三峡库区坡耕地水土流失特征及防治效应研究
|
摘要
占总面积66.3%的山区旱坡地是三峡库区江河泥沙的主要来源,为了控制三峡库区水土流失,科技人员对三峡库区坡耕地土壤侵蚀进行了大量的调查研究,但对于构建不同植被类型下的水土流失特征及其生态效应研究还停留在定性描述的阶段。本文以三峡库区几种典型植被治理类型为对象,通过大量的实地调查和定位观测试验,系统研究了不同植被类型下坡耕地水土流失的主要影响因子、特征、规律及其土壤理化性质变化情况,并对不同生态治理类型的生态效益进行了综合评价。
观测分析表明,三峡库区坡耕地不同植被类型泥沙和径流流失规律基本一致,水土流失主要发生在几个关键月份,4、8、9月累积径流流失共占全年总流失量的83.53%,泥沙流失共占全年的98.55%。径流和泥沙流失程度最轻的均为水土保持型,其次是生物篱类型和生态经济林类型,最重的是裸地。典型降雨对径流和泥沙流失都具有决定性作用,3次典型降雨累积泥沙流失量占流域年总量的90.28%,径流流失量占63.28%。雨后泥沙和雨前表土颗粒变化表明,泥沙对细颗粒,即＜0.25mm的微团聚体和＜0.001mm的粘粒具有富集特征。
灰色相关分析表明,各降雨因子对不同植被类型径流和泥沙流失的影响,总的表现为:对径流流失的影响,降雨量(Y_1)最大,其次是最大30min雨强(Y_4)和降雨强度(Y_3),降雨历时(Y_2)影响程度最小;对泥沙流失的影响,降雨历时(Y_2)最大,其次是降雨强度(Y_3),影响最小的是最大30min雨强(Y_4)和降雨量(Y_1)。
对不同植被类型坡耕地径流流失、泥沙流失与次降雨侵蚀力、次降雨量之间的相关模型分析表明,其间存在着不同的函数关系。
不同植被类型降雨后表土各养分含量均低于雨前表土养分含量,而且速效氮、磷、钾的衰减幅度大于全量养分。泥沙中0.05～0.001mm的粉粒和＜0.001mm的粘粒是表土中养分流失的主要附着颗粒(载体)。且泥沙中各养分浓度明显大于表层土壤,远远大于径流,径流中养分浓度很小。但由于三峡库区雨量充沛,径流量是泥沙量的20倍以上,所以随径流流失的养分量也不容忽视,应视为径流和泥沙两者共同携带养分流失。
不同农业耕作制度下,雨季不同地面覆盖度与该期土壤侵蚀量呈明显的负相关性。5～9月平均覆盖度,以两熟制小麦-红薯最低,只有50.72%,三熟制均达到70%以上,三熟制流失量明显小于二熟制。
不同生态治理类型,随着时间的变化,土壤特性呈现有规律的良性发展趋势,即土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤孔隙度逐渐增大,且均优于裸地。不同植被类型土壤平均持水能力为157.69m~3/hm~2,是裸地持水能力(60.97m~3/hm~2)的2.59倍;持水能力由大到小依次为竹林＞茶林＞紫穗槐＞金荞麦＞板栗退耕＞针阔混交林＞马尾松林＞板栗间种。不同植被类型在不同时期或同一时期表层土壤(0～10cm)养分含量均表现出一定的变化规律,土壤颗粒粒径变化也较大。
综合分析发现,竹林对土壤的物理性状改善比较大,其次是针阔混交林、马尾松林和紫穗槐。
模糊综合评价表明,不同植被类型综合生态效益,生态经济林复合类型＞水土保持林类型＞生物篱类型＞农耕地,且三种生态治理类型林地均为坡耕地的3倍左右。说明生态经济林复合类型、水土保持林类型和植物篱类型的实施,对三峡库区生态环境的改良作用十分明显。今后还要不断加强理论和应用推广研究,为库区水土流失治理提供支撑。
Arid mountain slopes land of 66.3%of the total area in Three Gorges reservoir area is a major source of river sediment,in order to control soil and water erosion of Three Gorges reservoir area,a lot of investigation and research of soil erosion of slope land have been taken by the scientific and technical personnel.But the study of soil erosion characteristics and the ecological effects to build under the ecological control pattern also remained at the stage of qualitative description.In this paper,taking several typical control types of Three Gorges reservoir area as the example,the effect factors, characteristics and rules of the soil erosion and its diversification of the soil physical and chemical properties under different vegetation types were studied by large numbers of pilot field survey and positioning observation.And different ecological control types for the ecological benefits were comprehensively evaluated.
Observation analysis showed that the sediment loss rules were basically the same as the runoff loss under different vegetation types of the slope land of Three Gorges reservoir area.Soil and water erosion of arable land occurred mainly in a few critical months.The cumulative runoff loss of April,August and September occupied 83.53%of the annual total loss,and sediment loss was 98.55%of the annual total loss.The extent of runoff and sediment loss indicated that:the lightest type was soil and water conservation;the followed was biological fence pattern and ecological forest model;and the most serious one was the bare land.In addition,the typical rainfall played a decisive role to runoff and sediment loss.It showed that 90.28%sediment loss and 63.28%runoff loss in total was accumulated after three times typical rainfall of a year.The change of topsoil particles of before and after the rain showed that the＜0.25mm sand agglomerates and the＜0.001mm clay particle had the enriched characteristics.
According to the grey correlation analysis,the impact of runoff and sediment loss of different vegetation types from the factors of rainfall showed that:to the impact of the runoff,rainfall(Y_1) was the largest;followed by 30min largest rainfall intensity(Y_4) and rainfall intensity(Y3);rainfall duration (Y_2) was the minimum impact.In addition,to the impact of the sediment,rainfall duration(Y_2) was the largest;followed by rainfall intensity(Y_3);the impact of the 30min largest rainfall intensity(Y_4) and rainfall(Y_1) were the smallest.
On the correlation model analysis between runoff and sediment loss and rainfall erosivity and sub-rainfall of different vegetation types,it showed that there were different functions.
The nutrient content of surface soil after rainfall was lower than that before rainfall under different vegetation types.Also the decay extent of available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was greater than the total nutrient content.Sediment of 0.05～0.001mm and＜0.001mm in the silt was a major adhesion particles(cartier) for the nutrient loss of the surface soil.Even the nutrient concentrations in sediment were bigger than the topsoil and were far greater than the runoff which was in much lower concentrations.However,the amount of runoff was 20 times more than sediment in the Three Gorges reservoir area due to abundant rainfall.So the nutrients loss of runoff can not be ignored and should be regarded as the nutrient loss with the sediment loss together.
The correlation between ground cover and soil erosion was significant negative during the different rainy season under different agricultural systems.According to the average coverage from May to September,that of the two-cropping of wheat-sweet potato was only 50.72%which was the lowest.The average coverage of triple cropping system was more than 70%.So the soil erosion of triple cropping system was significantly less than the loss of the two cropping system.
Among different vegetation types,soil characteristics had a positive development trend as the time was changed.It was found that:soil bulk density decreased;and soil porosity increased gradually.Also all of them were better than bare land.The average soil water-holding capacity of different vegetation types was 157.69m~3/hm~2,which was 2.59 times of that of bare land(60.97m~3/hm~2).The descending rule of water-holding capacity was that:bamboo＞Tea＞Amorpha fruticosa＞Golden buckwheat＞Chestnut of return farmland＞mixed forest＞pine forest＞chinese chestnut Intercropping.Under different ecological control models,the nutrient content of the surface soil(0～10cm) at different time or during the same period showed some variation rules.The soil particle size changed clearly as well.
Comprehensive analysis found that the bamboo played a more important role on improving the physical properties of the soil.And the second of that were mixed forest,pine forest and Amorpha fruticosa.
Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that the integrated eco-efficiency of different vegetation types had the following rules:ecological economic forest complex types＞water and soil conservation forest types＞biological fence pattern＞farmland.Even the eco-efficiency of the three ecological control types was three times of slope land.The result indicated that the implementation of the three ecological control models played a essential role in making better the environment of Three Gorges reservoir area.Furthermore,theoretical and applied research should be strengthened in order to provide support for preventing water and soil erosion in the Three Gorges reservoir area.
