钻柱振动信号测量及处理技术研究
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摘要
石油钻井是一项高投入、高风险的地下隐蔽工程。钻井过程中,实时进行井下工矿诊断和钻前预测具有重要的意义。钻柱是连接地面和井底钻头的高效信息通道,钻头破岩会引起钻柱的轴向、横向和扭转振动,因此在钻柱顶端记录的振动信号含有岩石、钻头、钻柱的丰富信息。钻柱振动录井技术是利用在钻柱顶部测量的振动信号,监测井下钻具的工作状态,获取钻头下方地层特性的实时录井技术。了解钻头震源特性、钻头地震波沿钻柱传播规律和钻柱振动信号处理方法是发展钻柱振动录井技术的关键。
本文在国内外研究的基础上,对以上三个方面开展了研究。利用牙轮钻头破岩振动分析模型,获得了钻头震源能量特性和频谱特征;推导了弹性波沿钻柱传播方程,获得了钻柱弹性波的传播特性和规律;建立了钻柱振动的传递矩阵模型,描述了钻头震源波形、钻柱结构与钻柱顶端轴向振动的关系,并进行了室内实验验证。分析表明,传递矩阵模型是描述钻柱波传播的良好模型,为井下诊断建立了基础模型;建立了一套钻柱振动录井的测量系统,开展了现场实验数据的采集。引入了自相关域小波变换、反褶积自相关方法对实验数据进行了分析,获得了钻柱多次反射波地震图。分析表明相关域小波变换和反褶积自相关方法是分析钻柱振动的有效方法;
研究表明钻头振动频谱、钻柱振动的多次波成像、井底钻头与地层的相对位移可作为钻头工况、钻柱工况和地层特性的主要参数,并尝试进行了井下诊断方法的探索。
该研究主要利用了牙轮钻头钻进的钻柱轴向振动观测数据,研究结果可用于钻柱振动录井、随钻地震钻头信号的提取,对于钻柱信息通道的研究也有参考价值。
Well drilling is a high input and risk undergroud project, which needs the real-time downhole diagnosis and forecast technique. Drillstring is the information transmission media connecting the downhole drill bit and the top of the drill string. The axial, lateral and torsional vibration of the drillstring can be caused by the drill bit while drilling. Hence, the vibration measured on the top of the drill string contains abundance information of the drillstring, the bit and the formation. The drillstring vibration logging is a new real-time logging technology which can monitor the working behavior of the downhole tools and predict the formation characteristics below the drill bit by analyzing the vibration measured on the top of the drillstring. It’s the key element of the drillstring vibration logging that understanding the drill bit vibration property, drillstring transmission property, and processing method of drillstring vibration.
On the basis of former research, we carry out research work in the three filed above. Understand the energy and frequency spectrum characteristic of the seismic source by modeling the process of breaking rock with the cone bit; Built the propagation equation of the drill string vibration and study the propagation effect of the drill string; Model the drill string and derive the equation of the downhole vibration force and displace. It shows that propagation matrix model can describe the drill string vibration well; Carry on the field experiment, acquire the drill string vibration, analyze the data with the wavelet method in correlation domain and doconvolved correlation method and obtain the drill string multiples image. It shows that the two methods for analyzing the drill string vibration are effective;
Our research demonstrates that the spectrum of the drill bit, the drill string reflected interface imaging and the displace between the drill bit and stone can be used as the main diagnosis parameters of drill bit working condition, the drill string condition and formation characteristics. At last,we attempt to predict the downhole diagnosis.
Our research basis the axial vibration of the drillstring caused by the cone bit of vertical well. The result can be helpful to obtain the vibration source in SWD and understand the transmission effect of the drill string.
