosci Lett,1989,102(2-3):241-6
[148]孙海燕,李平,何农,薛富善.鞘内预注射1_Name对神经性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角降钙素基因相关肽表达的影响[J],中华麻醉学杂志,2004,24(7):522-524
[149]Miki K.,T.Fukuoka,A.Tokunaga,K.Noguchi.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Increase in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn and Dorsal Column Nucleus Following Peripheral Nerve Injury:Up-Regulation in a Subpopulation of Primary Afferent Sensory Neurons[J],Neuroscience,1998,82(4):1243-52
[150]Kangrga I.,J.S.Larew,M.Randic.The Effects of Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on the Efflux of Endogenous Glutamate and Aspartate from the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn in Vitro[J],Neurosci Lett,1990,108(1-2):155-60
[151]Murase K.,P.D.Ryu,M.Randic.Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids and Peptide-Induced Responses in Acutely Isolated Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons[J],NeurosciLett,1989,103(1):56-63
[152]Oku R.,M.Satoh,N.Fujii,A.Otaka,H.Yajima,H.Takagi.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Promotes Mechanical Nociception by Potentiating Release of Substance P from the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Rats[J],Brain Res,1987,403(2): 350-4
[153] Skofitsch G, D. M. Jacobowitz. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Coexists with Substance P in Capsaicin Sensitive Neurons and Sensory Ganglia of the Rat[J], Peptides, 1985, 6 (4): 747-54
[154] Le Greves P., F. Nyberg, L. Terenius, T. Hokfelt. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Is a Potent Inhibitor of Substance P Degradation[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1985, 115 (2-3): 309-11
[155] Seybold V. S., K. E. McCarson, P. G. Mermelstein, R. D. Groth, L. G. Abrahams. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Regulates Expression of Neurokininl Receptors by Rat Spinal Neurons[J], J Neurosci, 2003, 23 (5): 1816-24
[156] Ma W., W. H. Zheng, S. Kar, R. Quirion. Morphine Treatment Induced Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P Increases in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J], Neuroscience, 2000, 99 (3): 529-39
[2]Barber R.P.,J.E.Vaughn,J.R.Slemmon,P.M.Salvaterra,E.Roberts,S.E.Leeman.The Origin,Distribution and Synaptic Relationships of Substance P Axons in Rat Spinal Cord[J],J Comp Neurol,1979,184(2):331-51
[3]Trang T.,M.Sutak,K.Jhamandas.Involvement of Cannabinoid(Cbl)-Receptors in the Development and Maintenance of Opioid Tolerance[J],Neuroscience,2007,146(3):1275-88
[4]Besson J.M.,A.Chaouch.Peripheral and Spinal Mechanisms of Nociception[J],PhysiolRev,1987,67(1):67-186
[5]Minville V.,J.M.Laffosse,O.Fourcade,J.P.Girolami,I.Tack.Mouse Model of Fracture Pain[J],Anesthesiology,2008,108(3):467-72
[6]Imanaka A.,S.Morinobu,S.Toki,S.Yamamoto,A.Matsuki,T.Kozuru,S.Yamawaki.Neonatal Tactile Stimulation Reverses the Effect of Neonatal Isolation on Open-Field and Anxiety-Like Behavior,and Pain Sensitivity in Male and Female Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats[J],Behav Brain Res,2008,186(1):91-7
[7]Munro G.,C.A.Baek,H.K.Erichsen,A.N.Nielsen,E.O.Nielsen,J.Scheel-Kruger,P.Weikop,D.Peters.The Novel Compound (+/-)-1-[10-((E)-3-Phenyl-Allyl)-3,10-Diaza-Bicyclo[4.3.1]Dec-3-Y1]-Propan -1-One(Ns7051)Attenuates Nociceptive Transmission in Animal Models of Experimental Pain;a Pharmacological Comparison with the Combined Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonist and Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor Tramadol[J],Neuropharmacology,2008,54(2):331-43
[8]Spooner M.E,P.Robichaud,J.C.Carrier,S.Marchand.Endogenous Pain Modulation During the Formalin Test in Estrogen Receptor Beta Knockout Mice[J],Neuroscience,2007,150(3):675-80
[9]Palkovits M.,M.A.Deli,K.Gallatz,Z.E.Toth,E.Buzas,A.Falus.Highly Activated C-Fos Expression in Specific Brain Regions(Ependyma, Circumventricular Organs, Choroid Plexus) of Histidine Decarboxylase Deficient Mice in Response to Formalin-Induced Acute Pain[J], Neuropharmacology, 2007, 53 (1): 101-12
[10] Rosa A. O., J. Egea, S. Lorrio, A. I. Rojo, A. Cuadrado, M. G. Lopez. Nrf2-Mediated Haeme Oxygenase-1 up-Regulation Induced by Cobalt Protoporphyrin Has Antinociceptive Effects against Inflammatory Pain in the Formalin Test in Mice[J], Pain, 2007,
[11] McNamara C. R., J. Mandel-Brehm, D. M. Bautista, J. Siemens, K. L. Deranian, M. Zhao, N. J. Hayward, J. A. Chong, D. Julius, M. M. Moran, C. M. Fanger. Trpal Mediates Formalin-Induced Pain[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104 (33): 13525-30
