云南横断山地区绒鼠和高山姬鼠系统发生及形态适应研究
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摘要
本论文以分布于云南西部横断山地区的绒鼠和高山姬鼠为研究对象,从基因水平及个体表型水平进行研究,为该地区小型哺乳动物适应特征提供一些基础材料。
本论文主要分为5个部分:
1.剑川地区绒鼠细胞色素b基因特征研究
2.剑川绒鼠形态特征分析
3.剑川地区高山姬鼠细胞色素b基因特征研究
4.不同地区高山姬鼠头骨及消化道研究
5.Eothenomys sp.和高山姬鼠消化道形态和能量收支
主要结果:
1.剑川所采集的动物在系统发生关系上与E.fidelis较近,可将其视为一独立物种。分析中发现绒鼠群体近期发生过快速扩张,在扩散的过程可能是由南向北,从西往东扩散。这与黑腹绒鼠(E.melanogaster)更新世化石发现在云南(郑少华,1993),逐步向云南外扩散(Yukibumi,2002)报道有相似之处。
绒鼠种群遗传多样性小于姬鼠,这可能是绒鼠主要分布于横断山地区,而姬鼠分布更广的一个重要原因。
2.从形态数据所构建的系统发生树中剑川所所捕捉到的样本与大绒鼠、滇绒鼠关系较近,但判别分析和齿式上与大绒鼠、滇绒鼠存在有明显的区别。细胞色素b基因所构建的系统发生树分析中其与丽江地区所捕捉到的E.fidelis亲缘关系较近,且E.fidelis种群与大绒鼠和滇绒鼠有加大差异,其分支置信度在99～100%之间,因此剑川石龙地区所捕捉到的绒鼠应为E.fidelis。支持王应祥和Hinton(1923)的观点,可将E.fidelis视为独立种。
3.高山姬鼠和黑线姬鼠系统发生关系较近,且估计其和黑线姬鼠分化的时间约在0.4百万年前。在高山姬鼠中地处昆明和大理、中甸地区的群体间具有较大的差异。这两个种群之间基因流较弱,可认为该两个群体具有分化。
4.高山姬鼠种群的头骨和各器官在地理和生态环境的改变下出现了相应的适应表型。剑川地区农田良好的食物资源可能是使该地区动物个体较大,且各器官较大的原因之一。而对于云龙和中甸地区,随着海拔的升高,温度、氧压及植被的改变导致器官的变化符合Beall等提出的高海拔地区减低能量需求研究结论(Beall et al.,2002)。因此,横断山地区非地带性变化的影响大于纬度变化的影响。
5.剑川地区的此两种小型哺乳动物,小肠长度变化没有大肠和盲肠变化剧烈;其中绒鼠和高山姬鼠之间消化道各器官长度/体长差异大于消化道各器官重量/消化道各器官长度差异。且绒鼠和高山姬鼠比分类地位相近的物种消化能低,消化率高,推测此两种动物通过较高的能量吸收率来获得消化能以维持较高的代谢率水平,有利于对该地区环境的适应。
结论:
综上所述,云南剑川地区的绒鼠和高山姬鼠在基因水平上与其它地区的个体都存在显著差异,绒鼠种群之间基因流较弱。剑川地区的绒鼠应为E.fidelis,且可将其视为一独立的物种。
绒鼠的遗传多样性小于姬鼠,这可能是绒鼠主要分布于横断山地区,而姬鼠分布更广的一个重要原因。
不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态和各器官比较中的差异与其生活习性,栖息生境等因素有关,且横断山地区海拔高度的垂直变化中氧压的变化对动物的适应有重要影响。为了更好的适应横断山地区特殊的环境特征,剑川地区的该两种动物都出现了比分类地位相近的物种消化能低,消化率高,推测此两种动物通过较高的能量吸收率来获得消化能以维持较高的代谢率水平,有利于对低纬度高海拔地区环境的适应。
The Oriental vole,Eothenomys sp.and the wood mice,Apodemus chevrieri distributed in Hengduan mountains region of western Yunnan were studied in this research.In order to provide basic data about adaptive characteristics in this region,the gene level and individual ecomorphology level were involved.
The thesis was consists of five parts:
1.Divergence and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from Eothenomys sp.lived in Jianchuan.
2.Morphology of Eothenomys sp.lived in Jianchuan.
3.Divergence and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from Apodemus chevrieri lived in Jianchuan.
4.Geographical variations of morphology and organ phenotypic plasticity in Apodemus chevrieri.
5.Digestive tract morphology and energy demands in Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier.