本文在国内外研究的基础上,对以上三个方面开展了研究。利用牙轮钻头破岩振动分析模型,获得了钻头震源能量特性和频谱特征;推导了弹性波沿钻柱传播方程,获得了钻柱弹性波的传播特性和规律;建立了钻柱振动的传递矩阵模型,描述了钻头震源波形、钻柱结构与钻柱顶端轴向振动的关系,并进行了室内实验验证。分析表明,传递矩阵模型是描述钻柱波传播的良好模型,为井下诊断建立了基础模型;建立了一套钻柱振动录井的测量系统,开展了现场实验数据的采集。引入了自相关域小波变换、反褶积自相关方法对实验数据进行了分析,获得了钻柱多次反射波地震图。分析表明相关域小波变换和反褶积自相关方法是分析钻柱振动的有效方法;
研究表明钻头振动频谱、钻柱振动的多次波成像、井底钻头与地层的相对位移可作为钻头工况、钻柱工况和地层特性的主要参数,并尝试进行了井下诊断方法的探索。
该研究主要利用了牙轮钻头钻进的钻柱轴向振动观测数据,研究结果可用于钻柱振动录井、随钻地震钻头信号的提取,对于钻柱信息通道的研究也有参考价值。
Well drilling is a high input and risk undergroud project, which needs the real-time downhole diagnosis and forecast technique. Drillstring is the information transmission media connecting the downhole drill bit and the top of the drill string. The axial, lateral and torsional vibration of the drillstring can be caused by the drill bit while drilling. Hence, the vibration measured on the top of the drill string contains abundance information of the drillstring, the bit and the formation. The drillstring vibration logging is a new real-time logging technology which can monitor the working behavior of the downhole tools and predict the formation characteristics below the drill bit by analyzing the vibration measured on the top of the drillstring. It’s the key element of the drillstring vibration logging that understanding the drill bit vibration property, drillstring transmission property, and processing method of drillstring vibration.
On the basis of former research, we carry out research work in the three filed above. Understand the energy and frequency spectrum characteristic of the seismic source by modeling the process of breaking rock with the cone bit; Built the propagation equation of the drill string vibration and study the propagation effect of the drill string; Model the drill string and derive the equation of the downhole vibration force and displace. It shows that propagation matrix model can describe the drill string vibration well; Carry on the field experiment, acquire the drill string vibration, analyze the data with the wavelet method in correlation domain and doconvolved correlation method and obtain the drill string multiples image. It shows that the two methods for analyzing the drill string vibration are effective;
Our research demonstrates that the spectrum of the drill bit, the drill string reflected interface imaging and the displace between the drill bit and stone can be used as the main diagnosis parameters of drill bit working condition, the drill string condition and formation characteristics. At last,we attempt to predict the downhole diagnosis.
Our research basis the axial vibration of the drillstring caused by the cone bit of vertical well. The result can be helpful to obtain the vibration source in SWD and understand the transmission effect of the drill string.