[12] Puig S., L. S. Sorkin. Formalin-Evoked Activity in Identified Primary Afferent Fibers: Systemic Lidocaine Suppresses Phase-2 Activity[J], Pain, 1996, 64(2): 345-55
[13] Taguchi T., R. Taguchi. Effect of Varying Frequency and Duration of Electroacupuncture Stimulation on Carrageenan-Induced Hyperalgesia[J], Acupunct Med, 2007, 25 (3): 80-6
[14] Loram L. C, A. Fuller, L. G. Fick, T. Cartmell, S. Poole, D. Mitchell. Cytokine Profiles During Carrageenan-Induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rat Muscle and Hind Paw[J], J Pain, 2007, 8 (2): 127-36
[15] Dubovy P., R. Jancalek, I. Klusakova, I. Svizenska, K. Pejchalova. Intra- and Extraneuronal Changes of Immunofluorescence Staining for Tnf-Alpha and Tnfr1 in the Dorsal Root Ganglia of Rat Peripheral Neuropathic Pain Models[J], Cell Mol Neurobiol, 2006, 26 (7-8): 1205-17
[16]Narita M., M. Shimamura, S. Imai, C. Kubota, Y. Yajima, T. Takagi, M. Shiokawa, T. Inoue, M. Suzuki, T. Suzuki. Role of Interleukin-1beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Dependent Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 Mrna in Thermal Hyperalgesia Induced by Chronic Inflammation in Mice[J], Neuroscience, 2008, 152 (2): 477-86
[17] Apkarian A. V., S. Lavarello, A. Randolf, H. H. Berra, D. R. Chialvo, H. O. Besedovsky,A.del Rey.Expression of II-lbeta in Supraspinal Brain Regions in Rats with NeuropathicPain[J],NeurosciLett,2006,407(2):176-81
[18]Hudspith M.,R.Munglani.A Role for Presynaptic Nmda Receptors in Central Sensitization in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn?[J],Br J Anaesth,1998,81(2):294-5
[19]Willis W.D.,Jr.Is Central Sensitization of Nociceptive Transmission in the Spinal Cord a Variety of Long-Term Potentiation?[J],Neuroreport,1997,8(16):iii
[20]Meerson F.Z.,R.I.Lifshits,V.I.Pavlova.[Dynamics and Physiological Significance of Gaba-System Activation in Brain and Cardiac Muscle During Emotional-Pain Stress][J],Vopr Med Khim,1981,27(1):35-9
[21]Sherman A.,Ct E Gebhart.Regional Levels of Gaba and Glutamate in Mouse Brain Following Exposure to Pain[J],Neuropharmacology,1974,13(7):673-5
[22]陈龚李惠萍,戴体俊.士的宁敏感的甘氨酸受体对吸入麻醉药催眠和镇痛作用的影响[J],中国药理学通报,2007,23(5):604-607
[23]Qin M.,J.J.Wang,R.Cao,H.Zhang,L.Duan,B.Gao,Y.F.Xiong,L.W.Chen,Z.R.Rao.The Lumbar Spinal Cord Glial Cells Actively Modulate Subcutaneous Formalin Induced Hyperalgesia in the Rat[J],Neurosci Res,2006,55(4):442-50
[24]Guo L.H.,H.J.Schluesener.Acute but Not Chronic Stimulation of Glial Cells in Rat Spinal Cord by Systemic Injection of Lipopolysaccharide Is Associated with Hyperalgesia[J],ActaNeuropathol,2006,112(6):703-13
[25]Watkins L.R.,S.F.Maier.Beyond Neurons:Evidence That Immune and Glial Cells Contribute to Pathological Pain States[J],Physiol Rev,2002,82(4):981-1011
[26]Mao J.Nmda and Opioid Receptors:Their Interactions in Antinociception,Tolerance and Neuroplasticity[J],Brain Res Brain Res Rev,1999,30(3):289-304
[27]Yang W.,J.H.Luo,Y.Gao,M.Huang,C.Y.Zheng.[Construction of Expression Vectors for C-Terminally Deleted Nr2b Subunit Mutants and Their Application in the Study of Assembling of Nmda Receptors][J],Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban,2003,32(6):480-5
[28]Lee Y.W.,K.A.Park,W.T.Lee.Effects of Mk-801 and Morphine on Spinal C-Fos Expression During the Development of Neuropathic Pain[J],Yonsei Med J,2002, 43(3):370-6
[29]Zahn P.K.,E.M.Pogatzki-Zahn,T.J.Brennan.Spinal Administration of Mk-801and Nbqx Demonstrates Nmda-Independent Dorsal Horn Sensitization in Incisional Pain[J],Pain,2005,114(3):499-510
[30]Rice A.S.,S.B.McMahon.Pre-Emptive Intrathecal Administration of an Nmda Receptor Antagonist(Ap-5)Prevents Hyper-Reflexia in a Model of Persistent Visceral Pain[J],Pain,1994,57(3):335-40
[31]Martin H.A.,L.Arendt-Nielsen.Effect of Muscle Pain and Intrathecal Ap-5 on Electromyographic Patterns During Treadmill Walking in the Rat[J],Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2000,24(7):1151-75
[32]Vikman K.S.,B.K.Rycroft,M.J.Christie.Switch to Ca2+-Permeable Ampa and Reduced Nr2b Nmda Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission at Dorsal Horn Nociceptive Synapses During Inflammatory Pain in the Rat[J],J Physiol,2008,586(2):515-27
[33]Pittaluga A.,A.Bonfanti,M.Raiteri.Somatostatin Potentiates Nmda Receptor Function Via Activation of Insp(3)Receptors and Pkc Leading to Removal of the Mg(2+)Block without Depolarization[J],BrJ Pharmacol,2000,130(3):557-66
[34]王景阳.疼痛与n-甲基-D-天冬氨本酸(Nmda)受体[J],实用疼痛学杂志,2005,2:111-115
[35]Brookoff Daniel,'Chronic Pain:1.A New Disease'2000)< http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/Pain/CP1NewDisease2K.htm>.
