分析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的心理症状及根源
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摘要
J.D.塞林格是二战后享有盛名的美国小说家。《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格最为著名的作品,也是颇具争议的一部小说。该小说探索了青少年成长过程中内心的压抑、痛苦、疏离和矛盾以及对生命和社会,尤其是童年期家庭成员之间关系对儿童个性心理发展的巨大影响的思考。本文主要运用美国发展心理学家约翰·鲍尔比的情感依恋理论来解读小说,旨在阐明童年时所处的家庭成员关系和社会环境是霍尔顿在社会化过程中所经历的痛苦的内心挣扎的深刻根源。
作为人类习性学家,约翰·鲍尔比认为童年是人类社会性和情绪发展所要经历的一个的敏感期。儿童在童年期所受到的抚养质量,家庭特征或情感氛围决定着儿童形成情感依恋的质量。依恋质量的稳定性对儿童以后的健康心理发展产生的深远影响。与家庭成员建立了安全型依恋的儿童对生活有积极的期望,对积极事件有较好的记忆,在青少年阶段的成绩更好,社会技能发展得更好,对同伴的表征更为积极,有着更为亲密和具支持性的友谊；而建构起非安全型依恋的儿童,对生活的期望较为消极,对负性事件有更好的记忆。比起安全型依恋者,非安全型依恋者与同伴的关系不是很好,朋友也相对较少,还有更多的偏差行为(如在学校里不遵守纪律)和其他心理病态／症状。
小说主人公霍尔顿处在青春期这一人生重要的转折阶段,即将迈入成年的他无法摆脱童年经历对他的影响。父母长期的忽略,哥哥的蜕变,弟弟的死亡在他幼小的心灵投下阴影。社会的冷漠疏离,缺少成人正确的指引和周围同伴的理解,霍尔顿的精神世界变得相当空虚、孤独,无助。他理解不了社会的很多现象,在心理和行为上他表现出一系列的不适应症状：压抑、痛苦、疏离、矛盾重重。他和周围的世界显得格格不入。
霍尔顿在童年期所受到的抚养质量和其独特的家庭环境是他遭遇的青春期心理危机的深刻根源。他的母亲属于不敏感、不细致的抚养者类型,对霍尔顿及其他兄弟姊妹不具备积极的态度,不能敏感的回应他们的需要,没有和他们建立同步的互动关系,也很少提供愉快的刺激和情感支持,因此霍尔顿未能在童年与母亲建立起安全型依恋。弟弟艾里的夭折更如雪上加霜,使她沉浸其中不能自拔,无法从心理上给予霍尔顿必要的关怀和引导,使其顺利度过青春期心理危机。霍尔顿的父亲也不属于敏感的抚养者。身为律师的他成天忙于工作,不能给予霍尔顿及其他兄弟姊妹足够的关注。霍尔顿四次被学校开除,他的父亲都未能从思想上给予重视,没有从心理上去分析霍尔顿正在经历的由少年向成年的痛苦转变。因此霍尔顿与父亲也未能建立起安全的、支持性的关系。与父亲建立的这种非安全型依恋不能弥补与母亲之间的非安全型依恋所产生的负面影响。哥哥,弟弟,妹妹在霍尔顿的童年与他建立起了深厚的情感依恋。然而本应是极具写作天赋的哥哥为了金钱投奔了好莱坞；同样具有天才的弟弟因病夭折。这一切给霍尔顿的心灵带来灾难性的打击。霍尔顿对妹妹倾注了所有感情,然而妹妹终究年幼,不能给予霍尔顿同等的回应,更不能深刻理解哥哥正濒临崩溃的处境。
霍尔顿所处的周围环境也是造成他青春期心理危机的重要因素。霍尔顿所接触的学校,老师,同龄人,陌生人无一不冷漠而现实,没有人理解他内心的孤独无助,没有人能够在他艰难的成长历程中真正与他建立起纯洁亲密,值得信赖的关系。他们没有把霍尔顿从他所经历的青春期危机中拉出来,相反地,他们的言行加深了这个可怜的少年对世界的绝望感。
权威型教养方式是一种关爱回应的教养方式,它总是与稳定安全的情感依恋、亲社会倾向、良好的同伴关系、较高的自尊、强烈的道德感以及其他一些积极的发展后果相联系。由于霍尔顿的案例代表了不同时代,不同国家青少年的共性问题,在他们的个性发展和社会化的进程中父母如何通过与子女交流来建立起一种权威型教养方式,如何引导他们重新获得与家庭和周围人们的安全型情感依恋显得尤为必要。其次,在青少年的个性发展和社会化的进程中,学校和老师担负着重要的教化功能。最后,全社会应该都来关注青少年的个性心理健康,为他们顺利融入社会营造一种合适的社会氛围,这是作者赋予这部小说的人文关怀,也是文学和文学研究必须面对的问题。
J. D. Salinger is one of the famous post-war writers in America. As the representative as well as a most controversial work of Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye is an excellent post-war fiction, which wins him tremendous popularity after its publication. The novel explores the adolescent protagonist's depression, mourning, alienation and innermost conflicts as well as his thoughts on life and society, especially the great impact the relationship between family members brings upon children's personality and psychology development in his initiation journey. This thesis mainly attempts to apply American development psychologist John Bowlby's emotional attachment theory to make an analysis of Holden's spiritual world and reveals that the roots of Holden's agonies and inner conflicts are the insecurity attachments established in Holden's childhood and the insane society in which he inhabits.