The results were outlined as follows:
1.Taxa was commonly associated with morphological divergence of Eothenomys.Based on phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene,E.miletus and E.eleusis were not independent taxa(Jing et al.,2004).The specimens which captured in Jianchuan was closed to E.fidelis,and it may be an independent species.The genetic diversity of Eothenomys sp.was less than Apodemus chevrieri.Results also showed that Eothenomys might spread from south to northern and west to east.
2.Based on morphologic data,the specimens which captured in Jianchuan were closed to Eothenomys miltus and Eothenomys eleusis.But the phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene reveled that the specimens were more closed to Eothenomys fidelis.The N_m and F_(st) indicated that E.fidelis might be an independent species.
3.The relationship of Apodemus ehevrier and Apodemus agrarius were more closed.It was estimated that the branch point was 0.4 millions years ago.The gene's difference between the group lived Zhongdian & Dali and Kunming was farther,and gene flow was weaker.
4.The principal component analysis,discriminant analysis and univariate analysis were used to investigate Apodemus chevrier morphological and organs variation among the three geographical populations.The principal component analysis indicated that the morphology of skulls of the three populations was not vary significantly.The diseriminant analysis revealed the vary significantly.Possibility cased by life history,adaptive strategies,evolution history and so on.Small mammals living in high-altitude environment must endure decreased ambient temperatures and hypoxic conditions.The relative dry weight and length of digestive tract morphology showed some different.The relative length of digestive tract parts was longer in high altitude,The other organs more weight in Jianchuan except lung.The liver mass was not positively correlated with altitude,this may be a possible to adaptive the hypoxic conditions to reduce the metabolize rate(Beall et al.,.2002).
5.Interspecific variation on length of caecum and large intestine was significant larger than that on length of small intestine in coexistence species,which supported the study result of Li Jun-sheng et al(2003).The margins of STL/BL,SIL/BL CAL/BL,LIL/BL between of Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier are smaller than LIW/LIL STL/BL,SIL/BL CAL/BL and LIL/BL.Comparison the digestibility with other small mammals,indicated that Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus chevrier has higher digestibility in response to the weather. Conclusions:
There were differences in gene level and individual ecomorphology level between the Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus ehevrier lived in jianchuan.The gene flow and genetic diversity in Eothenomys were weaker than Apodemus,which indicated it was a possible reason why Eothenomys distributing area smaller than Apodemus.
Their differences in their phenotypic plasticity in different environments might be related with their systematic status,origin,dispersal and life habits.The hypoxic conditions was more influence than temperatures.Comparison the digestibility with other small mammals,indicated that Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier has higher digestibility in response to the weather.
本论文主要分为5个部分:
1.剑川地区绒鼠细胞色素b基因特征研究
2.剑川绒鼠形态特征分析
3.剑川地区高山姬鼠细胞色素b基因特征研究
4.不同地区高山姬鼠头骨及消化道研究
5.Eothenomys sp.和高山姬鼠消化道形态和能量收支
主要结果:
1.剑川所采集的动物在系统发生关系上与E.fidelis较近,可将其视为一独立物种。分析中发现绒鼠群体近期发生过快速扩张,在扩散的过程可能是由南向北,从西往东扩散。这与黑腹绒鼠(E.melanogaster)更新世化石发现在云南(郑少华,1993),逐步向云南外扩散(Yukibumi,2002)报道有相似之处。
绒鼠种群遗传多样性小于姬鼠,这可能是绒鼠主要分布于横断山地区,而姬鼠分布更广的一个重要原因。
2.从形态数据所构建的系统发生树中剑川所所捕捉到的样本与大绒鼠、滇绒鼠关系较近,但判别分析和齿式上与大绒鼠、滇绒鼠存在有明显的区别。细胞色素b基因所构建的系统发生树分析中其与丽江地区所捕捉到的E.fidelis亲缘关系较近,且E.fidelis种群与大绒鼠和滇绒鼠有加大差异,其分支置信度在99～100%之间,因此剑川石龙地区所捕捉到的绒鼠应为E.fidelis。支持王应祥和Hinton(1923)的观点,可将E.fidelis视为独立种。
3.高山姬鼠和黑线姬鼠系统发生关系较近,且估计其和黑线姬鼠分化的时间约在0.4百万年前。在高山姬鼠中地处昆明和大理、中甸地区的群体间具有较大的差异。这两个种群之间基因流较弱,可认为该两个群体具有分化。
4.高山姬鼠种群的头骨和各器官在地理和生态环境的改变下出现了相应的适应表型。剑川地区农田良好的食物资源可能是使该地区动物个体较大,且各器官较大的原因之一。而对于云龙和中甸地区,随着海拔的升高,温度、氧压及植被的改变导致器官的变化符合Beall等提出的高海拔地区减低能量需求研究结论(Beall et al.,2002)。因此,横断山地区非地带性变化的影响大于纬度变化的影响。
5.剑川地区的此两种小型哺乳动物,小肠长度变化没有大肠和盲肠变化剧烈;其中绒鼠和高山姬鼠之间消化道各器官长度/体长差异大于消化道各器官重量/消化道各器官长度差异。且绒鼠和高山姬鼠比分类地位相近的物种消化能低,消化率高,推测此两种动物通过较高的能量吸收率来获得消化能以维持较高的代谢率水平,有利于对该地区环境的适应。
结论:
综上所述,云南剑川地区的绒鼠和高山姬鼠在基因水平上与其它地区的个体都存在显著差异,绒鼠种群之间基因流较弱。剑川地区的绒鼠应为E.fidelis,且可将其视为一独立的物种。
