摆动的天平—《大海，大海》中查尔斯善与恶的平衡
摘要
默多克是英国著名的小说家和哲学家,她认为每个人的内心深处都蕴含着“善”,“善”也成为她小说永恒的主题。默多克通过描述《大海,大海》中主人公的内心由“恶”到“善”的转变过程,揭示了她对“善”的哲学理念以及如何达到“善”。基于默多克的哲学思想,本文从四个方面对主人的转变进行了分析:从自欺欺人到自我认识;从敌对到和解;从幻想到现实;从漠然到超然,通过描述主人公的变化过程,揭示了“善”是真实的,可以实现。达到“善”,需要人们放弃自我以及对他人的控制,学会去爱,去注意并肯定别人的存在。
Murdoch is an eminent British novelist and philosopher, she believes there is a profound intuition of Good in every human being, and Good is the eternal theme of her works. As for The Sea, the Sea, through the protagonist’s transformation process from evil to Good, Murdoch presents her philosophical idea of Good and how to be Good. Based on Murdoch’s philosophical concept, the thesis has analyzed the conversion of the protagonist in four aspects: from self-deception to self-recognition; from confrontation to reconciliation; from fantasy to reality; from indifference to detachment. Through the analysis of the protagnist’s transformation, this thesis demonstrates that Good is real and we have access to it. To be Good, one must abandon one’s private self and the manipulation of others; to be Good, one should be able to love, to see, to affirm the reality of others.
Murdoch is an eminent British novelist and philosopher, she believes there is a profound intuition of Good in every human being, and Good is the eternal theme of her works. As for The Sea, the Sea, through the protagonist’s transformation process from evil to Good, Murdoch presents her philosophical idea of Good and how to be Good. Based on Murdoch’s philosophical concept, the thesis has analyzed the conversion of the protagonist in four aspects: from self-deception to self-recognition; from confrontation to reconciliation; from fantasy to reality; from indifference to detachment. Through the analysis of the protagnist’s transformation, this thesis demonstrates that Good is real and we have access to it. To be Good, one must abandon one’s private self and the manipulation of others; to be Good, one should be able to love, to see, to affirm the reality of others.
引文
Antonaccio, Maria. Picturing the Human: The Moral Thought of Iris Murdoch. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Antonaccio, Maria, and Willima Schwciker. Irish Murdoch and the Search for Human Goodness. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago, 1996.
Apollodorus. The Library of Greek Mythology. Lawrence: Coronado Press, 1975.
Begnal, Kate. Iris Murdoch: a Reference Guide. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co, 1987.
Boldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Byatt, A. S. Degrees of Freedom: the Novels of Iris Murdoch. London: Vintage. 1994.
Chapple, Christopher. ed. The Bhagavad Gita. Albany: State University of New York Press, c1984.
Conradi, Peter. Iris Murdoch: The Saint and the Artist. London: Macmillan Press, 1986.
- - -, Iris Murdoch: a Life. New York: Norton, 2001.
Dipple, Elizabeth. Iris Murdoch: Work for the Spirit. London: Mehtuen, 1982.
Gordon, David J. Iris Murdoch’s Fables of Unselfing. Columbia: University of Missour Press, 1995.
Griffin, Gabriele. The Inflluence of the Writings of Simone Weill on the Fiction of Iris Murdoch. San Francisco: Mellen Research UP, 1993.
Guruge, Ananda. What in Brief is Buddhism?. California: Buddha’s Light Publishing, 2004.
Johnson, Deborah. Iris Murdoch. Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited, 1987.
Laverty, Megan. Iris Murdoch’s Ethics: a Consideration of Her Romantic Vision. New York: Continuum, c2007.
Morgan, Kenneth. The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1997.
Murdoch, Iris.“Against Dryness.”Existentialists and Mystics: Writings in Philosophy and Literature. Ed. Peter Conradi. London: Chatto & Windus, 1997. 20.
- - -, Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals. London: Chatto & Windus, 1992
- - -, The Bell. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958.
- - -, The Black Prince. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973.
- - -, The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists?. Oxford: Clarendon, 1977.
- - -,“The Idea of Perfection.”Existentialists. 1997. 326-237.
- - -, The Sea, the Sea. London: Chatto & Windus, 1978.
- - -, The Sovereignty of Good. New York: Shocken, 1971.
- - -,“The Sublime and the Beautiful Revisited.”Existentialists. 1997. 270.
- - -,“The Sublime and the Good.”Existentialists. 1997. 216 .
- - -, Under the Net. London: Penguin Books, 1977.
Nicol, Bran. Iris Murdoch: the Retrospective Fiction. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004.
Ramanathan, Sugua. Iris Murdoch: Figures of Good. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1990.
Roula, Ikonomakis. Post-war British Fiction as‘Metaphysical Ethnography’: ‘Gods, Godgames and Goodness’in John Fowles’s The Magus and Iris Murdoch’s The Sea, the Sea. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2008.