观测分析表明,三峡库区坡耕地不同植被类型泥沙和径流流失规律基本一致,水土流失主要发生在几个关键月份,4、8、9月累积径流流失共占全年总流失量的83.53%,泥沙流失共占全年的98.55%。径流和泥沙流失程度最轻的均为水土保持型,其次是生物篱类型和生态经济林类型,最重的是裸地。典型降雨对径流和泥沙流失都具有决定性作用,3次典型降雨累积泥沙流失量占流域年总量的90.28%,径流流失量占63.28%。雨后泥沙和雨前表土颗粒变化表明,泥沙对细颗粒,即＜0.25mm的微团聚体和＜0.001mm的粘粒具有富集特征。
灰色相关分析表明,各降雨因子对不同植被类型径流和泥沙流失的影响,总的表现为:对径流流失的影响,降雨量(Y_1)最大,其次是最大30min雨强(Y_4)和降雨强度(Y_3),降雨历时(Y_2)影响程度最小;对泥沙流失的影响,降雨历时(Y_2)最大,其次是降雨强度(Y_3),影响最小的是最大30min雨强(Y_4)和降雨量(Y_1)。
对不同植被类型坡耕地径流流失、泥沙流失与次降雨侵蚀力、次降雨量之间的相关模型分析表明,其间存在着不同的函数关系。
不同植被类型降雨后表土各养分含量均低于雨前表土养分含量,而且速效氮、磷、钾的衰减幅度大于全量养分。泥沙中0.05～0.001mm的粉粒和＜0.001mm的粘粒是表土中养分流失的主要附着颗粒(载体)。且泥沙中各养分浓度明显大于表层土壤,远远大于径流,径流中养分浓度很小。但由于三峡库区雨量充沛,径流量是泥沙量的20倍以上,所以随径流流失的养分量也不容忽视,应视为径流和泥沙两者共同携带养分流失。
不同农业耕作制度下,雨季不同地面覆盖度与该期土壤侵蚀量呈明显的负相关性。5～9月平均覆盖度,以两熟制小麦-红薯最低,只有50.72%,三熟制均达到70%以上,三熟制流失量明显小于二熟制。
不同生态治理类型,随着时间的变化,土壤特性呈现有规律的良性发展趋势,即土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤孔隙度逐渐增大,且均优于裸地。不同植被类型土壤平均持水能力为157.69m~3/hm~2,是裸地持水能力(60.97m~3/hm~2)的2.59倍;持水能力由大到小依次为竹林＞茶林＞紫穗槐＞金荞麦＞板栗退耕＞针阔混交林＞马尾松林＞板栗间种。不同植被类型在不同时期或同一时期表层土壤(0～10cm)养分含量均表现出一定的变化规律,土壤颗粒粒径变化也较大。
综合分析发现,竹林对土壤的物理性状改善比较大,其次是针阔混交林、马尾松林和紫穗槐。
模糊综合评价表明,不同植被类型综合生态效益,生态经济林复合类型＞水土保持林类型＞生物篱类型＞农耕地,且三种生态治理类型林地均为坡耕地的3倍左右。说明生态经济林复合类型、水土保持林类型和植物篱类型的实施,对三峡库区生态环境的改良作用十分明显。今后还要不断加强理论和应用推广研究,为库区水土流失治理提供支撑。
Arid mountain slopes land of 66.3%of the total area in Three Gorges reservoir area is a major source of river sediment,in order to control soil and water erosion of Three Gorges reservoir area,a lot of investigation and research of soil erosion of slope land have been taken by the scientific and technical personnel.But the study of soil erosion characteristics and the ecological effects to build under the ecological control pattern also remained at the stage of qualitative description.In this paper,taking several typical control types of Three Gorges reservoir area as the example,the effect factors, characteristics and rules of the soil erosion and its diversification of the soil physical and chemical properties under different vegetation types were studied by large numbers of pilot field survey and positioning observation.And different ecological control types for the ecological benefits were comprehensively evaluated.
Observation analysis showed that the sediment loss rules were basically the same as the runoff loss under different vegetation types of the slope land of Three Gorges reservoir area.Soil and water erosion of arable land occurred mainly in a few critical months.The cumulative runoff loss of April,August and September occupied 83.53%of the annual total loss,and sediment loss was 98.55%of the annual total loss.The extent of runoff and sediment loss indicated that:the lightest type was soil and water conservation;the followed was biological fence pattern and ecological forest model;and the most serious one was the bare land.In addition,the typical rainfall played a decisive role to runoff and sediment loss.It showed that 90.28%sediment loss and 63.28%runoff loss in total was accumulated after three times typical rainfall of a year.The change of topsoil particles of before and after the rain showed that the＜0.25mm sand agglomerates and the＜0.001mm clay particle had the enriched characteristics.
According to the grey correlation analysis,the impact of runoff and sediment loss of different vegetation types from the factors of rainfall showed that:to the impact of the runoff,rainfall(Y_1) was the largest;followed by 30min largest rainfall intensity(Y_4) and rainfall intensity(Y3);rainfall duration (Y_2) was the minimum impact.In addition,to the impact of the sediment,rainfall duration(Y_2) was the largest;followed by rainfall intensity(Y_3);the impact of the 30min largest rainfall intensity(Y_4) and rainfall(Y_1) were the smallest.
On the correlation model analysis between runoff and sediment loss and rainfall erosivity and sub-rainfall of different vegetation types,it showed that there were different functions.
The nutrient content of surface soil after rainfall was lower than that before rainfall under different vegetation types.Also the decay extent of available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium was greater than the total nutrient content.Sediment of 0.05～0.001mm and＜0.001mm in the silt was a major adhesion particles(cartier) for the nutrient loss of the surface soil.Even the nutrient concentrations in sediment were bigger than the topsoil and were far greater than the runoff which was in much lower concentrations.However,the amount of runoff was 20 times more than sediment in the Three Gorges reservoir area due to abundant rainfall.So the nutrients loss of runoff can not be ignored and should be regarded as the nutrient loss with the sediment loss together.
The correlation between ground cover and soil erosion was significant negative during the different rainy season under different agricultural systems.According to the average coverage from May to September,that of the two-cropping of wheat-sweet potato was only 50.72%which was the lowest.The average coverage of triple cropping system was more than 70%.So the soil erosion of triple cropping system was significantly less than the loss of the two cropping system.
Among different vegetation types,soil characteristics had a positive development trend as the time was changed.It was found that:soil bulk density decreased;and soil porosity increased gradually.Also all of them were better than bare land.The average soil water-holding capacity of different vegetation types was 157.69m~3/hm~2,which was 2.59 times of that of bare land(60.97m~3/hm~2).The descending rule of water-holding capacity was that:bamboo＞Tea＞Amorpha fruticosa＞Golden buckwheat＞Chestnut of return farmland＞mixed forest＞pine forest＞chinese chestnut Intercropping.Under different ecological control models,the nutrient content of the surface soil(0～10cm) at different time or during the same period showed some variation rules.The soil particle size changed clearly as well.
Comprehensive analysis found that the bamboo played a more important role on improving the physical properties of the soil.And the second of that were mixed forest,pine forest and Amorpha fruticosa.
Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that the integrated eco-efficiency of different vegetation types had the following rules:ecological economic forest complex types＞water and soil conservation forest types＞biological fence pattern＞farmland.Even the eco-efficiency of the three ecological control types was three times of slope land.The result indicated that the implementation of the three ecological control models played a essential role in making better the environment of Three Gorges reservoir area.Furthermore,theoretical and applied research should be strengthened in order to provide support for preventing water and soil erosion in the Three Gorges reservoir area.
引文
[1]卜兆宏.水土流失的定量遥感及其应用研究进展[J].农村生态环境,1995,11(4):35-39.
[2]蔡强国,吴淑安,马绍嘉,等.花岗岩发育红壤坡地侵蚀产沙规律试验研究.泥沙研究,1996,(1):89-96.
[3]蔡强国,吴淑安.紫色土陡坡地不同土地利用对水土保持过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(2):1-8.
[4]蔡强国,张光远,吴淑安,等.长江三峡库区梯田争定性分析与对策-以鄂西秭归县为例[J].地理研究,1997,16(1):45-52.
[5]曹凑贵,张光远,王运华,等.鄂南丘陵棕红壤水土流失及硼损失特征[J].华中农业大学学报,1998,17(1):50-54.
[6]曹文洪.土壤侵蚀的坡度界限研究[J].水土保持通报,1993,13(4):1-5.
[7]查轩,唐克丽,张科利,等.植被对土壤特性及土壤的侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(2):52-58
[8]长江水利委员会三峡工程生态环境影响研究[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1997:16-17.
[9]陈发扬.不同坡度对土壤冲刷量影响试验[J].中国水土保持,1985,(2):18-19.
[10]陈国阶,徐琪,杜榕桓,等.三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:7-46.
[11]陈国阶,徐琪,杜榕桓,等.著.三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究[M].科学出版社,1995.
[12]陈国阶.长江上游水土流失主要成因与防治对策[J].农村生态环境,2000,1(3):58.
[13]陈浩.流域坡面与沟道的侵蚀产沙研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1993.
[14]陈雷.中国的水土保持[J].中国水土保持,2002,(7):4-6.
[15]陈明华.土壤可蚀性因子的研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(1):19-24.
[16]程冬兵,李朝霞,蔡崇法,等.三峡库区等高绿篱技术对土壤物理性质的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(2):83-89.
[17]陈印军.三峡地区农业自然资源特点及开发利用策略[J].长江流域资源与环境,1995,4(1):32-37.
[18]陈治谏,廖晓勇,刘邵权,等.三峡库区坡耕地持续性利用技术及效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(03):85-87.
[19]崇婧,杨达源,姜洪涛,等.长江三峡地区坡地发育的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):263-268.
[20]刁承泰,黄京鸿.三峡库区水位涨落带土地资源的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(1):75-80.
[21]董有浦,陆华松,张庆国,等.长江三峡库区坡耕地的侵蚀[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,23(1):90-93.
[22]杜榕桓,史德明,袁建模,等.长江三峡库区水土流失对生态与环境的影响[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:15-32.
[23]杜政清.三峡生态环境及其治理保护规划[J].国土与自然资源研究,1995,(1):33-37.
[24]杜佐华,严国安.三峡库区水土保持与生态环境改善[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(3):299-304.
[25]方创琳,冯仁国,黄金川.三峡库区不同类型地区高效生态农业发展模式与效益分析[J].自然资源报,2003,18(2):228-234.
[26]傅春,罗冬兰.水利移民对安置区水土流失的影响[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(5):269-271.
[27]傅涛.三峡库区坡面水土流失机理与预测评价建模[D].西南农业大学,2002.
[28]高中琪,张洪江,史玉虎.长江三峡花岗岩区不同地类土壤流失量研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4):27-29.
