基于量化的水印研究
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摘要
近几年来，为了获得Costa预测的编码端具有边信息的信道容量，人们越来越关注量化水印算法。本文在研究了量化水印算法性能的基础上，围绕着量化水印算法抗数值标量缩放、噪声、线性滤波等多种非加性攻击问题进行了深入研究。主要研究成果如下：
(1)分析了基于传统通信模型的水印系统，探讨了边信息对水印系统性能的潜在影响，给出了量化索引调制(QIM)的一个特殊情形，即抖动量化算法的理论性能分析。
(2)为了抵抗对量化水印的数值标量缩放攻击，给出了添加水印信号的概率密度函数，以及在没有减性抖动序列时受攻击信号的概率密度函数。根据这个模型，给出一种用基于Fourier的方法估计缩放因子。
(3)在上述概率密度函数模型的基础上，给出了在编码端使用了减性抖动序列时添加水印信号的概率密度函数。使用这个概率密度函数模型的近似模型，给出一种幅值缩放因子的最大似然估计方法。
(4)研究了对基于量化水印的两频带幅值缩放攻击的估计问题。文中考虑一种使用滤波器组调整信号频谱的多频带幅值比例攻击，通过拓展单通道的估计方法，提出两频带滤波攻击幅值比例因子的最大似然估计方法。最后，以合成的音频信号进行实验，结果显示出所提出的估计技术的有效性。
(5)研究了比率抖动调制的量化水印算法。其核心思想是在嵌入端和解码端使用一个对缩放不变的自适应量化步长。实验结果证实了算法对于幅值缩放攻击保持不变。
(6)将比率抖动调制算法拓展到离散付氏变换(DFT)域，使得算法对线性时不变滤波攻击具有鲁棒性。
最后，分析了量化水印研究尚存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。
A considerable amount of attention has been paid to a number of digital watermarkingmethods based on quantization lately, seeking to achieve in practice the capacity predictedby Costa for a channel with side information at the encoder. The first objective of thisdissertation is to study the performance yielded by quantization-based watermarking scheme.A further motivation is focused on non additive attacks, such as the gain attack plus noise,and the linear filtering attack. The main achievements are listed as follows:
(1) We first consider the watermarking model as one of communications with sideinformation at the encoder. Potential performance improvement in watermarking systemwith side information at the encoder is analyzed. We also provide the performance analysisof Dither Modulation (DM) method, which is the special case of Quantization IndexModulation (QIM).
(2) Statistical estimation techniques to combat amplitude scaling in combination withadditive noise within a Quantization-based watermarking context are proposed. First wederive the probability density function (PDF) of the watermarked and attacked data in theabsence of subtractive dither. Based on this model we propose a Fourier-based procedure forestimating amplitude scaling factors.
(3) We also derive the PDF models for subtractive dither used at the encoder. Using anapproximation of the PDF model in the presence of subtractive dither, we derive a MaximumLikelihood (ML) procedure for estimating amplitude scaling factors.
(4) We also study the problem of estimating two-band amplitude scaling on QIMwatermarking scheme. Quantization-based watermarking schemes are not robust againstLinear Time Invariant (LTI) filtering attacks. We concentrate on a multi-band amplitudescaling attack that modifies the spectrum of the signal using an analysis/synthesis filter bank.By extending the single channel estimation procedure, we propose a ML procedure forestimating two-band amplitude scaling attack. Experimental results on synthetic signalsdemonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
(5) A quantization-based watermarking method, named Ratio Dither Modulation is studied.This scheme is based on using a gain-invariant adaptive quantization step-size at bothembedder and decoder. Experimental results prove the validity of keeping invariance againstamplitude scaling attack.
(6) We also propose an extension of Ratio Dither Modulation to construct a scheme that isrobust to linear time-invariant filtering attacks, named Frequency Ratio Dither Modulationbasically works in the DFT domain.
At last, some open issues in quantization-based watermarking as well as the future work arepresented.
(1)分析了基于传统通信模型的水印系统，探讨了边信息对水印系统性能的潜在影响，给出了量化索引调制(QIM)的一个特殊情形，即抖动量化算法的理论性能分析。
(2)为了抵抗对量化水印的数值标量缩放攻击，给出了添加水印信号的概率密度函数，以及在没有减性抖动序列时受攻击信号的概率密度函数。根据这个模型，给出一种用基于Fourier的方法估计缩放因子。
(3)在上述概率密度函数模型的基础上，给出了在编码端使用了减性抖动序列时添加水印信号的概率密度函数。使用这个概率密度函数模型的近似模型，给出一种幅值缩放因子的最大似然估计方法。
(4)研究了对基于量化水印的两频带幅值缩放攻击的估计问题。文中考虑一种使用滤波器组调整信号频谱的多频带幅值比例攻击，通过拓展单通道的估计方法，提出两频带滤波攻击幅值比例因子的最大似然估计方法。最后，以合成的音频信号进行实验，结果显示出所提出的估计技术的有效性。
(5)研究了比率抖动调制的量化水印算法。其核心思想是在嵌入端和解码端使用一个对缩放不变的自适应量化步长。实验结果证实了算法对于幅值缩放攻击保持不变。
(6)将比率抖动调制算法拓展到离散付氏变换(DFT)域，使得算法对线性时不变滤波攻击具有鲁棒性。
最后，分析了量化水印研究尚存在的问题及进一步研究的方向。
A considerable amount of attention has been paid to a number of digital watermarkingmethods based on quantization lately, seeking to achieve in practice the capacity predictedby Costa for a channel with side information at the encoder. The first objective of thisdissertation is to study the performance yielded by quantization-based watermarking scheme.A further motivation is focused on non additive attacks, such as the gain attack plus noise,and the linear filtering attack. The main achievements are listed as follows:
(1) We first consider the watermarking model as one of communications with sideinformation at the encoder. Potential performance improvement in watermarking systemwith side information at the encoder is analyzed. We also provide the performance analysisof Dither Modulation (DM) method, which is the special case of Quantization IndexModulation (QIM).
(2) Statistical estimation techniques to combat amplitude scaling in combination withadditive noise within a Quantization-based watermarking context are proposed. First wederive the probability density function (PDF) of the watermarked and attacked data in theabsence of subtractive dither. Based on this model we propose a Fourier-based procedure forestimating amplitude scaling factors.
(3) We also derive the PDF models for subtractive dither used at the encoder. Using anapproximation of the PDF model in the presence of subtractive dither, we derive a MaximumLikelihood (ML) procedure for estimating amplitude scaling factors.
(4) We also study the problem of estimating two-band amplitude scaling on QIMwatermarking scheme. Quantization-based watermarking schemes are not robust againstLinear Time Invariant (LTI) filtering attacks. We concentrate on a multi-band amplitudescaling attack that modifies the spectrum of the signal using an analysis/synthesis filter bank.By extending the single channel estimation procedure, we propose a ML procedure forestimating two-band amplitude scaling attack. Experimental results on synthetic signalsdemonstrate the effectiveness of the scheme.
(5) A quantization-based watermarking method, named Ratio Dither Modulation is studied.This scheme is based on using a gain-invariant adaptive quantization step-size at bothembedder and decoder. Experimental results prove the validity of keeping invariance againstamplitude scaling attack.
(6) We also propose an extension of Ratio Dither Modulation to construct a scheme that isrobust to linear time-invariant filtering attacks, named Frequency Ratio Dither Modulationbasically works in the DFT domain.
At last, some open issues in quantization-based watermarking as well as the future work arepresented.
引文
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