[36]Feil R.,E Hofmann,T.Kleppisch.Function of Cgrnp-Dependent Protein Kinases in the Nervous System[J],Rev Neurosci,2005,16(1):23-41
[37]Hepler J.R.,C.S.Toomim,K.D.McCarthy,E Conti,G.Battaglia,A.Rustioni,P.Petrusz.Characterization of Antisera to Glutamate and Aspartate[J],J Histochem Cytochem,1988,36(1):13-22
[38]Battaglia G.,A.Rustioni.Coexistence of Glutamate and Substance P in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of the Rat and Monkey[J],J Comp NeuroI,1988,277(2):302-12
[39]王雪.神经细胞的生理和病理过程与原癌基因c-Fos的关系[J],Foregin Medical Science of Pathophysiology and Clinical Medicine,1998,18:358-361
[40] Sakamoto A., Y. Oda, Y. Iwamoto, M. Tsuneyoshi. A Comparative Study of Fibrous Dysplasia and Osteofibrous Dysplasia with Regard to Expressions of C-Fos and C-Jun Products and Bone Matrix Proteins: A Clinicopathologic Review and Immunohistochemical Study of C-Fos, C-Jun, Type I Collagen, Osteonectin, Osteopontin, and Osteocalcin[J], Hum Pathol, 1999, 30 (12): 1418-26
[41] Martinez M., A. Calvo-Torrent, J. Herbert. Mapping Brain Response to Social Stress in Rodents with C-Fos Expression: A Review[J], Stress, 2002, 5 (1): 3-13
[42] Bishop J. M. The Molecular Genetics of Cancer[J], Science, 1987, 235(4786): 305-11
[43] Bannister A. J., T. Kouzarides. Cbp-Induced Stimulation of C-Fos Activity Is Abrogated by E1a[J], EMBO J, 1995, 14 (19): 4758-62
[44] Macara I. G. Oncogenes and Cellular Signal Transduction[J], Physiol Rev, 1989, 69 (3): 797-820
[45] Whitmarsh A. J., R. J. Davis. Transcription Factor Ap-1 Regulation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction Pathways[J], J Mol Med, 1996, 74 (10): 589-607
[46] Hunt S. P., A. Pini, G. Evan. Induction of C-Fos-Like Protein in Spinal Cord Neurons Following Sensory Stimulation[J], Nature, 1987, 328 (6131): 632-4
[47] Tolle T. R., J. Schadrack, J. M. Castro-Lopes, G. Evan, B. P. Roques, W. Zieglgansberger. Effects of Kelatorphan and Morphine before and after Noxious Stimulation on Immediate-Early Gene Expression in Rat Spinal Cord Neurons[J], Pain, 1994, 56 (1): 103-12
[48] Molander C., J. Hongpaisan, G. Grant. Changing Pattern of C-Fos Expression in Spinal Cord Neurons after Electrical Stimulation of the Chronically Injured Sciatic Nerve in the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 1992, 50 (1): 223-36
[49] Presley R. W., D. Menetrey, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Systemic Morphine Suppresses Noxious Stimulus-Evoked Fos Protein-Like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Spinal Cord[J], J Neurosci, 1990, 10 (1): 323-35
[50] Dragunow M., R. Faull. The Use of C-Fos as a Metabolic Marker in Neuronal Pathway Tracing[J], J Neurosci Methods, 1989, 29 (3): 261-5
[51] Menetrey D., A. Gannon, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Expression of C-Fos Protein in Interneurons and Projection Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord in Response to Noxious Somatic, Articular, and Visceral Stimulation[J], J Comp Neurol, 1989, 285 (2): 177-95
[52] Bullitt E. Expression of C-Fos-Like Protein as a Marker for Neuronal Activity Following Noxious Stimulation in the Rat[J], J Comp Neurol, 1990,296(4): 517-30
[53] Omote K., K. Hazama, T. Kawamata, M. Kawamata, Y. Nakayaka, M. Toriyabe, A. Namiki. Peripheral Nitric Oxide in Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation [J], Brain Res, 2001, 912 (2): 171-5
[54] Holthusen H., G Kojda. [Nitric Oxide (No) and Pain. The Role of No in the Origin and Treatment of Pain][J], Med Monatsschr Pharm, 2000, 23 (10): 323-8
[55] 赵忠球.一氧化氮与脊髓水平的痛觉传递和调制[J], 解剖科学进展, 2002, 8：240-244
[56] Semos M. L., P. M. Headley. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Spinal Nociceptive Reflexes in Rats with Neurogenic and Non-Neurogenic Peripheral Inflammation[J], Neuropharmacology, 1994, 33 (11): 1487-97
[57] Elfering S. L., T. M. Sarkela, C. Giulivi. Biochemistry of Mitochondrial Nitric-Oxide Synthase[J], J Biol Chem, 2002, 277 (41): 38079-86
[58] Valdez L. B., T. Zaobornyj, A. Boveris. Mitochondrial Metabolic States and Membrane Potential Modulate Mtnos Activity[J], Biochim Biophys Acta, 2006, 1757 (3): 166-72
[59]Lacza Z., E. Pankotai, A. Csordas, D. Gero, L. Kiss, E. M. Horvath, M. Kollai, D. W. Busija, C. Szabo. Mitochondrial No and Reactive Nitrogen Species Production: Does Mtnos Exist?[J], Nitric Oxide, 2006, 14 (2): 162-8
[60] Tao F., Y. X. Tao, P. Mao, C. Zhao, D. Li, W. J. Liaw, S. N. Raja, R. A. Johns. Intact Carrageenan-Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia in Mice Lacking Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase[J], Neuroscience, 2003, 120 (3): 847-54