[29]官冬杰.三峡库区不同地域类型高效生态农业发展模式[J].资源开发与市场.2006,22(2):130-132.
[30]郭庆荣,张秉刚,钟继洪,等.丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗产流模型及其变化特征[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):62-65.
[31]郭廷辅.21世纪水土保持展望[J].中国水土保持,2000,(2):327.
[32]郭廷辅.水土保持的发展与展望[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[33]郭小瀛,刘卫.黄河万家寨水利枢纽移民安置区水土保持初探[J].海河水利,2001,(2):23-24.
[34]郭中伟,李典谟.湖北省兴山县移民安置区内生态系统的管理[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):819-826.
[35]国家环境保护总局.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报:2000[EB/OL].http://www.tgenviron.org/monbul2letin/pdf/2000monjournal.pdf.
[36]何丙辉.重庆市三峡库区土壤侵蚀分级分类标准的探讨[J].水土保持研究.2003,10(4):63-65.
[37]何太蓉,姜洪涛,杨达源,等.长江三峡库区现代坡地剥蚀速率研究[J].地理科学,2004,24(1):89-93.
[38]黄闰泉,张风,夏剑萍.鄂西三峡库区移民区水土流失防治对策[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(5):46-48.
[39]黄闰泉.三峡库区坡耕地农林复合生态系统水文效益研究[A].见:林业部科技司编.林业部青年学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:1997.
[40]黄闰泉,涂光新,张伟,等.三峡库区移土培肥工程研究[J].湖北林业科技,2007,147(5):6-9.
[41]贾志军.前期土壤含水量对坡耕地产流产沙影响的研究,晋西黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律实验研究论文集[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990:26-31.
[42]姜安琴.城市水土保持的成功实践[J].中国水土保持,2002,(1):27-28.
[43]蒋定生.论晋陕蒙接壤地区土壤的抗冲性与水土保持措施体制的配置[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(1):1-7.
[44]焦居仁.深化改革,积极探索,推动八片治理工程向新的目标迈进[J].中国水土保持,2001,(8):14-15.
[45]焦菊英,王万忠,李靖.黄土高原林草水土保持有效盖度分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):608-612.
[46]解运杰,王玉玺,范力强.尼尔基水利枢纽工程建设中期水土流失监测与评价[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(2):49-51.
[47]孔德树,陈晓燕.建立三峡库区坡耕地管理信息系统的探讨[J].中国水土保持,2002,(6):11-12.
[48]李红卫,彭补拙.三峡库区水土流失特点及其环境危害防治措施探讨[J].长江流域资源与环境,1993,2(4):331-339.
[49]李勉,姚文艺,李占彬.黄土高原草本植被水土保持作用研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(1):74-80.
[50]李晓红,韩勇,郑阳华.三峡库区坡耕地土壤侵蚀治理效益分析[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(1):134-138.
[51]李秀彬,彭业轩,姜臣,等.等高植物活篱笆技术提高坡地持续生产力探讨-以三峡库区为例[J].地理研究,1998,17(3):309-315.
[52]李雅琦.可活化稳定性核示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用[J].核技术,1997,20(7):418-422.
[53]李雅琦.土壤侵蚀研究中核示踪技术的运用[J].中国水土保持,1998,(12):31-33.
[54]林承坤.长江三峡与葛洲坝的泥沙及环境[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1989.
[55]黎曙光,周伟国,曾祥福.鄂西三峡库区小流域综合治理与复合经营技术[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(2):195-199.
[56]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤水分特征的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(5):75-79.
[57]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权,等.三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术效益评价[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):37-40.
[58]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等.三峡库区植物篱技术对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(6):1-3.
[59]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权,等.三峡库区紫色土坡耕地不同利用方式的水土流失特征[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(1):159-161.
[60]刘卫,朱文.水利水电工程施工道路建设水土流失特点及防治[J].海河水利,2007,(4):50-51.
[61]刘刚才.紫色土坡耕地的降雨产流机制及产流后土壤水分的变化特征[D].四川大学,2002.
[62]刘光.土壤侵蚀模型研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(3):74-74.
[63]刘佳桂,杨艳生.长江三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤流失量研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(3):36-43.
[64]刘世荣,孙鹏森.长江上游森林植被水文功能研究[J].自然资源学,2001,(5):451-456.
[65]刘向东.植被截留与水土保持[J].水土保持学报,1994,(3):13-18.
[66]刘向东,吴钦孝,苏宁虎.六盘山林区森林树冠截留、枯枝落叶层和土壤水分性质的研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(4):87-91.
[67]刘益军.三峡库区坡地森林理水调洪功能研究与评价[D].北京:北京林业大学图书馆,2003.
[68]卢豪良,王维明.现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用[J].福建水土保持,2004,16(1):21-24.
[69]罗伟祥,白立强,宋西德,等.不同覆盖度林地和草地的径流量和冲刷量[J].水土保持学报,1990,4(1):30-34.
[70]马琨,王兆骞.土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(4).
[71]倪九派,魏朝富,高明,等.三峡库区坡耕地土壤养分流失的实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(5):38-42.
[72]潘磊,肖文发,唐万鹏.三峡库区低山丘陵区防护林体系建设布局[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,4(1):60-64.
[73]彭珂珊.中国水土流失的概况及其综合治理[J].广西经济管理干部学院学报,2001,13(3):4-8.
[74]秦建成,高明.三峡库区土地利用特点与可持续利用途径[J].国土与自然资源研究.2003,(2):32-34.
[75]全国水土流失公告[z],水利部,2005.
[76]全国水土流失公告[z],水利部,2006.
[77]阮伏水,周伏建.花岗岩不同土地利用类型坡地产流和入渗特征[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(3):1-7.
[78]史德明.三峡库周地区土壤侵蚀对库区泥沙来源的影响及其对策[A].长江三峡工程对生态与环境影响及其对策研究文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[79]史立人.总结提高,再创”长治”工程新辉煌[J].中国水土保持,2000,(8):12-13.
[80]宋西德.黄土高原森林植被水土保持研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,22(2):7-11
[81]宋宗水.长江上中游农业资源利用和保护[J].中国农业资源与区划,1998,(96):36-39.
[82]孙大伟,郎小燕.赵山渡水土保持工程中弃渣场的布置及防护[J],水土保持科技情报,2002,(1):37-39.
[83]孙辉.高固氮植物篱防治坡耕地土壤侵蚀效果研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,12(6):1-5.
[84]孙立达,朱金兆主编.水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995:195-234.
[85]唐克丽,史德明,史学正.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究的回顾与展望[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.
[86]唐克丽,史德明.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科发展和国民经济建设[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.
[87]谭钦文,尹黎明,卢玉东,等.三峡库区紫色土陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀量预测模型研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,(1):19-21.
[88]汪有科,吴钦孝,韩冰,等.森林植被水土保持功能评价[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(3):24-30
[89]王妍,刘洪斌,武伟.基于GIS的三峡库区地貌形态信息统计分析[J].测绘科学,2006,31(2):93-95.
[90]王礼先,孙保平,余新晓,等.中国水利百科全书(水土保持分册)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[91]王万中,焦菊英冲国土壤侵蚀定量评价研究[J].水土保持通报,1996,16:5-8.
[92]王远敏,王光明.三峡库区耕作制度现状分析及其调整途径[J].耕作与栽培.2006,(6):38-40.
[93]王珠娜,王晓光,史玉虎,等.三峡库区秭归县退耕还林工程水土保持效益研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):68-72.
[94]王秀茹,韩兴.三峡库区“移土培肥”工程的水土流失问题浅析[J].水土保持研究,2008,(1):247-253.
[95]王云琦,王玉杰,张洪江,等.重庆缙云山几种典型植被枯落物水文特性研究[J].水土保持报,2004,18(3):41-44
[96]王治国,郭索彦,姜德文.我国水土保持技术标准体系建设现状与任务[J].中国水土保持,2002,(6):16-17.
[97]魏朝富,高明,车福才,等.二滩水电站移民安置区土壤肥力特征的研究[J].土壤学报,2000,37(4):536-543.
[98]魏朝富,李瑞雪,高明.二滩水电站移民区土壤水分特性的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):72-96.
[99]温熙胜.三峡库区坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究[D].北京林业大学.2007.
[100]吴长文,王礼先.林地坡面的水动力学特性及其阻延地表径流的研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(2):32-38.
[101]吴发启,赵晓光,刘秉正.缓坡耕地降雨、入渗对产流的影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(1):12-17.
[102]吴刚,苏瑞平.三峡库区移居安置区生态农业发展模式的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6): 665-668.
[103]向治安.长江泥沙输移特性分析[J].水文,1993,(6):8-13.
[104]徐宗永.GIS在水土保持工作中的应用[J].水土保持科技情报,2004,(3):46-48.
[105]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.三峡库区坡地生态工程控制土壤养分流失研究-以等高植物篱为例[J].地理研究,2000,19(3):303-310.
[106]许其功,席北斗,沈珍瑶.耕作措施对三峡库区土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(3):41-45.
[107]闫文德.祁连山森林枯落物水文作用研究[J].西北林学院学报,1997,12(2):7-14
[108]杨大三,袁克侃.鄂西三峡库区防护林研究[M].武汉:湖北科技出版社,1996.
[109]杨海龙.三峡库区小流域森林植被理水调洪规律的研究[D].北京林业大学,2004.
[110]杨立文,石清峰.太行山主要植被枯落物的水文作用[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(3):181-188
[111]杨艳生,史德明.长江三峡区土壤侵蚀研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1994.
[112]尹洪权.三峡库区集镇建设中的水土流失防治对策[J].中国水土保持.2002,(6):30-31.