As a human ethnologist, John Bowlby believes childhood is a sensitive period for the development of social and emotional responsiveness in human life. The quality of caregiving, the character or emotional climate of their homes children received in their childhood decides their quality of emotional attachments. The stability of emotional attachments'quality shapes their behavior and forecasts their outcomes. Children who have formed secure primary attachments to their family members expect positive experiences in life and remember them especially well. They are more likely to earn higher grades later in adolescence, develop better social skills and more positive representations of peers, and enjoy closer, more supportive friendships. On the contrary, children who have established insecure attachments tend to expect and recall the more negative events. They are more likely than those with secure attachments to experience poor peer relations and fewer close friendships and to display deviant behaviors (e.g., disobedience at school) and other psychopathological symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence.
The adolescent protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, is in the process of transition from childhood to adulthood. He can not get rid of the negative influence of his experiences in childhood. The long ignorance from parents, elder brother's degeneration, and younger brother's death cast a gloomy shadow on him. He is rather empty, lonely and helpless owing to alienation from society, lack of adults'guidance and understanding from peers. He can not perceive many phenomena of the society and exhibits a series of unfitted symptoms:depression, agony, alienation and inner-most conflicts in his psychology and behavior. He can not get along with his surrounding world.
The roots of Holden's adolescence crises are the quality of caregiving he received and the unique family environments he inhabited in his childhood. Holden's mother does not belong to the type of sensitive and careful caregiver. She does not have a positive attitude toward her children and is not usually sensitive to their needs. She can't establish interactional synchrony with them and provide ample stimulation and emotional support. Therefore Holden is not securely attached to his mother. His younger brother Allie's death has worsened her mental condition. She is indulged in it and can't provide necessary care and guidance to overcome his adolescence crises. Holden's father does not belong to the type of sensitive and careful caregiver, either. As a lawyer, he is involved in business and can't give enough care to Holden and his siblings. He has not attached necessary importance to Holden who is expelled from school for the fourth time. Neither has he given a psychological analysis to Holden who is undergoing the painful transition from childhood to adulthood. Thus Holden can't build a secure, supportive relationship with his father. This insecure attachment to his father can't help compensate for the potentially negative effects of an insecure mother-child attachment relationship. Elder brother, younger brother and younger sister have built a close attachment to Holden. Yet his gifted elder brother prostituted himself to Hollywood for money; the talented writer younger brother comes to a premature-end because of illness. All of this brings a disastrous attack upon Holden. He pours all his emotions into his younger sister Phoebe. Out of childish innocence, Phoebe can not provide sensitive response to her brother's needs and therefore is unable to understand Holden is on the verge of breakdown.
Another important factor of Holden's adolescence crises is the surrounding environment he inhabits in. Schools, teachers, peers and strangers in Holden's life circle are all irresponsive and realistic. Nobody perceives his loneliness and helplessness. No one has really built a pure, close and reliable relationship with him during his painstaking initiation journey. They have not rescued Holden by pulling out his adolescence crises. On the contrary, their words and behaviors deepen the poor adolescent's despair toward the world.
Authoritative parenting is warm and responsive and is consistently associated with such positive outcomes as secure emotional attachments, a prosocial orientation and good peer relations, high self-esteem, a strong sense of morality, and many other virtues. As Holden's case can be found in literatures of all countries and generations, how to establish an authoritative parenting and how to guide him regain a secure attachment through communication to his family and surrounding people is quite necessary in his personality development and process of socialization. Besides, schools and teachers shoulder important civilizing function in his personality development and socializing. Last but not least, the whole social should pay attention to adolescents'healthy psychological development and foster a favorable atmosphere for their smooth socialization. This is the author's human nature logo for the novel and a question put forward for literature and literature research.