引文
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[2]高岩,郭学增,于彤.钻具振动分析技术的发展前景[J].录井技术,1997,8(1):8～12
[3] Deily, F H., Dareing D. W., Paff, G. H., et al. Downhole Measurements of Drill String Force and Motions[J]. Journal of Engineering for Industry, Trans. ASME, Series B,1968, 90(5):217-225
[4]鲍洪志.应用随钻地震技术认识钻井地层环境因素[J].石油钻井技术, 2001,29(2):32～33
[5]罗斌.随钻地震技术研究及应用效果[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京), 2005
[6] J. Lutz, M. Raynaud, S. Gstalder, et a1. Instantaneous logging based on a dynamic theory of drilling[J]. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1972, 3604~3614
[7] Raynal, J., Barreyre, M., Lutz, J., et al. Instantaneous logging while drilling: The Aqui-Log/Snap and some possible applications[J]. Soc. Petr. Eng. 1973, paper 4489
[8] Bailey John R.. Continuous bit positioning system[P]. United States Patent: 3817345
[9] A.Anchliya. A review of seismic while drilling (SWD) techniques: a journey from 1986 to 2005[J]. SPE Paper No.100352
[10] Besaisow, A.A., Ng, F.W., Close,D.A.. Application of A DAMS (Advanced Drillstring Analysis and Measurement System )and Improved Drilling Performance[J]. 1990, IADC/SPE 19998
[11] Greg Myers, David Goldberg, James Rector. Drill string vibration: A proxy for identifying lithologic boundaries while drilling[J]. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results,1999, 179:1~17
[12]高岩,郭学增,于彤.钻具振动分析技术的发展前景[J].录井技术, 1997,8( 1):8～12
[13]高岩,陈亚西,郭学增.钻柱振动信号采集系统及谱分析[J].录井技术, 1998, 9(3):44～51
[14]高岩.三牙轮钻头条件下钻柱轴向振动波谱分析研究[D].北京:石油大学(北京),1998
[15]高岩,刘志国,郭学增.钻柱轴向振动固有频率的计算和测量[J].西安石油学院学报, 2000,15(1):39～43
[16]马斐,宋淑芳.钻柱振动诊断方法的研究[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),1996,24(12):1-5
[17]韩继勇.随钻地震的钻头震源研究[J].西南石油学院学报, 1998,13(2):7～11
[18]韩继勇.相关技术在随钻地震中的应用[J].西南石油学院学报, 1998,20(1):49～52
[19]韩继勇.石油工程随钻地震新理论、新技术的研究[D].西安:西安石油学院,1998
[20]韩继勇.随钻地震中地层参数的预测[J].测井技术, 2000,24(3):176～178
[21] Rector J.W.. Utilization of drill-bit vibrations as a downhole seismic source[D]. Stanford University,1990
[22] Rector J. W., Marion B. P.. The use of drill-bit energy as a downhole seismic source[J]. Geophysics, 1991,56(5):628~634
[23] Rector J. W., Marion B. P..Radiation pattern and seismic waves generated by a working roller-cone drill bit[J]. Geophysics, 1992,57(10):1319~1333
[24] Hyun Yup Lee. Drillstring Axial Vibration and Wave Propagation in Boreholes[D]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1991
[25] Flavio Poletto, Francesco Miranda. Seismic while drilling fundamentals of drill-bit seismic for exploration[J]. Handbook of Geophysical exploration, 2005,Vol.35.
[26] Flavio Poletto, Trieste and Milano. Seismic while drilling use of pilot signals with downhole motor drilling[J]. SEG Expanded Abstracts.1998, 17:147~150
[27] Flavio Poletto, Massimo Malusa, Francesco Miranda, et al. Seismic-while- drilling by using dual sensors in drill strings[J]. Geophysics. 2004, 69(5): 1261~1271
[28] Flavio Poletto, Giuliano Dordolo. A new approach to offshore drill-bit reverse vertical seismic profiling (RVSP) [J]. Geophysics. 2002, 67(4):1071~1075
[29] Flavio Poletto, Jose M. Carcione, Massimo Lovo, et al. Acoustic velocity of seismic-while-drilling (SWD) borehole guided waves[J]. Geophysics. 2002, 67(4): 921~927
[30] Flavio Poletto. Energy balance of a drill-bit seismic source, part 1: Rotary energy and radiation properties[J]. Geophysics. 2005, 70(2):T13~T28
[31] Flavio Poletto et a1. Numerical modeling and interpretation of drill string waves[J]. Geophysics. 2001, 66(5): 1569~1581
[32] Paslay, P.R., Bogy. Drill String Vibration Due to Intermittent Contact of Bit Teeth[J]. Journal of Engineering for Industry. 1963, 187~194
[33] Dareing, D. W.. Drill Collar Length is a Major Factor in Vibration Control[J]. 1982, SPE Paper No. 11228
[34]屈展,刘德铸.钻柱振动问题及其理论研究进展[J].石油机械,1996,24(2):54-57.
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