[113]于常华,刘长胜,蔡立中.浅议水土保持与可持续发展[J].科技成果纵横,2004,(2):39-40.
[114]袁弘任.水土资源是三峡水库移民长治久安的基础[J].水电站设计.1999,15(3):26-33.
[115]张春梅,卢玉东,王农.重庆市三峡库区水土流失现状与防治对策[J].水土保持科技情报,2005,(3):33-35.
[116]张芳.清明时代有关水土保持治理黄河的理论[J].中国水土保持,1998(1):41-42.
[117]张洪江,王礼先.坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(4):43-49.
[118]张洪江,程金花,何凡.长江三峡库区土地覆被类型对坡面产沙的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):40-43.
[119]张骅,陈谦.我国水土保持发展战略思考[J].南水北调与水利科技,2003,1(2):37-40.
[120]张家恩,徐琪.三峡库区秭归县PRED现状分析及其可持续发展对策[J].热带地理,1998,18(3):256-260.
[121]张静波.尼尔基水利枢纽工程环境保护及水土保持概述[J].水力发电,2005,31(11):26-27.
[122]张科利.坡面径流冲刷及泥沙输移特征的试验研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(2):164-169.
[123]张科利.神经网络理论在土壤侵蚀顶报方面应用的探讨[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1995,1(1):58-63.
[124]张荣峰.台湾的水土流失及其治理[J].中国水土保持,1991(8):6-8.
[125]张小林.三峡库区移民安置对水土流失的影响及其防治对策研究.以巴东县为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(5):82-84.
[126]张信宝.长江上游水土流失治理的思考[J].水土保持科技情报,1996,(4):7-9.
[127]张兴昌,刘国彬,付会芳.不同植被覆盖度对流域氮素径流流失的影响[J].环境科学,2000,(6):16-19.
[128]张兴昌,邵明安.坡地土壤氮素与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2):128-134.
[129]张兴昌,邵明安.水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):231-234.
[130]张震宇.小浪底工程对生态环境的影响及对策研究[M].西安地图出版社,1997.
[131]张志忠.长江口细颗粒泥沙基本特性研究[J].泥沙研究,1996,(1):67-73.
[132]张祖荣.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的初步研究[J].渝西学院学报,2002,15(1):31-35.
[133]赵富德.美国水土保持科研发展历程及近期研究的主要内容[J].中国水土保持,1991,(5):47-51.
[134]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘向东.山羊枯枝落叶层的水文水保作用研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(2):176-180.
[135]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝.黄土高原沙棘水土保持功能研究[J].沙棘,1996,9(2):29-33.
[136]郑度,申元村.坡地过程及退化坡地恢复整治研究--以三峡库区紫色土坡地为例[J].地理学报,1998,53(2):116-122.
[137]郑科,郎南军,温绍龙,等.水土保持生物措施的研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2):73-75.
[138]郑粉莉,白红英,安韶山.草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5):86-88.
[139]郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.土壤侵蚀学科发展战略[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):1-10.
[140]郑世清.黄土高原沟壑区沟坡道路修筑技术及其防蚀体系[J].水土保持通报,1997,(12):33-42.
[141]周彬,董杰,葛兆帅.三峡库区生态环境与可持续发展对策研究[J].生态学杂志.2005,24(12):1503-1506.
[142]周宝同,李雪梅,谢德体.三峡库区移民安置区土地资源整理开发模式研究[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,26(1):78-82.
[143]周佩华.2000年中国水土流失趋势预测与防治对策[M].中国科学院水土保持研究所集刊,1988,(7):57-71.
[144]周万村.三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(1):16-20.
[145]周祖光.大隆水库移民安置中的水土保持生态建设[J].中国水土保持.2007,(5):48-49.
[146]周伟国,曾祥福,陈永新,等.鄂西三峡库区小流域综合治理与复合经营技术推广[J].林业科技开发,2004,18(3):36-38.
[147]朱金兆,刘建军,朱清科,等.森林凋落物层水文生态功能研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):30-34.
[148]Batty M,Xie Y.From cells to cities.Environment and Planning,1994,(21):531-548.
[149]Bilonik R A.Risk qualified maps of hydrogenion concentration for the New York state area for 1966-1978[J].Atmos Environ,1983,(17):2513-2524.
[150]Biswas AK and Tortajada C.Development and Large Dams:A Global Perspective.Water Resources Development 2001,17(1):9-21.
[151]Blevins RL and Frye WW.Conservation tillage:An ecological approach to soil management.A dv A gron,1993,5(1):34-73.
[152]Cai Q-G,Wang H,Curtin D and Zhua Y.Evaluation of the EUROSEM Model with Single Event Data on Steep-lands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas,China.Catena.2004,5(8):1-15.
[153]Cernea,M Michael,"The Risks and Reconstruction Model for Resettling Displaced Population",World Development.1996,25(10):1569-1588.
[154]Cernea MM.Risks,Safeguards,and Reconstruction:A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement.In Cernea MM and McDowell C(eds),Risks and reconstruction:experiences of resellers and refugees.Washington DC:World Bank,Washington.2000,11-55.
[155]Cernea,M Michael,"Risks and Reconstruction:Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees":2000,11-55,The World Bank.
[156]Cernea,M Michael,"Toverty Risks from Population Displacement in Water Resources Development',1990.
[157]Chou K-C.The 3 Gorges Project Of China-Resettlement Prospects And Problems,Ambio 1995,24(2):98-102.
[158]Christopher Daly,Ronald P Gibson,etal.A Statistical- Topographic Model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous Terrain[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology.1994,133(1):35-42.
[159]Costanza R,Daily GC.Nature capital and sustainable development.Conservation Biology,1992,6(1):37-46.
[160]Costanza R.The value of Ecosystem Service and Nature Capital in the world Nature,1997,5:387-341.
[161]Darren Crook.Environment and Resettlement Politics in China:The Three Gorges Project.Mountain Research and Development.Boulder.2005,25(2):187.
[162]Dewi S,Belcher B and Puntodewo A.Village Economic Opportunity,Forest Dependence,and Rural Livelihoods in East Kalimantan,Indonesia.World Development.2005,33(9):1419-34.
[163]Du R-H,Shi D-M and Yuan J-M etal.Effects of Soil and Water Loss in the Areas of Three Gorge Reservoir of Yangtze River on Ecology and Environment.Beijing:Science Press.1994,(3)26-28(in Chinese).
[164]Edmonds RL.The Sanxia(3 Gorges) Project,The Environmental Argument Surrounding China Super Dam.Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters.1992,2(4):105-25
[165]Elena G.Irwin,Janqueline Geoghegan.Theory,data,methods:developing spatially explicit economic models of land use change.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,85:7-23.
[166]Fang C-L,Feng R-G and Huang J-C.Analysis on The Development Mode and its Benefits of the Efficient Eco-Agriculture in Different Regions in Three Gorges Area.Journal of Natural Resources.2003,18(2):228-34.
[167]Fang S.The Issue of Resettlement in the 3 Gorges Project.Issues and Studies.1992,28(7):52-62.
[168]Ferenc S RKQZY.GIS functions-interpolation[J].Periodica Polytechnica SER.CIV.ENG,1999,43(1):63-86.
[169]Fu B-J,Liu G-H,Chen I-D,etc.Scheme of Ecological Regionalization in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2001,21(1):1-6(in Chinese).
[170]Gao Q and Mao H-Y.GIS-based Study on the Ecological-Economic Regionalization of Yunyang County in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2003,23(1):74-81(in Chinese).
[171]Gao Q,Mao H-Y.Ecological restoration,social-economic changes and sustainable development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area:A case study in Yunyang,Chongqing Municipality.International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology.London.2007,14(2):174-8.
[172]Goldsmith E and Hildyard N(eds).The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams.vols Ⅰ-Ⅲ.Wadebridge:Wadebridge Ecological Centre;1984-1992.
[173]Guo X-Z and Huang X-B.Characteristics and Realization of Wufeng Mountain Landslide in Yunyang County in the Three Gorges.Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control.2001,12(2):83-5(in Chinese).
[174]HW Cooper.Some plant material and imp roved techniques used in soil and water conservation in the Great Plains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservat ion,1990,12(4):52-55.
[175]Ian A Nalder,RossWWein.Spatial interpolation of climatic Normals:test of a new method in the Canadian bo real forest[J].Agric.For Meterol.1998,92:211-255.
[176]Jackson S and Sleigh A.Resettlement for China's Three Gorges Dam:Socio-economic Impact and Institutional Tensions.Communist and PostCommunist Studies.2000,33(2):223-41.
[177]Jiang P-H,Xie S-Y and Xiong P-S.Ecological degeneration and ecological environment restoration at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Territory and Natural Resources Study 2006,(2):54-6(in Chinese).
[178]Jones SA Framework for Understanding On-farm Environmental Degradation and Constraints to the Adoption of Soil Conservation Measures:Case Studies from Highland Tanzania and Thailand. World Development.2002,30(9):1607-20.
[179]Kasper Kok,Andrew Farrow,A.Veldkamp etal.A method and application of multi-scale validation in spatial land use models.Agriculture.Ecosystems and Environment.2001,85:223-238.
[180]Kennedy PM.China's three gorges dam.Mammoth opportunities-and risks.The Electricity Journal 1996,9(4):10-13.
[181]Lal R.Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture:tropics versus temperate environments,Ad-vances in Agronomy,1989,42:166-170.
[182]Li H-M and Rees P.Population displacement in the Three Georges reservoir area of the Yangtze River.Central China:relocation policies and migrant views.Intemational Journal of Population Geography 2000,6(6):439-462.