[61] Zang M. W., X. X. Peng, P. Hu, J. S. Liu. Construction of an Inducible Nitric-Oxide Synthase Gene Transferring Vector Mediated by Retrovirus[J], Zhongguo Yao Li XueBao, 1998, 19 (2): 121-7
[62]Kawamata T.,K.Omote.Activation of Spinal N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Stimulates a Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine 3,5-Monophosphate/Glutamate Release Cascade in Nociceptive Signaling[J],Anesthesiology,1999,91(5):1415-24
[63]Tao Y.X.,R.A.Johns.Activation and up-Regulation of Spinal Cord Nitric Oxide Receptor,Soluble Guanylate Cyclase,after Formalin Injection into the Rat Hind Paw[J],Neuroscience,2002,112(2):439-46
[64]Yoon M.H.,J.I.Choi,H.B.Bae,S.W.Jeong,S.S.Chung,K.Y.Yoo,C.Y.Jeong,S.J.Kim,S.T.Chung,C.M.Kim.Lack of the Nitric Oxide-Cyclic Gmp-Potassium Channel Pathway for the Antinociceptive Effect of Intrathecal Zaprinast in a Rat Formalin Test[J],Neurosci Lett,2005,390(2):114-7
[65]Gobeil F.,Jr.,T.Zhu,S.Brault,A.Geha,A.Vazquez-Tello,A.Fortier,D.Barbaz,D.Checchin,X.Hou,M.Nader,G.Bkaily,J.P.Gratton,N.Heveker,A.Ribeiro-da-Silva,K.Peri,H.Bard,A.Chorvatova,P.D'Orleans-Juste,E.J.Goetzl,S.Chemtob.Nitric Oxide Signaling Via Nuclearized Endothelial Nitric-Oxide Synthase Modulates Expression of the Immediate Early Genes Inos and Mpges-1[J],J Biol Chem,2006,281(23):16058-67
[66]Roche A.K.,M.Cook,G;L.Wilcox,K.C.Kajander.A Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibitor(L-Name)Reduces Licking Behavior and Fos-Labeling in the Spinal Cord of Rats During Formalin-Induced Inflammation[J],Pain,1996,66(2-3):331-41
[67]Chapman V.,J.Buritova,P.Honore,J.M.Besson.7-Nitro-indazole,a Selective Inhibitor of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase,Reduces Formalin Evoked C-Fos Expression in Dorsal Horn Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord[J],Brain Res,1995,697(1-2):258-61
[68]Lawand N.B.,W.D.Willis,K.N.Westlund.Blockade of Joint Inflammation and Secondary Hyperalgesia by L-Name,a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor[J],Neuroreport,1997,8(4):895-9
[69]Wu J.,L.Fang,Q.Lin,W.D.Willis.Fos Expression Is Induced by Increased Nitric Oxide Release in Rat Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn[J],Neuroscience,2000,96(2):351-7
[70]孙怡.一氧化氮对脊髓背角疼痛的调制作用[J],临床麻醉学杂志,2005,
[71] Han I. O., H. S. Kim, H. C. Kim, E. H. Joe, W. K. Kim. Synergistic Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Phorbol Ester and Interferon-Gamma Is Mediated through Nf-Kappab and Erk in Microglial Cells[J], J Neurosci Res, 2003, 73 (5): 659-69
[72] Mollace V., M. Colasanti, C. Muscoli, G. M. Lauro, M. Iannone, D. Rotiroti, G. Nistico. The Effect of Nitric Oxide on Cytokine-Induced Release of Pge2 by Human Cultured Astroglial Cells[J], Br J Pharmacol, 1998, 124 (4): 742-6
[73] Huang T. H., V. H. Tran, R. K. Duke, S. Tan, S. Chrubasik, B. D. Roufogalis, C. C. Duke. Harpagoside Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inos and Cox-2 Expression through Inhibition of Nf-Kappa B Activation[J], J Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 104 (1-2): 149-55
[74] Tassorelli C, R. Greco, D. Wang, G. Sandrini, G. Nappi. Prostaglandins, Glutamate and Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediate Nitroglycerin-Induced Hyperalgesia in the Formalin Test[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 2006, 534 (1-3): 103-7
[75] Bogdanov M. B., R. J. Wurtman. Possible Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Nmda-Induced Glutamate Release in the Rat Striatum: An in Vivo Microdialysis Study[J], Neurosci Lett, 1997, 221 (2-3): 197-201
[76] Skyba D. A., T. L. Lisi, K. A. Sluka. Excitatory Amino Acid Concentrations Increase in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn after Repeated Intramuscular Injection of Acidic Saline[J], Pain, 2005, 119 (1-3): 142-9
[77] Osborne M. G, T. J. Coderre. Effects of Intrathecal Administration of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors on Carrageenan-Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia[J], Br J Pharmacol, 1999, 126 (8): 1840-6
[78] Handy R. L., P. K. Moore. Effects of Selective Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase on Carrageenan-Induced Mechanical and Thermal Hyperalgesia[J], Neuropharmacology, 1998, 37 (1): 37-43
[79] Zhang X. C, Y. Q. Zhang, Z. Q. Zhao. Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Long-Term Potentiation of Spinal Nociceptive Responses in Rats[J], Neuroreport, 2005, 16 (11): 1197-201