绒鼠的遗传多样性小于姬鼠,这可能是绒鼠主要分布于横断山地区,而姬鼠分布更广的一个重要原因。
不同地区高山姬鼠头骨形态和各器官比较中的差异与其生活习性,栖息生境等因素有关,且横断山地区海拔高度的垂直变化中氧压的变化对动物的适应有重要影响。为了更好的适应横断山地区特殊的环境特征,剑川地区的该两种动物都出现了比分类地位相近的物种消化能低,消化率高,推测此两种动物通过较高的能量吸收率来获得消化能以维持较高的代谢率水平,有利于对低纬度高海拔地区环境的适应。
The Oriental vole,Eothenomys sp.and the wood mice,Apodemus chevrieri distributed in Hengduan mountains region of western Yunnan were studied in this research.In order to provide basic data about adaptive characteristics in this region,the gene level and individual ecomorphology level were involved.
The thesis was consists of five parts:
1.Divergence and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from Eothenomys sp.lived in Jianchuan.
2.Morphology of Eothenomys sp.lived in Jianchuan.
3.Divergence and phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from Apodemus chevrieri lived in Jianchuan.
4.Geographical variations of morphology and organ phenotypic plasticity in Apodemus chevrieri.
5.Digestive tract morphology and energy demands in Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier.
The results were outlined as follows:
1.Taxa was commonly associated with morphological divergence of Eothenomys.Based on phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene,E.miletus and E.eleusis were not independent taxa(Jing et al.,2004).The specimens which captured in Jianchuan was closed to E.fidelis,and it may be an independent species.The genetic diversity of Eothenomys sp.was less than Apodemus chevrieri.Results also showed that Eothenomys might spread from south to northern and west to east.
2.Based on morphologic data,the specimens which captured in Jianchuan were closed to Eothenomys miltus and Eothenomys eleusis.But the phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene reveled that the specimens were more closed to Eothenomys fidelis.The N_m and F_(st) indicated that E.fidelis might be an independent species.
3.The relationship of Apodemus ehevrier and Apodemus agrarius were more closed.It was estimated that the branch point was 0.4 millions years ago.The gene's difference between the group lived Zhongdian & Dali and Kunming was farther,and gene flow was weaker.
4.The principal component analysis,discriminant analysis and univariate analysis were used to investigate Apodemus chevrier morphological and organs variation among the three geographical populations.The principal component analysis indicated that the morphology of skulls of the three populations was not vary significantly.The diseriminant analysis revealed the vary significantly.Possibility cased by life history,adaptive strategies,evolution history and so on.Small mammals living in high-altitude environment must endure decreased ambient temperatures and hypoxic conditions.The relative dry weight and length of digestive tract morphology showed some different.The relative length of digestive tract parts was longer in high altitude,The other organs more weight in Jianchuan except lung.The liver mass was not positively correlated with altitude,this may be a possible to adaptive the hypoxic conditions to reduce the metabolize rate(Beall et al.,.2002).
5.Interspecific variation on length of caecum and large intestine was significant larger than that on length of small intestine in coexistence species,which supported the study result of Li Jun-sheng et al(2003).The margins of STL/BL,SIL/BL CAL/BL,LIL/BL between of Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier are smaller than LIW/LIL STL/BL,SIL/BL CAL/BL and LIL/BL.Comparison the digestibility with other small mammals,indicated that Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus chevrier has higher digestibility in response to the weather. Conclusions:
There were differences in gene level and individual ecomorphology level between the Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus ehevrier lived in jianchuan.The gene flow and genetic diversity in Eothenomys were weaker than Apodemus,which indicated it was a possible reason why Eothenomys distributing area smaller than Apodemus.
Their differences in their phenotypic plasticity in different environments might be related with their systematic status,origin,dispersal and life habits.The hypoxic conditions was more influence than temperatures.Comparison the digestibility with other small mammals,indicated that Eothenomys sp.and Apodemus chevrier has higher digestibility in response to the weather.
引文
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