[183]Li H-M,Waley P and Rees P.Reservoir resettlement in China:Past experience and the three Gorges dam.Geographical Journal.2001,167(3):95-212.
[184]Liu S-Q,Chen Z-J and Chen G-J.Impact of Urbanization and Resettlement on Employment of Rural Inhabitants in China.Mountain Research and Development.2004,24(3):228-33.
[185]Liu Y-S and Feng D-X.Sustainable Potential and Models of Land Use in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Geographical Research.2001,20(2):139-45(in Chinese).
[186]Liu Y-Z and Liu Z-P.Study on the Compound Agricultural and Forestry Development of Sloping Farmland in the three gorges reservoir areas.Journal of China Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning.2001,22(4):9-13(in Chinese).
[187]Liu,G.Soil conservation and sustainable agriculture on the Loess Plateauxhallenges and prospective AMBIO.1999,28(8).
[188]Lorenzo Borselli,Dino Torri.A model for reducing soil erosion by tillage.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.Ankeny:NoVDec.2007,62(6):158.
[189]Lu X-X and Higgitt DL.Estimating erosion rates on sloping agricultural land in the Yangtze Three Gorges,China,from caesium-137measurements.Catena.2000,39(1):33-51.
[190]Manatunge J,Contreras2Moreno N,Nakayama M,etal.Securing Ownership by Alternative Technology in Aquaculture Development in Saguling Reservoir,West Java[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2001,17 (3).
[191]Mao H-Y,Gao Q and Feng R-G.The Selection of Pillar Industries Under the Ecologically and Environmentally Friendly Principles in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Geographica Sinica.2002,57(5):553-60(in Chinese).
[192]Merteens B.Lambin E F.Land cover change trajectories in Southern Cameroon.Annals of the Association of American Geographers.2000,93(3):467-494.
[193]Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.River flow fo recasting through conceptualmodels[J]J.Hydrol.1970,(10):282-290.
[194]Oldeman L,van Engelen V,Pulles J.The extent of hymaninduced soil degradation,Annex5//Oldeman L R,HakkelingR T,Sombroek W G.World Map of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degrdation.An Explanatory Note,rev.2nd.Wageninger:International Soil Reference and Information Centre,1990.
[195]Palmieri A,Shah F and Dinar A.Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams.Journal of Environmental Management.2001,61(2):149-63
[196]Pan X-C.The Policy Performance for the “Ecologically-resettled Migrants”in the Three Gorge Project Area.Issues in Agricultural Economy.2006,(6):18-23(in Chinese).
[197]Peng T-B and Xiao Q-Y.Study on Sustaining Development of Agriculture of the Red-Soil Low Hilly Land in North Hunan.Beijing:Science Press.1995,3(5):21-26(in Chinese).
[198]Rattan L.Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture:Tropics versus temperate environments.A dv A gron,1989,42:86-111.
[199]Sahin S and Kurum E.Erosion risk analysis by GIS in environmental impact assessments:a case study-Seyhan Kopru Dam construction Journal of Environmental Management.2002,66(3):239-47.
[200]Sean J.Bennett;Fred E Rhoton.Reservoir Sedimentation and Environmental Degradation:Assessing Trends in Sediment-Associated Trace Elements in Grenada Lake,Mississippi.
[201]Shi Z-H,Cai C-F,Ding S-W,etc.Soil Conservation Planning at the Small Watershed Level Using RUSLE with GIS:A Case Study in the Three Gorge Area of China.Catena.2004,55(1):33-48.
[202]Shu G-F.Reconstruction Analysis Of The Comprehensive EvahationOf Social-Economical-Environmental -Ecological Impacts Of The Three Gorges Project.International Journal of General Systems.2000,29(3):429-37.
[203]Shuttle worth WJ.Evaporation models in the Globalwater budget.Ibid,1983,147-171.
[204]U Haberlandt,GW Kite.Estimation of daily sace-time precipitation series for macroscale hydro logical modeling[J].Hydrol.Process.1998,12:1419-1432.
[205]WANG R-SH.The Environment and Resettlement of TGP.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin.2000,9(1).
[206]Wang C-J.Pondering on resuming and reconstructing city function in three gorges reservoir area of Yangtze River.Urban Economy.2006,3:74-8(in Chinese).
[207]Wang J-Z.Three Gorges Project.Public Administration and Development.2002,(22):369-75.
[208]Wang L-M,Yang Y-F and Guan Q-F.Environmental Emigration Stress of Slope Farmland in the Three Gorges Arca.Acta Geographica Sinica.2001,56(6):649-56(in Chinese).
[209]Wang W-L.An experimental study on sloping field runoff in granite region.Bull Soil and Water Conser,1990,10(5) 48-51(in Chinese).
[210]Webster R,O liver M A.Sample adequately to estimate variograms of soil properties[J]J.Soil Sci.1992,43:177-192.
[211]Wen Z.M,McVicar,T.R,Li,L.T.Van Niel,T.G.and Liaoo F.Mapping Pperennial Vegetation Suitability and Identitying Targeting Areas For Implementing the Re-Vegetation Program in the Coarse Sandy Hilly Catchments of the Loess Plateau,China.CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report[R],Canberra,Australia.
[212]White R,Engelen G,Uijee I.The use of constrained cellular automato for high-resolution modeling of urban land use dynamics.Environment and Planning.1998,(25):323-343.
[213]Wu F,Webster C J.Simulation of land development through the integration of cellular automata and multi- criteria evaluation.Environment and Planning.1998,25:103-126.
[214]Wu G,Wei J,Deng H-B,etc.Sustainable Development Pattern and the Strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Journal of Environmental Sciences.2002,14(1):83-7.
[215]Wu L-Z.The Sustainable Development of Land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.China.Land Science.2000,14(2):13-16(in Chinese).
[216]Wischmeier,W H,D D Smith.Predicting rainfall erosion losses:A guide to conservation planning [S].U.S.Dcp.Agric.Agric.Handbook.1978,537.
[217]Xiang W-Sh,Liang C-F and Xiao Y-L.Utilization of slope-cultivated land and the farming systems for its water and soil conservation in Three-Gorge Reservoir areas.Resour,1998.
[218]Yang A-M,Wang L-X,Wang Y-J,etc.Study on Agroecological-economic Regionalization in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecological Sinica.2001,21(4):561-8.
[219]Yang D-W,Chen Z-J,Liao X-Y,etc.A Discussion on Ecological Agriculture of Small Watersheds inThree Gorges Reservoir Areas.Journal of Mountain Science.2006,24(3):366-72(in Chinese).
[220]Yang D-Y,Ren Z-X,He T-R and Ge Z-S.Suggestions of Sustainable Development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area Since China's Joining into WTCResources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin.2002,11(4):314-16.
[221]Yang R-Zh.Soil and water loss of cultivated land and its control in China.Bull Soil and Water Conser.1994,14(2):32-36(in Chinese).
[222]Ye Q-J,Xie D-Y and Zhang M-H.A Scheme Research for Controlling the Water and Soil Eroding in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Journal of Chongqing Teachers College (Natural Science Edition).1999,16(4):13-17(in Chinese).
[223]Zhang C-Y and Tang Z-C.Integrated Harnessing of the Low-yield Slope Land in Yunyang County.Mountain Research.1996,4(4):272-6(in Chinese).
[224]Zhang J-E and Xu Q.The restoration and reconstruction of degraded soils in the Three-Gorge Reservoir areas.Resour Environ Yangtze Basin.1998,7(3):248-249 (in Chinese).
[225]Zheng D and Shen Y-C.Studies on process,restoration and management of the degrading slopelands—A case study of purple soil slope lands in the Three Gorges areas.Acta Geogr Sin.1998,53(2):116-121(in Chinese).
[2]蔡强国,吴淑安,马绍嘉,等.花岗岩发育红壤坡地侵蚀产沙规律试验研究.泥沙研究,1996,(1):89-96.
[3]蔡强国,吴淑安.紫色土陡坡地不同土地利用对水土保持过程的影响[J].水土保持通报,1998,18(2):1-8.
[4]蔡强国,张光远,吴淑安,等.长江三峡库区梯田争定性分析与对策-以鄂西秭归县为例[J].地理研究,1997,16(1):45-52.
[5]曹凑贵,张光远,王运华,等.鄂南丘陵棕红壤水土流失及硼损失特征[J].华中农业大学学报,1998,17(1):50-54.
[6]曹文洪.土壤侵蚀的坡度界限研究[J].水土保持通报,1993,13(4):1-5.
[7]查轩,唐克丽,张科利,等.植被对土壤特性及土壤的侵蚀的影响研究[J].水土保持学报,1992,6(2):52-58
[8]长江水利委员会三峡工程生态环境影响研究[M].武汉:湖北科学技术出版社,1997:16-17.
[9]陈发扬.不同坡度对土壤冲刷量影响试验[J].中国水土保持,1985,(2):18-19.
[10]陈国阶,徐琪,杜榕桓,等.三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:7-46.
[11]陈国阶,徐琪,杜榕桓,等.著.三峡工程对生态与环境的影响及对策研究[M].科学出版社,1995.
[12]陈国阶.长江上游水土流失主要成因与防治对策[J].农村生态环境,2000,1(3):58.
[13]陈浩.流域坡面与沟道的侵蚀产沙研究[M].北京:气象出版社,1993.
[14]陈雷.中国的水土保持[J].中国水土保持,2002,(7):4-6.
[15]陈明华.土壤可蚀性因子的研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(1):19-24.