[80] Ge Y. X., W. J. Xin, N. W. Hu, T. Zhang, J. T. Xu, X. G. Liu. Clonidine Depresses Ltp of C-Fiber Evoked Field Potentials in Spinal Dorsal Horn Via No-Cgmp Pathway[J], Brain Res, 2006, 1118 (1): 58-65
[81] Lembo P. M., E. Grazzini, T. Groblewski, D. O'Donnell, M. O. Roy, J. Zhang, C. Hoffert, J. Cao, R. Schmidt, M. Pelletier, M. Labarre, M. Gosselin, Y. Fortin, D. Banville, S. H. Shen, P. Strom, K. Payza, A. Dray, P. Walker, S. Ahmad. Proenkephalin a Gene Products Activate a New Family of Sensory Neuron-Specific Gpcrs[J], Nat Neurosci, 2002, 5 (3): 201-9
[82] Hong Y., P. Dai, J. Jiang, X. Zeng. Dual Effects of Intrathecal Bam22 on Nociceptive Responses in Acute and Persistent Pain—Potential Function of a Novel Receptor[J], Br J Pharmacol, 2004, 141 (3): 423-30
[83] Grazzini E., C. Puma, M. O. Roy, X. H. Yu, D. O'Donnell, R. Schmidt, S. Dautrey, J. Ducharme, M. Perkins, R. Panetta, J. M. Laird, S. Ahmad, P. M. Lembo. Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Activation Elicits Central and Peripheral Nociceptive Effects in Rats[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101 (18): 7175-80
[84] Iadarola M. J., P. Panula, E. A. Majane, Y. T. Yang. The Opioid Octapeptide Met5-Enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8: Characterization and Distribution in Rat Spinal Cord[J], Brain Res, 1985, 330 (1): 127-34
[85] Zylka M. J., X. Dong, A. L. Southwell, D. J. Anderson. Atypical Expansion in Mice of the Sensory Neuron-Specific Mrg G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family[J], Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100 (17): 10043-8
[86] Mizuno K., N. Minamino, K. Kangawa, H. Matsuo. A New Endogenous Opioid Peptide from Bovine Adrenal Medulla: Isolation and Amino Acid Sequence of a Dodecapeptide (Bam-12p)[J], Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1980, 95 (4): 1482-8
[87] Hollt V., I. Haarmann, C. Grimm, A. Herz, F. C. Tulunay, H. H. Loh. Pro-Enkephalin Intermediates in Bovine Brain and Adrenal Medulla: Characterization of Immunoreactive Peptides Related to Bam-22p and Peptide F[J], Life Sci. 1982, 31 (16-17): 1883-6
[88] Liebisch D. C., B. R. Seizinger, G Michael, A. Herz. Novel Opioid Peptide Amidorphin: Characterization and Distribution of Amidorphin-Like Immunoreactivity in Bovine, Ovine, and Porcine Brain, Pituitary, and Adrenal Medulla[J], J Neurochem, 1985, 45 (5): 1495-503
[89] Pittius C. W., N. Kley, J. P. Loeffler, V. Hollt. Quantitation of Proenkephalin a Messenger Rna in Bovine Brain, Pituitary and Adrenal Medulla: Correlation between Mrna and Peptide Levels [J], EMBO J, 1985, 4 (5): 1257-60
[90] Seizinger B. R., D. C. Liebisch, C. Gramsch, A. Herz, E. Weber, C. J. Evans, F. S. Esch, P. Bohlen. Isolation and Structure of a Novel C-Terminally Amidated Opioid Peptide, Amidorphin, from Bovine Adrenal Medulla[J], Nature, 1985, 313(5997): 57-9
[91] Maderdrut J. L., I. Merchenthaler, D. K. Sundberg, N. Okado, R. W. Oppenheim. Distribution and Development of Proenkephalin-Like Immunoreactivity in the Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Chicken[J], Brain Res, 1986, 377 (1): 29-40
[92] Khachaturian H., M. E. Lewis, S. J. Watson. Colocalization of Proenkephalin Peptides in Rat Brain Neurons[J], Brain Res, 1983, 279 (1-2): 369-73
[93] Boersma C. J., C. W. Pool, J. J. Van Heerikhuize, F. W Van Leeuwen. Characterization of Opioid Binding Sites in the Neural and Intermediate Lobe of the Rat Pituitary Gland by Quantitative Receptor Autoradiography[J] , J Neuroendocrinol, 1994, 6 (1): 47-56
[94] Cai M., T. Chen, R. Quirion, Y. Hong. The Involvement of Spinal Bovine Adrenal Medulla 22-Like Peptide, the Proenkephalin Derivative, in Modulation of Nociceptive Processing[J], Eur J Neurosci, 2007, 26 (5): 1128-38
[95] Zeng X., H. Huang, Y. Hong. Effects of Intrathecal Bam22 on Noxious Stimulus-Evoked C-Fos Expression in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn [J], Brain Res, 2004, 1028 (2): 170-9
[96] Chen T., Q. Cai, Y. Hong. Intrathecal Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Agonists Bovine Adrenal Medulla 8-22 and (Tyr6)-Gamma2-Msh-6-12 Inhibit Formalin-Evoked Nociception and Neuronal Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Spinal Cord of the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 2006, 141 (2): 965-75