作为人类习性学家,约翰·鲍尔比认为童年是人类社会性和情绪发展所要经历的一个的敏感期。儿童在童年期所受到的抚养质量,家庭特征或情感氛围决定着儿童形成情感依恋的质量。依恋质量的稳定性对儿童以后的健康心理发展产生的深远影响。与家庭成员建立了安全型依恋的儿童对生活有积极的期望,对积极事件有较好的记忆,在青少年阶段的成绩更好,社会技能发展得更好,对同伴的表征更为积极,有着更为亲密和具支持性的友谊；而建构起非安全型依恋的儿童,对生活的期望较为消极,对负性事件有更好的记忆。比起安全型依恋者,非安全型依恋者与同伴的关系不是很好,朋友也相对较少,还有更多的偏差行为(如在学校里不遵守纪律)和其他心理病态／症状。
小说主人公霍尔顿处在青春期这一人生重要的转折阶段,即将迈入成年的他无法摆脱童年经历对他的影响。父母长期的忽略,哥哥的蜕变,弟弟的死亡在他幼小的心灵投下阴影。社会的冷漠疏离,缺少成人正确的指引和周围同伴的理解,霍尔顿的精神世界变得相当空虚、孤独,无助。他理解不了社会的很多现象,在心理和行为上他表现出一系列的不适应症状：压抑、痛苦、疏离、矛盾重重。他和周围的世界显得格格不入。
霍尔顿在童年期所受到的抚养质量和其独特的家庭环境是他遭遇的青春期心理危机的深刻根源。他的母亲属于不敏感、不细致的抚养者类型,对霍尔顿及其他兄弟姊妹不具备积极的态度,不能敏感的回应他们的需要,没有和他们建立同步的互动关系,也很少提供愉快的刺激和情感支持,因此霍尔顿未能在童年与母亲建立起安全型依恋。弟弟艾里的夭折更如雪上加霜,使她沉浸其中不能自拔,无法从心理上给予霍尔顿必要的关怀和引导,使其顺利度过青春期心理危机。霍尔顿的父亲也不属于敏感的抚养者。身为律师的他成天忙于工作,不能给予霍尔顿及其他兄弟姊妹足够的关注。霍尔顿四次被学校开除,他的父亲都未能从思想上给予重视,没有从心理上去分析霍尔顿正在经历的由少年向成年的痛苦转变。因此霍尔顿与父亲也未能建立起安全的、支持性的关系。与父亲建立的这种非安全型依恋不能弥补与母亲之间的非安全型依恋所产生的负面影响。哥哥,弟弟,妹妹在霍尔顿的童年与他建立起了深厚的情感依恋。然而本应是极具写作天赋的哥哥为了金钱投奔了好莱坞；同样具有天才的弟弟因病夭折。这一切给霍尔顿的心灵带来灾难性的打击。霍尔顿对妹妹倾注了所有感情,然而妹妹终究年幼,不能给予霍尔顿同等的回应,更不能深刻理解哥哥正濒临崩溃的处境。
霍尔顿所处的周围环境也是造成他青春期心理危机的重要因素。霍尔顿所接触的学校,老师,同龄人,陌生人无一不冷漠而现实,没有人理解他内心的孤独无助,没有人能够在他艰难的成长历程中真正与他建立起纯洁亲密,值得信赖的关系。他们没有把霍尔顿从他所经历的青春期危机中拉出来,相反地,他们的言行加深了这个可怜的少年对世界的绝望感。
权威型教养方式是一种关爱回应的教养方式,它总是与稳定安全的情感依恋、亲社会倾向、良好的同伴关系、较高的自尊、强烈的道德感以及其他一些积极的发展后果相联系。由于霍尔顿的案例代表了不同时代,不同国家青少年的共性问题,在他们的个性发展和社会化的进程中父母如何通过与子女交流来建立起一种权威型教养方式,如何引导他们重新获得与家庭和周围人们的安全型情感依恋显得尤为必要。其次,在青少年的个性发展和社会化的进程中,学校和老师担负着重要的教化功能。最后,全社会应该都来关注青少年的个性心理健康,为他们顺利融入社会营造一种合适的社会氛围,这是作者赋予这部小说的人文关怀,也是文学和文学研究必须面对的问题。
J. D. Salinger is one of the famous post-war writers in America. As the representative as well as a most controversial work of Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye is an excellent post-war fiction, which wins him tremendous popularity after its publication. The novel explores the adolescent protagonist's depression, mourning, alienation and innermost conflicts as well as his thoughts on life and society, especially the great impact the relationship between family members brings upon children's personality and psychology development in his initiation journey. This thesis mainly attempts to apply American development psychologist John Bowlby's emotional attachment theory to make an analysis of Holden's spiritual world and reveals that the roots of Holden's agonies and inner conflicts are the insecurity attachments established in Holden's childhood and the insane society in which he inhabits.