[16]程冬兵,李朝霞,蔡崇法,等.三峡库区等高绿篱技术对土壤物理性质的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(2):83-89.
[17]陈印军.三峡地区农业自然资源特点及开发利用策略[J].长江流域资源与环境,1995,4(1):32-37.
[18]陈治谏,廖晓勇,刘邵权,等.三峡库区坡耕地持续性利用技术及效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(03):85-87.
[19]崇婧,杨达源,姜洪涛,等.长江三峡地区坡地发育的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002,11(3):263-268.
[20]刁承泰,黄京鸿.三峡库区水位涨落带土地资源的初步研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(1):75-80.
[21]董有浦,陆华松,张庆国,等.长江三峡库区坡耕地的侵蚀[J].济南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,23(1):90-93.
[22]杜榕桓,史德明,袁建模,等.长江三峡库区水土流失对生态与环境的影响[M].北京:科学出版社,1994:15-32.
[23]杜政清.三峡生态环境及其治理保护规划[J].国土与自然资源研究,1995,(1):33-37.
[24]杜佐华,严国安.三峡库区水土保持与生态环境改善[J].长江流域资源与环境,1999,8(3):299-304.
[25]方创琳,冯仁国,黄金川.三峡库区不同类型地区高效生态农业发展模式与效益分析[J].自然资源报,2003,18(2):228-234.
[26]傅春,罗冬兰.水利移民对安置区水土流失的影响[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(5):269-271.
[27]傅涛.三峡库区坡面水土流失机理与预测评价建模[D].西南农业大学,2002.
[28]高中琪,张洪江,史玉虎.长江三峡花岗岩区不同地类土壤流失量研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(4):27-29.
[29]官冬杰.三峡库区不同地域类型高效生态农业发展模式[J].资源开发与市场.2006,22(2):130-132.
[30]郭庆荣,张秉刚,钟继洪,等.丘陵赤红壤降雨入渗产流模型及其变化特征[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):62-65.
[31]郭廷辅.21世纪水土保持展望[J].中国水土保持,2000,(2):327.
[32]郭廷辅.水土保持的发展与展望[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[33]郭小瀛,刘卫.黄河万家寨水利枢纽移民安置区水土保持初探[J].海河水利,2001,(2):23-24.
[34]郭中伟,李典谟.湖北省兴山县移民安置区内生态系统的管理[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(6):819-826.
[35]国家环境保护总局.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报:2000[EB/OL].http://www.tgenviron.org/monbul2letin/pdf/2000monjournal.pdf.
[36]何丙辉.重庆市三峡库区土壤侵蚀分级分类标准的探讨[J].水土保持研究.2003,10(4):63-65.
[37]何太蓉,姜洪涛,杨达源,等.长江三峡库区现代坡地剥蚀速率研究[J].地理科学,2004,24(1):89-93.
[38]黄闰泉,张风,夏剑萍.鄂西三峡库区移民区水土流失防治对策[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(5):46-48.
[39]黄闰泉.三峡库区坡耕地农林复合生态系统水文效益研究[A].见:林业部科技司编.林业部青年学术讨论会论文集[C].北京:1997.
[40]黄闰泉,涂光新,张伟,等.三峡库区移土培肥工程研究[J].湖北林业科技,2007,147(5):6-9.
[41]贾志军.前期土壤含水量对坡耕地产流产沙影响的研究,晋西黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律实验研究论文集[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990:26-31.
[42]姜安琴.城市水土保持的成功实践[J].中国水土保持,2002,(1):27-28.
[43]蒋定生.论晋陕蒙接壤地区土壤的抗冲性与水土保持措施体制的配置[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(1):1-7.
[44]焦居仁.深化改革,积极探索,推动八片治理工程向新的目标迈进[J].中国水土保持,2001,(8):14-15.
[45]焦菊英,王万忠,李靖.黄土高原林草水土保持有效盖度分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(5):608-612.
[46]解运杰,王玉玺,范力强.尼尔基水利枢纽工程建设中期水土流失监测与评价[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(2):49-51.
[47]孔德树,陈晓燕.建立三峡库区坡耕地管理信息系统的探讨[J].中国水土保持,2002,(6):11-12.
[48]李红卫,彭补拙.三峡库区水土流失特点及其环境危害防治措施探讨[J].长江流域资源与环境,1993,2(4):331-339.
[49]李勉,姚文艺,李占彬.黄土高原草本植被水土保持作用研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(1):74-80.
[50]李晓红,韩勇,郑阳华.三峡库区坡耕地土壤侵蚀治理效益分析[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2007,30(1):134-138.
[51]李秀彬,彭业轩,姜臣,等.等高植物活篱笆技术提高坡地持续生产力探讨-以三峡库区为例[J].地理研究,1998,17(3):309-315.
[52]李雅琦.可活化稳定性核示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用[J].核技术,1997,20(7):418-422.
[53]李雅琦.土壤侵蚀研究中核示踪技术的运用[J].中国水土保持,1998,(12):31-33.
[54]林承坤.长江三峡与葛洲坝的泥沙及环境[M].南京:南京大学出版社,1989.
[55]黎曙光,周伟国,曾祥福.鄂西三峡库区小流域综合治理与复合经营技术[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(2):195-199.
[56]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作对土壤水分特征的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(5):75-79.
[57]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权,等.三峡库区坡耕地粮经果复合垄作技术效益评价[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):37-40.
[58]廖晓勇,罗承德,陈治谏,等.三峡库区植物篱技术对坡耕地土壤肥力的影响[J].水土保持通报,2006,26(6):1-3.
[59]廖晓勇,陈治谏,刘邵权,等.三峡库区紫色土坡耕地不同利用方式的水土流失特征[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(1):159-161.
[60]刘卫,朱文.水利水电工程施工道路建设水土流失特点及防治[J].海河水利,2007,(4):50-51.
[61]刘刚才.紫色土坡耕地的降雨产流机制及产流后土壤水分的变化特征[D].四川大学,2002.
[62]刘光.土壤侵蚀模型研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(3):74-74.
[63]刘佳桂,杨艳生.长江三峡库区紫色土坡耕地的土壤流失量研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(3):36-43.
[64]刘世荣,孙鹏森.长江上游森林植被水文功能研究[J].自然资源学,2001,(5):451-456.
[65]刘向东.植被截留与水土保持[J].水土保持学报,1994,(3):13-18.
[66]刘向东,吴钦孝,苏宁虎.六盘山林区森林树冠截留、枯枝落叶层和土壤水分性质的研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(4):87-91.
[67]刘益军.三峡库区坡地森林理水调洪功能研究与评价[D].北京:北京林业大学图书馆,2003.
[68]卢豪良,王维明.现代空间信息技术在中国水土保持中的应用[J].福建水土保持,2004,16(1):21-24.
[69]罗伟祥,白立强,宋西德,等.不同覆盖度林地和草地的径流量和冲刷量[J].水土保持学报,1990,4(1):30-34.
[70]马琨,王兆骞.土壤侵蚀示踪方法研究综述[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(4).
[71]倪九派,魏朝富,高明,等.三峡库区坡耕地土壤养分流失的实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(5):38-42.
[72]潘磊,肖文发,唐万鹏.三峡库区低山丘陵区防护林体系建设布局[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,4(1):60-64.
[73]彭珂珊.中国水土流失的概况及其综合治理[J].广西经济管理干部学院学报,2001,13(3):4-8.
[74]秦建成,高明.三峡库区土地利用特点与可持续利用途径[J].国土与自然资源研究.2003,(2):32-34.
[75]全国水土流失公告[z],水利部,2005.
[76]全国水土流失公告[z],水利部,2006.
[77]阮伏水,周伏建.花岗岩不同土地利用类型坡地产流和入渗特征[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1996,2(3):1-7.
[78]史德明.三峡库周地区土壤侵蚀对库区泥沙来源的影响及其对策[A].长江三峡工程对生态与环境影响及其对策研究文集[C].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[79]史立人.总结提高,再创”长治”工程新辉煌[J].中国水土保持,2000,(8):12-13.
[80]宋西德.黄土高原森林植被水土保持研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,22(2):7-11
[81]宋宗水.长江上中游农业资源利用和保护[J].中国农业资源与区划,1998,(96):36-39.
[82]孙大伟,郎小燕.赵山渡水土保持工程中弃渣场的布置及防护[J],水土保持科技情报,2002,(1):37-39.
[83]孙辉.高固氮植物篱防治坡耕地土壤侵蚀效果研究[J].水土保持通报,1999,12(6):1-5.
[84]孙立达,朱金兆主编.水土保持林体系综合效益研究与评价[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995:195-234.
[85]唐克丽,史德明,史学正.土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究的回顾与展望[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.
[86]唐克丽,史德明.土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科发展和国民经济建设[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1995.
[87]谭钦文,尹黎明,卢玉东,等.三峡库区紫色土陡坡耕地土壤侵蚀量预测模型研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2004,(1):19-21.
[88]汪有科,吴钦孝,韩冰,等.森林植被水土保持功能评价[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(3):24-30
[89]王妍,刘洪斌,武伟.基于GIS的三峡库区地貌形态信息统计分析[J].测绘科学,2006,31(2):93-95.
[90]王礼先,孙保平,余新晓,等.中国水利百科全书(水土保持分册)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2004.
[91]王万中,焦菊英冲国土壤侵蚀定量评价研究[J].水土保持通报,1996,16:5-8.
[92]王远敏,王光明.三峡库区耕作制度现状分析及其调整途径[J].耕作与栽培.2006,(6):38-40.