[97] Bardin L., M. B. Assie, M. Pelissou, I. Royer-Urios, A. Newman-Tancredi, J. P. Ribet, F. Sautel, W. Koek, F. C. Colpaert. Dual, Hyperalgesic, and Analgesic Effects of the High-Efficacy 5-Hydroxytryptamine la(5-Htla)Agonist F 13640[(3-Chloro-4-Fluoro-Phenyl)-[4-Fluoro-4-{[(5-Methyl-Pyridin-2-Ylmethyl)-Am Ino]-Methyl}Piperidin-l-Y1]Methanone,Fumaric Acid Salt]:Relationship with 5-Htla Receptor Occupancy and Kinetic Parameters[J],J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2005,312(3):1034-42
[98]Chen H.,S.R.Ikeda.Modulation of Ion Channels and Synaptic Transmission by a Human Sensory Neuron-Specific G-Protein-Coupled Receptor,Snsr4/Mrgxl,Heterologously Expressed in Cultured Rat Neurons[J],J Neurosci,2004,24(21):5044-53
[99]Jiang J.,J.Huang,Y.Hong.Bovine Adrenal Medulla 22 Reverses Antinociceptive Morphine Tolerance in the Rat[J],Behav Brain Res,2006,168(1):167-71
[100]江剑平洪炎国.牛肾上腺髓质22肽在吗啡耐受大鼠中对伤害性引起的脊髓背角c-Fos表达的影响[J],中国疼痛医学杂志,2007,13(3):166-171
[101]江剑平,陈雅娟,洪炎国.椎管内注射牛肾上腺髓质22肽差异性翻转吗啡耐受作用[J],生理学报,2006,58(6):529-535
[102]Cai Q.,J.Jiang,T.Chen,Y.Hong.Sensory Neuron-Specific Receptor Agonist Barn8-22 Inhibits the Development and Expression of Tolerance to Morphine in Rats[J],Behav Brain Res,2007,178(1):154-9
[103]Trujillo K.A.,H.Akil.Excitatory Amino Acids and Drugs of Abuse:A Role for N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Drug Tolerance,Sensitization and Physical Dependence[J],Drug Alcohol Depend,1995,38(2):139-54
[104]Mendez I.A.,K.A.Trujillo.Nmda Receptor Antagonists Inhibit Opiate Antinociceptive Tolerance and Locomotor Sensitization in Rats[J],Psychopharmacology(Berl),2008,196(3):497-509
[105]Hingne E M.,K.A.Sluka.Blockade of Nmda Receptors Prevents Analgesic Tolerance to Repeated Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(Tens)in Rats[J],J Pain,2008,9(3):217-25
[106]Adam E,E.Dufour,D.Le Bars.The Glycine Site-Specific Nmda Antagonist (+)-Ha966 Enhances the Effect of Morphine and Reverses Morphine Tolerance Via a Spinal Mechanism[J],Neuropharmacology,2008,54(3):588-596
[107] Smith F. L., B. H. Gabra, P. A. Smith, M. C. Redwood, W. L. Dewey. Determination of the Role of Conventional, Novel and Atypical Pkc Isoforms in the Expression of Morphine Tolerance in Mice[J], Pain, 2007, 127 (1-2): 129-39
[108] Cuschieri J., J. Billigren, R. V. Maier. Endotoxin Tolerance Attenuates Lps-Induced Tlr4 Mobilization to Lipid Rafts: A Condition Reversed by Pkc Activation[J], J Leukoc Biol, 2006, 80 (6): 1289-97
[109] Guettler D. L., S. X. Ma. Effects of Nitric Oxide and Noradrenergic Activation in the Posterior Hypothalamus on Arterial Pressure Tolerance to Nitroglycerin in Rats[J], J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 2008,
[110] Bourret T. J., S. Porwollik, M. McClelland, R. Zhao, T. Greco, H. Ischiropoulos, A. Vazquez-Torres. Nitric Oxide Antagonizes the Acid Tolerance Response That Protects Salmonella against Innate Gastric Defenses[J], PLoS ONE, 2008, 3(3): e1833
[111] Galeote L., R. Maldonado, F. Berrendero. Involvement of Kappa/Dynorphin System in the Development of Tolerance to Nicotine-Induced Antinociception[J], J Neurochem, 2008,
[112] Vanderah T. W., L. R. Gardell, S. E. Burgess, M. Ibrahim, A. Dogrul, C. M. Zhong, E. T. Zhang, T. P. Malan, Jr., M. H. Ossipov, J. Lai, F. Porreca. Dynorphin Promotes Abnormal Pain and Spinal Opioid Antinociceptive Tolerance [J], J Neurosci, 2000, 20 (18): 7074-9
[113] Mason D. J., Jr., J. Lowe, S. P. Welch. A Diminution of Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Modulation of Dynorphin a-(1-17) in Conjunction with Tolerance Development[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1999, 381 (2-3): 105-11
[114] Felsby S., J. Nielsen, L. Arendt-Nielsen, T. S. Jensen. Nmda Receptor Blockade in Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Comparison of Ketamine and Magnesium Chloride[J], Pain, 1996, 64 (2): 283-91
[115] Hunskaar S., O. B. Fasmer, K. Hole. Formalin Test in Mice, a Useful Technique for Evaluating Mild Analgesics [J], J Neurosci Methods, 1985, 14(1): 69-76
[116] Abbott F. V, Y. Hong, P. Blier. Activation of 5-Ht2a Receptors Potentiates Pain Produced by Inflammatory Mediators[J], Neuropharmacology, 1996, 35(1): 99-110
[117] Coderre T. J., R. Melzack. The Contribution of Excitatory Amino Acids to Central Sensitization and Persistent Nociception after Formalin-Induced Tissue Injury[J], J Neurosci, 1992, 12 (9): 3665-70
[118] Yamamoto T, T. L. Yaksh. Comparison of the Antinociceptive Effects of Pre-and Posttreatment with Intrathecal Morphine and Mk801, an Nmda Antagonist, on the Formalin Test in the Rat[J], Anesthesiology, 1992, 77 (4): 757-63