Shaffer, Brian. A Companion to the British and Irish novel 1945-2000. Malden, MA: Blackwell, c2005.
Schierse, Linda. On the Way to the Wedding: Transferring the Love Relationship. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1987.
Soule, George. Four British Women Novelists: Anita Brookner, Margaret Drabble, Iris Murdoch, Barbara Pym: an Annotated and Critical Secondary Bibliography. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press, 1998.
Todd, Richard. Iris Murdoch. London: New York: Methuen, 1984.
Tucker, Lindsey, Ed. Critical Essays on Iris Murdoch. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.
Widdows, Heather. The Moral Vision of Iris Murdoch. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub, c2005.
Wolfe, Peter. The Disciplined Heart: Iris Murdoch and her Novels. USA: University of Missouri Press, 1996.
赵敦华.现代西方哲学新编[M].台北:五南图书出版公司, 2002.
马惠琴.重建策略下的小说创作:爱丽斯·默多克小说的伦理学研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2008.
Antonaccio, Maria, and Willima Schwciker. Irish Murdoch and the Search for Human Goodness. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago, 1996.
Apollodorus. The Library of Greek Mythology. Lawrence: Coronado Press, 1975.
Begnal, Kate. Iris Murdoch: a Reference Guide. Boston: G.K. Hall & Co, 1987.
Boldick, Chris. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Byatt, A. S. Degrees of Freedom: the Novels of Iris Murdoch. London: Vintage. 1994.
Chapple, Christopher. ed. The Bhagavad Gita. Albany: State University of New York Press, c1984.
Conradi, Peter. Iris Murdoch: The Saint and the Artist. London: Macmillan Press, 1986.
- - -, Iris Murdoch: a Life. New York: Norton, 2001.
Dipple, Elizabeth. Iris Murdoch: Work for the Spirit. London: Mehtuen, 1982.
Gordon, David J. Iris Murdoch’s Fables of Unselfing. Columbia: University of Missour Press, 1995.
Griffin, Gabriele. The Inflluence of the Writings of Simone Weill on the Fiction of Iris Murdoch. San Francisco: Mellen Research UP, 1993.
Guruge, Ananda. What in Brief is Buddhism?. California: Buddha’s Light Publishing, 2004.
Johnson, Deborah. Iris Murdoch. Sussex: The Harvester Press Limited, 1987.
Laverty, Megan. Iris Murdoch’s Ethics: a Consideration of Her Romantic Vision. New York: Continuum, c2007.
Morgan, Kenneth. The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1997.
Murdoch, Iris.“Against Dryness.”Existentialists and Mystics: Writings in Philosophy and Literature. Ed. Peter Conradi. London: Chatto & Windus, 1997. 20.
- - -, Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals. London: Chatto & Windus, 1992
- - -, The Bell. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958.
- - -, The Black Prince. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1973.
- - -, The Fire and the Sun: Why Plato Banished the Artists?. Oxford: Clarendon, 1977.
- - -,“The Idea of Perfection.”Existentialists. 1997. 326-237.
- - -, The Sea, the Sea. London: Chatto & Windus, 1978.
- - -, The Sovereignty of Good. New York: Shocken, 1971.
- - -,“The Sublime and the Beautiful Revisited.”Existentialists. 1997. 270.
- - -,“The Sublime and the Good.”Existentialists. 1997. 216 .
- - -, Under the Net. London: Penguin Books, 1977.
Nicol, Bran. Iris Murdoch: the Retrospective Fiction. New York: PalgraveMacmillan, 2004.
Ramanathan, Sugua. Iris Murdoch: Figures of Good. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1990.
Roula, Ikonomakis. Post-war British Fiction as‘Metaphysical Ethnography’: ‘Gods, Godgames and Goodness’in John Fowles’s The Magus and Iris Murdoch’s The Sea, the Sea. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2008.
Shaffer, Brian. A Companion to the British and Irish novel 1945-2000. Malden, MA: Blackwell, c2005.
Schierse, Linda. On the Way to the Wedding: Transferring the Love Relationship. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1987.
Soule, George. Four British Women Novelists: Anita Brookner, Margaret Drabble, Iris Murdoch, Barbara Pym: an Annotated and Critical Secondary Bibliography. Pasadena, Calif.: Salem Press, 1998.
Todd, Richard. Iris Murdoch. London: New York: Methuen, 1984.
Tucker, Lindsey, Ed. Critical Essays on Iris Murdoch. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992.
Widdows, Heather. The Moral Vision of Iris Murdoch. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub, c2005.
Wolfe, Peter. The Disciplined Heart: Iris Murdoch and her Novels. USA: University of Missouri Press, 1996.
赵敦华.现代西方哲学新编[M].台北:五南图书出版公司, 2002.
马惠琴.重建策略下的小说创作:爱丽斯·默多克小说的伦理学研究[M].北京:对外经济贸易大学出版社, 2008.