[93]王珠娜,王晓光,史玉虎,等.三峡库区秭归县退耕还林工程水土保持效益研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):68-72.
[94]王秀茹,韩兴.三峡库区“移土培肥”工程的水土流失问题浅析[J].水土保持研究,2008,(1):247-253.
[95]王云琦,王玉杰,张洪江,等.重庆缙云山几种典型植被枯落物水文特性研究[J].水土保持报,2004,18(3):41-44
[96]王治国,郭索彦,姜德文.我国水土保持技术标准体系建设现状与任务[J].中国水土保持,2002,(6):16-17.
[97]魏朝富,高明,车福才,等.二滩水电站移民安置区土壤肥力特征的研究[J].土壤学报,2000,37(4):536-543.
[98]魏朝富,李瑞雪,高明.二滩水电站移民区土壤水分特性的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(1):72-96.
[99]温熙胜.三峡库区坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究[D].北京林业大学.2007.
[100]吴长文,王礼先.林地坡面的水动力学特性及其阻延地表径流的研究[J].水土保持学报,1995,9(2):32-38.
[101]吴发启,赵晓光,刘秉正.缓坡耕地降雨、入渗对产流的影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(1):12-17.
[102]吴刚,苏瑞平.三峡库区移居安置区生态农业发展模式的研究[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6): 665-668.
[103]向治安.长江泥沙输移特性分析[J].水文,1993,(6):8-13.
[104]徐宗永.GIS在水土保持工作中的应用[J].水土保持科技情报,2004,(3):46-48.
[105]许峰,蔡强国,吴淑安,等.三峡库区坡地生态工程控制土壤养分流失研究-以等高植物篱为例[J].地理研究,2000,19(3):303-310.
[106]许其功,席北斗,沈珍瑶.耕作措施对三峡库区土壤侵蚀和养分流失的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2007,23(3):41-45.
[107]闫文德.祁连山森林枯落物水文作用研究[J].西北林学院学报,1997,12(2):7-14
[108]杨大三,袁克侃.鄂西三峡库区防护林研究[M].武汉:湖北科技出版社,1996.
[109]杨海龙.三峡库区小流域森林植被理水调洪规律的研究[D].北京林业大学,2004.
[110]杨立文,石清峰.太行山主要植被枯落物的水文作用[J].林业科学研究,1997,10(3):181-188
[111]杨艳生,史德明.长江三峡区土壤侵蚀研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1994.
[112]尹洪权.三峡库区集镇建设中的水土流失防治对策[J].中国水土保持.2002,(6):30-31.
[113]于常华,刘长胜,蔡立中.浅议水土保持与可持续发展[J].科技成果纵横,2004,(2):39-40.
[114]袁弘任.水土资源是三峡水库移民长治久安的基础[J].水电站设计.1999,15(3):26-33.
[115]张春梅,卢玉东,王农.重庆市三峡库区水土流失现状与防治对策[J].水土保持科技情报,2005,(3):33-35.
[116]张芳.清明时代有关水土保持治理黄河的理论[J].中国水土保持,1998(1):41-42.
[117]张洪江,王礼先.坡面林地土壤流失系统动力学模型的研究[J].北京林业大学学报,1996,18(4):43-49.
[118]张洪江,程金花,何凡.长江三峡库区土地覆被类型对坡面产沙的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(1):40-43.
[119]张骅,陈谦.我国水土保持发展战略思考[J].南水北调与水利科技,2003,1(2):37-40.
[120]张家恩,徐琪.三峡库区秭归县PRED现状分析及其可持续发展对策[J].热带地理,1998,18(3):256-260.
[121]张静波.尼尔基水利枢纽工程环境保护及水土保持概述[J].水力发电,2005,31(11):26-27.
[122]张科利.坡面径流冲刷及泥沙输移特征的试验研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(2):164-169.
[123]张科利.神经网络理论在土壤侵蚀顶报方面应用的探讨[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1995,1(1):58-63.
[124]张荣峰.台湾的水土流失及其治理[J].中国水土保持,1991(8):6-8.
[125]张小林.三峡库区移民安置对水土流失的影响及其防治对策研究.以巴东县为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1995,6(5):82-84.
[126]张信宝.长江上游水土流失治理的思考[J].水土保持科技情报,1996,(4):7-9.
[127]张兴昌,刘国彬,付会芳.不同植被覆盖度对流域氮素径流流失的影响[J].环境科学,2000,(6):16-19.
[128]张兴昌,邵明安.坡地土壤氮素与降雨、径流的相互作用机理及模型[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2):128-134.
[129]张兴昌,邵明安.水蚀条件下不同土壤氮素和有机质流失规律[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):231-234.
[130]张震宇.小浪底工程对生态环境的影响及对策研究[M].西安地图出版社,1997.
[131]张志忠.长江口细颗粒泥沙基本特性研究[J].泥沙研究,1996,(1):67-73.
[132]张祖荣.植物根系提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的初步研究[J].渝西学院学报,2002,15(1):31-35.
[133]赵富德.美国水土保持科研发展历程及近期研究的主要内容[J].中国水土保持,1991,(5):47-51.
[134]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,刘向东.山羊枯枝落叶层的水文水保作用研究[J].林业科学,1994,30(2):176-180.
[135]赵鸿雁,吴钦孝.黄土高原沙棘水土保持功能研究[J].沙棘,1996,9(2):29-33.
[136]郑度,申元村.坡地过程及退化坡地恢复整治研究--以三峡库区紫色土坡地为例[J].地理学报,1998,53(2):116-122.
[137]郑科,郎南军,温绍龙,等.水土保持生物措施的研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(2):73-75.
[138]郑粉莉,白红英,安韶山.草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(5):86-88.
[139]郑粉莉,王占礼,杨勤科.土壤侵蚀学科发展战略[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(4):1-10.
[140]郑世清.黄土高原沟壑区沟坡道路修筑技术及其防蚀体系[J].水土保持通报,1997,(12):33-42.
[141]周彬,董杰,葛兆帅.三峡库区生态环境与可持续发展对策研究[J].生态学杂志.2005,24(12):1503-1506.
[142]周宝同,李雪梅,谢德体.三峡库区移民安置区土地资源整理开发模式研究[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,26(1):78-82.
[143]周佩华.2000年中国水土流失趋势预测与防治对策[M].中国科学院水土保持研究所集刊,1988,(7):57-71.
[144]周万村.三峡库区土地自然坡度和高程对经济发展的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001,10(1):16-20.
[145]周祖光.大隆水库移民安置中的水土保持生态建设[J].中国水土保持.2007,(5):48-49.
[146]周伟国,曾祥福,陈永新,等.鄂西三峡库区小流域综合治理与复合经营技术推广[J].林业科技开发,2004,18(3):36-38.
[147]朱金兆,刘建军,朱清科,等.森林凋落物层水文生态功能研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2002,24(5/6):30-34.
[148]Batty M,Xie Y.From cells to cities.Environment and Planning,1994,(21):531-548.
[149]Bilonik R A.Risk qualified maps of hydrogenion concentration for the New York state area for 1966-1978[J].Atmos Environ,1983,(17):2513-2524.
[150]Biswas AK and Tortajada C.Development and Large Dams:A Global Perspective.Water Resources Development 2001,17(1):9-21.
[151]Blevins RL and Frye WW.Conservation tillage:An ecological approach to soil management.A dv A gron,1993,5(1):34-73.
[152]Cai Q-G,Wang H,Curtin D and Zhua Y.Evaluation of the EUROSEM Model with Single Event Data on Steep-lands in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas,China.Catena.2004,5(8):1-15.
[153]Cernea,M Michael,"The Risks and Reconstruction Model for Resettling Displaced Population",World Development.1996,25(10):1569-1588.
[154]Cernea MM.Risks,Safeguards,and Reconstruction:A Model for Population Displacement and Resettlement.In Cernea MM and McDowell C(eds),Risks and reconstruction:experiences of resellers and refugees.Washington DC:World Bank,Washington.2000,11-55.
[155]Cernea,M Michael,"Risks and Reconstruction:Experiences of Resettlers and Refugees":2000,11-55,The World Bank.
[156]Cernea,M Michael,"Toverty Risks from Population Displacement in Water Resources Development',1990.
[157]Chou K-C.The 3 Gorges Project Of China-Resettlement Prospects And Problems,Ambio 1995,24(2):98-102.
[158]Christopher Daly,Ronald P Gibson,etal.A Statistical- Topographic Model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous Terrain[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology.1994,133(1):35-42.
[159]Costanza R,Daily GC.Nature capital and sustainable development.Conservation Biology,1992,6(1):37-46.
[160]Costanza R.The value of Ecosystem Service and Nature Capital in the world Nature,1997,5:387-341.
[161]Darren Crook.Environment and Resettlement Politics in China:The Three Gorges Project.Mountain Research and Development.Boulder.2005,25(2):187.
[162]Dewi S,Belcher B and Puntodewo A.Village Economic Opportunity,Forest Dependence,and Rural Livelihoods in East Kalimantan,Indonesia.World Development.2005,33(9):1419-34.
[163]Du R-H,Shi D-M and Yuan J-M etal.Effects of Soil and Water Loss in the Areas of Three Gorge Reservoir of Yangtze River on Ecology and Environment.Beijing:Science Press.1994,(3)26-28(in Chinese).
[164]Edmonds RL.The Sanxia(3 Gorges) Project,The Environmental Argument Surrounding China Super Dam.Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters.1992,2(4):105-25
[165]Elena G.Irwin,Janqueline Geoghegan.Theory,data,methods:developing spatially explicit economic models of land use change.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2001,85:7-23.