[119] Lalatta-Costerbosa G., M. Mazzoni, P. Clavenzani, G. Di Guardo, G. Mazzuoli, G. Marruchella, L. De Grossi, U. Agrimi, R. Chiocchetti. Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity and Nadph-D Histochemistry in the Enteric Nervous System of Sarda Breed Sheep with Different Prp Genotypes in Whole-Mount and Cryostat Preparations[J], J Histochem Cytochem, 2007, 55 (4): 387-401
[120] Garthwaite J., S. L. Charles, R. Chess-Williams. Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor Release on Activation of Nmda Receptors Suggests Role as Intercellular Messenger in the Brain[J], Nature, 1988, 336 (6197): 385-8
[121] Buritova J., V. Chapman, P. Honore, J. M. Besson. The Contribution of Gabab Receptor-Mediated Events to Inflammatory Pain Processing: Carrageenan Oedema and Associated Spinal C-Fos Expression in the Rat[J], Neuroscience, 1996, 73 (2): 487-96
[122] Catheline G, S. Le Guen, J. M. Besson. Effects of Opioid Receptor Antagonists on the Effects of I.V. Morphine on Carrageenin Evoked C-Fos Expression in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Rat Spinal Cord[J], Brain Res, 1999,824(1): 105-11
[123] Le Guen S., G. Catheline, J. M. Besson. Effects of Nmda Receptor Antagonists on Morphine Tolerance: A C-Fos Study in the Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Rat[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1999, 373 (1): 1-11
[124] Martin W. J., C. M. Loo, A. I. Basbaum. Spinal Cannabinoids Are Anti-Allodynic in Rats with Persistent Inflammation [J], Pain, 1999, 82(2): 199-205
[125] Bellavance L. L., A. J. Beitz. Altered C-Fos Expression in the Parabrachial Nucleus in a Rodent Model of Cfa-Induced Peripheral Inflammation[J], J Comp Neurol, 1996, 366 (3): 431-47
[126] Jasmin L., H. Wang, K. Tarczy-Hornoch, J. D. Levine, A. I. Basbaum. Differential Effects of Morphine on Noxious Stimulus-Evoked Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in Subpopulations of Spinoparabrachial Neurons[J], J Neurosci, 1994, 14 (12): 7252-60
[127] Du J., S. Zhou, R. E. Coggeshall, S. M. Carlton. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Induced Excitation and Sensitization of Normal and Inflamed Nociceptors[J], Neuroscience, 2003, 118 (2): 547-62
[128] Leem J. W., J. H. Hwang, S. J. Hwang, H. Park, M. K. Kim, Y. Choi. The Role of Peripheral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Freund's Complete Adjuvant Induced Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Rats[J], Neurosci Lett, 2001, 297(3): 155-8
[129] Davidson E. M., R. E. Coggeshall, S. M. Carlton. Peripheral Nmda and Non-Nmda Glutamate Receptors Contribute to Nociceptive Behaviors in the Rat Formalin Test[J], Neuroreport, 1997, 8 (4): 941-6
[130] Cairns B. E., P. Svensson, K. Wang, S. Hupfeld, T. Graven-Nielsen, B. J. Sessle, C. B. Berde, L. Arendt-Nielsen. Activation of Peripheral Nmda Receptors Contributes to Human Pain and Rat Afferent Discharges Evoked by Injection of Glutamate into the Masseter Muscle [J], J Neurophysiol, 2003, 90(4): 2098-105
[131] Zhang G. H., S. S. Min, K. S. Lee, S. K. Back, S. J. Yoon, Y. W. Yoon, Y. I. Kim, H. S. Na, S. K. Hong, H. C. Han. Intraarticular Pretreatment with Ketamine and Memantine Could Prevent Arthritic Pain: Relevance to the Decrease of Spinal C-Fos Expression in Rats[J], AnesthAnalg, 2004, 99 (1): 152-8
[132] Carlton S. M., G L. Hargett, R. E. Coggeshall. Localization and Activation of Glutamate Receptors in Unmyelinated Axons of Rat Glabrous Skin[J], Neurosci Lett, 1995, 197 (1): 25-8
[133] Coggeshall R. E., S. M. Carlton. Ultrastructural Analysis of Nmda, Ampa, and Kainate Receptors on Unmyelinated and Myelinated Axons in the Periphery[J], J Comp Neurol, 1998, 391 (1): 78-86
[134] Kinkelin I., E. B. Brocker, M. Koltzenburg, S. M. Carlton. Localization of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Peripheral Axons of Human Skin[J], Neurosci Lett, 2000, 283 (2): 149-52
[135] Marvizon J. C, J. A. McRoberts, H. S. Ennes, B. Song, X. Wang, L. Jinton, B. Corneliussen, E. A. Mayer. Two N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia with Different Subunit Composition and Localization[J], J Comp Neurol, 2002, 446 (4): 325-41
[136] Huang F., Z. Liu, H. Liu, L. Wang, H. Wang, Z. Li. Gm1 and Ngf Modulate Ca2+ Homeostasis and Gap43 Mrna Expression in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons with Excitotoxicity Induced by Glutamate[J], Nutr Neurosci, 2007, 10 (3-4): 105-11
[137] Carlton S. M., G L. Hargett. Colocalization of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells[J], J Comp Neurol, 2007, 501 (5): 780-9