As a human ethnologist, John Bowlby believes childhood is a sensitive period for the development of social and emotional responsiveness in human life. The quality of caregiving, the character or emotional climate of their homes children received in their childhood decides their quality of emotional attachments. The stability of emotional attachments'quality shapes their behavior and forecasts their outcomes. Children who have formed secure primary attachments to their family members expect positive experiences in life and remember them especially well. They are more likely to earn higher grades later in adolescence, develop better social skills and more positive representations of peers, and enjoy closer, more supportive friendships. On the contrary, children who have established insecure attachments tend to expect and recall the more negative events. They are more likely than those with secure attachments to experience poor peer relations and fewer close friendships and to display deviant behaviors (e.g., disobedience at school) and other psychopathological symptoms throughout childhood and adolescence.
The adolescent protagonist in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden, is in the process of transition from childhood to adulthood. He can not get rid of the negative influence of his experiences in childhood. The long ignorance from parents, elder brother's degeneration, and younger brother's death cast a gloomy shadow on him. He is rather empty, lonely and helpless owing to alienation from society, lack of adults'guidance and understanding from peers. He can not perceive many phenomena of the society and exhibits a series of unfitted symptoms:depression, agony, alienation and inner-most conflicts in his psychology and behavior. He can not get along with his surrounding world.
The roots of Holden's adolescence crises are the quality of caregiving he received and the unique family environments he inhabited in his childhood. Holden's mother does not belong to the type of sensitive and careful caregiver. She does not have a positive attitude toward her children and is not usually sensitive to their needs. She can't establish interactional synchrony with them and provide ample stimulation and emotional support. Therefore Holden is not securely attached to his mother. His younger brother Allie's death has worsened her mental condition. She is indulged in it and can't provide necessary care and guidance to overcome his adolescence crises. Holden's father does not belong to the type of sensitive and careful caregiver, either. As a lawyer, he is involved in business and can't give enough care to Holden and his siblings. He has not attached necessary importance to Holden who is expelled from school for the fourth time. Neither has he given a psychological analysis to Holden who is undergoing the painful transition from childhood to adulthood. Thus Holden can't build a secure, supportive relationship with his father. This insecure attachment to his father can't help compensate for the potentially negative effects of an insecure mother-child attachment relationship. Elder brother, younger brother and younger sister have built a close attachment to Holden. Yet his gifted elder brother prostituted himself to Hollywood for money; the talented writer younger brother comes to a premature-end because of illness. All of this brings a disastrous attack upon Holden. He pours all his emotions into his younger sister Phoebe. Out of childish innocence, Phoebe can not provide sensitive response to her brother's needs and therefore is unable to understand Holden is on the verge of breakdown.
Another important factor of Holden's adolescence crises is the surrounding environment he inhabits in. Schools, teachers, peers and strangers in Holden's life circle are all irresponsive and realistic. Nobody perceives his loneliness and helplessness. No one has really built a pure, close and reliable relationship with him during his painstaking initiation journey. They have not rescued Holden by pulling out his adolescence crises. On the contrary, their words and behaviors deepen the poor adolescent's despair toward the world.
Authoritative parenting is warm and responsive and is consistently associated with such positive outcomes as secure emotional attachments, a prosocial orientation and good peer relations, high self-esteem, a strong sense of morality, and many other virtues. As Holden's case can be found in literatures of all countries and generations, how to establish an authoritative parenting and how to guide him regain a secure attachment through communication to his family and surrounding people is quite necessary in his personality development and process of socialization. Besides, schools and teachers shoulder important civilizing function in his personality development and socializing. Last but not least, the whole social should pay attention to adolescents'healthy psychological development and foster a favorable atmosphere for their smooth socialization. This is the author's human nature logo for the novel and a question put forward for literature and literature research.
引文
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Berger, Brigitte. Readings In Sociology:A Biographical Approach. New York:Basic Books,1966.
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常耀信：《美国文学简史》,天津：南开大学出版社,2002年.
芮渝萍：《美国成长小说研究》,北京：中国社会科学出版社,2004年.