试论倪瓒“聊以自娱”的绘画美学思想
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摘要
倪瓒是元代文人画家中具有代表性的人物之一。由于元代时代的特殊性,大批文人仕途无望而归于山林,之后大批文人成为元代绘画创作的主要力量。文人的深厚文化修养和高韬的林泉精神融入于绘画中,使山水画在此时呈现出鲜明的美学特征。绘画作品更加注重心境美,以人品为尚,文人雅士游戏笔墨,以之涤虚澄怀,寄情遣性。
倪瓒“写胸中逸气”从而达到“聊以自娱”的绘画美学思想的出现,更是把这种抒情写意的作画理念推向了极致。使得笔墨逐渐摆脱了实用价值而趋向独立的审美。也把写意的绘画形式界定在了“似与不似”之间。倪瓒的绘画提倡“聊以自娱”的观点,这有着冲破伦理教化对绘画的束缚,充分发挥绘画的审美功能,并能使之与个体情感的自由抒发联系起来的积极意义。他关心世俗,但没办法去改变它,于是只好采取独善其身的态度逃向自然,绘画则是他用来稀释苦痛的物质手段,故其绘画意境有着强烈的旷远简疏、冷逸清淡之美,也正是他孤寂心绪的投射。
倪瓒将自己的人格素养、隐逸之情和笔墨意味作出了完美的结合,促就了他“聊以自娱”绘画美思形成,也创立了一种“笔简墨淡”的文人画程式,从而奠定了以后几百年的中国绘画发展的基石。
Ni Zan is in the Yuan Dynasty writer painter has one of representative characters. As a result of the Yuan Dynasty time's particularity, large quantities of writer official career hopeless belongs to the wooded mountain, afterward are large quantities of the writer to become the Yuan Dynasty drawing creation the main strength. Writer's deep cultural education and the high bow case's forest and mountain streams spirit integrates in the drawing, causes the landscape painting to present the bright esthetics characteristic in this time. The pictorial representation even more pays great attention mood US, take the moral behavior as still, the writer elegant gentleman played the words, washes the empty clear bosom by it, expresses feelings dispatches the nature.
Ni zan“writes in the chest unworldliness”from achieves“chats by the self-entertainment”the drawing esthetics thought appearance, was expresses feelings enjoyably this kind does painting the idea to push to the acme. Caused the words to get rid of the use value to tend to the independent esthetic appreciation gradually. Also enjoyable drawing form limits, in“has resembled with does not resemble”between.
The Ni Zan drawing advocate“chats by the self-entertainment”the viewpoint, this has breaks through the ethical culture to the drawing fetter, displays the drawing fully the esthetic function, and can cause it the positive sense which expresses with the individual emotion's freedom relates. He cares about the common custom, but does not have the means to change it, therefore has to have the manner which cultivates one's own moral worth to run away to the nature, the drawing is he uses for to dilute the pain the thing method, therefore its drawing ideal condition has intense spacious far Jan Shu, the cold leisurely light beauty, is also precisely his alone state of mind projection.
Ni Zan own personality accomplishment, the hidden leisurely sentiment and the words meant that has made the perfect union, pressed him“to chat by the self-entertainment”drawing US thinks of the formation, also established one kind“pen Jan Modan”painting program, thus has established the later several hundred year Chinese drawing development cornerston
倪瓒“写胸中逸气”从而达到“聊以自娱”的绘画美学思想的出现,更是把这种抒情写意的作画理念推向了极致。使得笔墨逐渐摆脱了实用价值而趋向独立的审美。也把写意的绘画形式界定在了“似与不似”之间。倪瓒的绘画提倡“聊以自娱”的观点,这有着冲破伦理教化对绘画的束缚,充分发挥绘画的审美功能,并能使之与个体情感的自由抒发联系起来的积极意义。他关心世俗,但没办法去改变它,于是只好采取独善其身的态度逃向自然,绘画则是他用来稀释苦痛的物质手段,故其绘画意境有着强烈的旷远简疏、冷逸清淡之美,也正是他孤寂心绪的投射。
倪瓒将自己的人格素养、隐逸之情和笔墨意味作出了完美的结合,促就了他“聊以自娱”绘画美思形成,也创立了一种“笔简墨淡”的文人画程式,从而奠定了以后几百年的中国绘画发展的基石。
Ni Zan is in the Yuan Dynasty writer painter has one of representative characters. As a result of the Yuan Dynasty time's particularity, large quantities of writer official career hopeless belongs to the wooded mountain, afterward are large quantities of the writer to become the Yuan Dynasty drawing creation the main strength. Writer's deep cultural education and the high bow case's forest and mountain streams spirit integrates in the drawing, causes the landscape painting to present the bright esthetics characteristic in this time. The pictorial representation even more pays great attention mood US, take the moral behavior as still, the writer elegant gentleman played the words, washes the empty clear bosom by it, expresses feelings dispatches the nature.
Ni zan“writes in the chest unworldliness”from achieves“chats by the self-entertainment”the drawing esthetics thought appearance, was expresses feelings enjoyably this kind does painting the idea to push to the acme. Caused the words to get rid of the use value to tend to the independent esthetic appreciation gradually. Also enjoyable drawing form limits, in“has resembled with does not resemble”between.
The Ni Zan drawing advocate“chats by the self-entertainment”the viewpoint, this has breaks through the ethical culture to the drawing fetter, displays the drawing fully the esthetic function, and can cause it the positive sense which expresses with the individual emotion's freedom relates. He cares about the common custom, but does not have the means to change it, therefore has to have the manner which cultivates one's own moral worth to run away to the nature, the drawing is he uses for to dilute the pain the thing method, therefore its drawing ideal condition has intense spacious far Jan Shu, the cold leisurely light beauty, is also precisely his alone state of mind projection.
Ni Zan own personality accomplishment, the hidden leisurely sentiment and the words meant that has made the perfect union, pressed him“to chat by the self-entertainment”drawing US thinks of the formation, also established one kind“pen Jan Modan”painting program, thus has established the later several hundred year Chinese drawing development cornerston
引文
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[41]明]董其昌.画旨[A].
[42]明]董其昌.画旨心印[A].
[43] [明]王世贞.艺苑后言[A]
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