[138] Yang X. D., Z. Liu, H. X. Liu, L. H. Wang, C. H. Ma, Z. Z. Li. Regulatory Effect of Nerve Growth Factor on Release of Substance P in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons of Rat[J], Neurosci Bull, 2007, 23 (4): 215-20
[139] Tang H. B., Y. Nakata. The Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Receptor Subtype 1 by Capsaicin without Extracellular Ca(2+) Is Involved in the Mechanism of Distinct Substance P Release in Cultured Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons [J], Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 2007,
[140] Tang H. B., Y. S. Li, Y. Nakata. The Release of Substance P from Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Requires the Non-Neuronal Cells around These Neurons[J], J Pharmacol Sci, 2007, 105 (3): 264-71
[141] Tang H. B., Y. S. Li, K. Arihiro, Y. Nakata. Activation of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor by Substance P Triggers the Release of Substance P from Cultured Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons [J], Mol Pain, 2007, 3: 42
[142] Staton P. C, A. W. Wilson, C. Bountra, I. P. Chessell, N. C. Day. Changes in Dorsal Root Ganglion Cgrp Expression in a Chronic Inflammatory Model of the Rat Knee Joint: Differential Modulation by Rofecoxib and Paracetamol [J], Eur J Pain, 2007, 11 (3): 283-9
[143] Yamamoto J., T. Kawamata, Y. Niiyama, K. Omote, A. Namiki. Down-Regulation of Mu Opioid Receptor Expression within Distinct Subpopulations of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in a Murine Model of Bone Cancer Pain[J],Neuroscience,2008,151(3):843-53
[144]Walwyn W.,C.J.Evans,T.G.Hales.Beta-Arrestin2 and C-Src Regulate the Constitutive Activity and Recycling of Mu Opioid Receptors in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J],J Neurosci,2007,27(19):5092-104
[145]Komai H.,T.S.McDowell.Effects of Local Anesthetics on Opioid Inhibition of Calcium Current in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J],Neurosci Lett,2007,418(3):298-303
[146]Garry M.G.,J.D.Richardson,K.M.Hargreaves.Sodium Nitroprusside Evokes the Release of Immunoreactive Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P from Dorsal Horn Slices Via Nitric Oxide-Dependent and Nitric Oxide-Independent Mechanisms[J],J Neurosci,1994,14(7):4329-37
[147]Cridland R.A.,J.L.Henry.Intrathecal Administration of Cgrp in the Rat Attenuates a Facilitation of the Tail Flick Reflex Induced by Either Substance P or Noxious Cutaneous Stimulation[J],Neurosci Lett,1989,102(2-3):241-6
[148]孙海燕,李平,何农,薛富善.鞘内预注射1_Name对神经性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角降钙素基因相关肽表达的影响[J],中华麻醉学杂志,2004,24(7):522-524
[149]Miki K.,T.Fukuoka,A.Tokunaga,K.Noguchi.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Increase in the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn and Dorsal Column Nucleus Following Peripheral Nerve Injury:Up-Regulation in a Subpopulation of Primary Afferent Sensory Neurons[J],Neuroscience,1998,82(4):1243-52
[150]Kangrga I.,J.S.Larew,M.Randic.The Effects of Substance P and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide on the Efflux of Endogenous Glutamate and Aspartate from the Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn in Vitro[J],Neurosci Lett,1990,108(1-2):155-60
[151]Murase K.,P.D.Ryu,M.Randic.Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids and Peptide-Induced Responses in Acutely Isolated Rat Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons[J],NeurosciLett,1989,103(1):56-63
[152]Oku R.,M.Satoh,N.Fujii,A.Otaka,H.Yajima,H.Takagi.Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Promotes Mechanical Nociception by Potentiating Release of Substance P from the Spinal Dorsal Horn in Rats[J],Brain Res,1987,403(2): 350-4
[153] Skofitsch G, D. M. Jacobowitz. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Coexists with Substance P in Capsaicin Sensitive Neurons and Sensory Ganglia of the Rat[J], Peptides, 1985, 6 (4): 747-54
[154] Le Greves P., F. Nyberg, L. Terenius, T. Hokfelt. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Is a Potent Inhibitor of Substance P Degradation[J], Eur J Pharmacol, 1985, 115 (2-3): 309-11
[155] Seybold V. S., K. E. McCarson, P. G. Mermelstein, R. D. Groth, L. G. Abrahams. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Regulates Expression of Neurokininl Receptors by Rat Spinal Neurons[J], J Neurosci, 2003, 23 (5): 1816-24
[156] Ma W., W. H. Zheng, S. Kar, R. Quirion. Morphine Treatment Induced Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Substance P Increases in Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons[J], Neuroscience, 2000, 99 (3): 529-39