[166]Fang C-L,Feng R-G and Huang J-C.Analysis on The Development Mode and its Benefits of the Efficient Eco-Agriculture in Different Regions in Three Gorges Area.Journal of Natural Resources.2003,18(2):228-34.
[167]Fang S.The Issue of Resettlement in the 3 Gorges Project.Issues and Studies.1992,28(7):52-62.
[168]Ferenc S RKQZY.GIS functions-interpolation[J].Periodica Polytechnica SER.CIV.ENG,1999,43(1):63-86.
[169]Fu B-J,Liu G-H,Chen I-D,etc.Scheme of Ecological Regionalization in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2001,21(1):1-6(in Chinese).
[170]Gao Q and Mao H-Y.GIS-based Study on the Ecological-Economic Regionalization of Yunyang County in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecologica Sinica.2003,23(1):74-81(in Chinese).
[171]Gao Q,Mao H-Y.Ecological restoration,social-economic changes and sustainable development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area:A case study in Yunyang,Chongqing Municipality.International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology.London.2007,14(2):174-8.
[172]Goldsmith E and Hildyard N(eds).The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams.vols Ⅰ-Ⅲ.Wadebridge:Wadebridge Ecological Centre;1984-1992.
[173]Guo X-Z and Huang X-B.Characteristics and Realization of Wufeng Mountain Landslide in Yunyang County in the Three Gorges.Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control.2001,12(2):83-5(in Chinese).
[174]HW Cooper.Some plant material and imp roved techniques used in soil and water conservation in the Great Plains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservat ion,1990,12(4):52-55.
[175]Ian A Nalder,RossWWein.Spatial interpolation of climatic Normals:test of a new method in the Canadian bo real forest[J].Agric.For Meterol.1998,92:211-255.
[176]Jackson S and Sleigh A.Resettlement for China's Three Gorges Dam:Socio-economic Impact and Institutional Tensions.Communist and PostCommunist Studies.2000,33(2):223-41.
[177]Jiang P-H,Xie S-Y and Xiong P-S.Ecological degeneration and ecological environment restoration at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Territory and Natural Resources Study 2006,(2):54-6(in Chinese).
[178]Jones SA Framework for Understanding On-farm Environmental Degradation and Constraints to the Adoption of Soil Conservation Measures:Case Studies from Highland Tanzania and Thailand. World Development.2002,30(9):1607-20.
[179]Kasper Kok,Andrew Farrow,A.Veldkamp etal.A method and application of multi-scale validation in spatial land use models.Agriculture.Ecosystems and Environment.2001,85:223-238.
[180]Kennedy PM.China's three gorges dam.Mammoth opportunities-and risks.The Electricity Journal 1996,9(4):10-13.
[181]Lal R.Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture:tropics versus temperate environments,Ad-vances in Agronomy,1989,42:166-170.
[182]Li H-M and Rees P.Population displacement in the Three Georges reservoir area of the Yangtze River.Central China:relocation policies and migrant views.Intemational Journal of Population Geography 2000,6(6):439-462.
[183]Li H-M,Waley P and Rees P.Reservoir resettlement in China:Past experience and the three Gorges dam.Geographical Journal.2001,167(3):95-212.
[184]Liu S-Q,Chen Z-J and Chen G-J.Impact of Urbanization and Resettlement on Employment of Rural Inhabitants in China.Mountain Research and Development.2004,24(3):228-33.
[185]Liu Y-S and Feng D-X.Sustainable Potential and Models of Land Use in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Geographical Research.2001,20(2):139-45(in Chinese).
[186]Liu Y-Z and Liu Z-P.Study on the Compound Agricultural and Forestry Development of Sloping Farmland in the three gorges reservoir areas.Journal of China Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning.2001,22(4):9-13(in Chinese).
[187]Liu,G.Soil conservation and sustainable agriculture on the Loess Plateauxhallenges and prospective AMBIO.1999,28(8).
[188]Lorenzo Borselli,Dino Torri.A model for reducing soil erosion by tillage.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.Ankeny:NoVDec.2007,62(6):158.
[189]Lu X-X and Higgitt DL.Estimating erosion rates on sloping agricultural land in the Yangtze Three Gorges,China,from caesium-137measurements.Catena.2000,39(1):33-51.
[190]Manatunge J,Contreras2Moreno N,Nakayama M,etal.Securing Ownership by Alternative Technology in Aquaculture Development in Saguling Reservoir,West Java[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2001,17 (3).
[191]Mao H-Y,Gao Q and Feng R-G.The Selection of Pillar Industries Under the Ecologically and Environmentally Friendly Principles in Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Geographica Sinica.2002,57(5):553-60(in Chinese).
[192]Merteens B.Lambin E F.Land cover change trajectories in Southern Cameroon.Annals of the Association of American Geographers.2000,93(3):467-494.
[193]Nash J E,Sutcliffe J V.River flow fo recasting through conceptualmodels[J]J.Hydrol.1970,(10):282-290.
[194]Oldeman L,van Engelen V,Pulles J.The extent of hymaninduced soil degradation,Annex5//Oldeman L R,HakkelingR T,Sombroek W G.World Map of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degrdation.An Explanatory Note,rev.2nd.Wageninger:International Soil Reference and Information Centre,1990.
[195]Palmieri A,Shah F and Dinar A.Economics of reservoir sedimentation and sustainable management of dams.Journal of Environmental Management.2001,61(2):149-63
[196]Pan X-C.The Policy Performance for the “Ecologically-resettled Migrants”in the Three Gorge Project Area.Issues in Agricultural Economy.2006,(6):18-23(in Chinese).
[197]Peng T-B and Xiao Q-Y.Study on Sustaining Development of Agriculture of the Red-Soil Low Hilly Land in North Hunan.Beijing:Science Press.1995,3(5):21-26(in Chinese).
[198]Rattan L.Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture:Tropics versus temperate environments.A dv A gron,1989,42:86-111.
[199]Sahin S and Kurum E.Erosion risk analysis by GIS in environmental impact assessments:a case study-Seyhan Kopru Dam construction Journal of Environmental Management.2002,66(3):239-47.
[200]Sean J.Bennett;Fred E Rhoton.Reservoir Sedimentation and Environmental Degradation:Assessing Trends in Sediment-Associated Trace Elements in Grenada Lake,Mississippi.
[201]Shi Z-H,Cai C-F,Ding S-W,etc.Soil Conservation Planning at the Small Watershed Level Using RUSLE with GIS:A Case Study in the Three Gorge Area of China.Catena.2004,55(1):33-48.
[202]Shu G-F.Reconstruction Analysis Of The Comprehensive EvahationOf Social-Economical-Environmental -Ecological Impacts Of The Three Gorges Project.International Journal of General Systems.2000,29(3):429-37.
[203]Shuttle worth WJ.Evaporation models in the Globalwater budget.Ibid,1983,147-171.
[204]U Haberlandt,GW Kite.Estimation of daily sace-time precipitation series for macroscale hydro logical modeling[J].Hydrol.Process.1998,12:1419-1432.
[205]WANG R-SH.The Environment and Resettlement of TGP.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin.2000,9(1).
[206]Wang C-J.Pondering on resuming and reconstructing city function in three gorges reservoir area of Yangtze River.Urban Economy.2006,3:74-8(in Chinese).
[207]Wang J-Z.Three Gorges Project.Public Administration and Development.2002,(22):369-75.
[208]Wang L-M,Yang Y-F and Guan Q-F.Environmental Emigration Stress of Slope Farmland in the Three Gorges Arca.Acta Geographica Sinica.2001,56(6):649-56(in Chinese).
[209]Wang W-L.An experimental study on sloping field runoff in granite region.Bull Soil and Water Conser,1990,10(5) 48-51(in Chinese).
[210]Webster R,O liver M A.Sample adequately to estimate variograms of soil properties[J]J.Soil Sci.1992,43:177-192.
[211]Wen Z.M,McVicar,T.R,Li,L.T.Van Niel,T.G.and Liaoo F.Mapping Pperennial Vegetation Suitability and Identitying Targeting Areas For Implementing the Re-Vegetation Program in the Coarse Sandy Hilly Catchments of the Loess Plateau,China.CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report[R],Canberra,Australia.
[212]White R,Engelen G,Uijee I.The use of constrained cellular automato for high-resolution modeling of urban land use dynamics.Environment and Planning.1998,(25):323-343.
[213]Wu F,Webster C J.Simulation of land development through the integration of cellular automata and multi- criteria evaluation.Environment and Planning.1998,25:103-126.
[214]Wu G,Wei J,Deng H-B,etc.Sustainable Development Pattern and the Strategy in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Journal of Environmental Sciences.2002,14(1):83-7.
[215]Wu L-Z.The Sustainable Development of Land in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.China.Land Science.2000,14(2):13-16(in Chinese).
[216]Wischmeier,W H,D D Smith.Predicting rainfall erosion losses:A guide to conservation planning [S].U.S.Dcp.Agric.Agric.Handbook.1978,537.
[217]Xiang W-Sh,Liang C-F and Xiao Y-L.Utilization of slope-cultivated land and the farming systems for its water and soil conservation in Three-Gorge Reservoir areas.Resour,1998.
[218]Yang A-M,Wang L-X,Wang Y-J,etc.Study on Agroecological-economic Regionalization in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Acta Ecological Sinica.2001,21(4):561-8.
[219]Yang D-W,Chen Z-J,Liao X-Y,etc.A Discussion on Ecological Agriculture of Small Watersheds inThree Gorges Reservoir Areas.Journal of Mountain Science.2006,24(3):366-72(in Chinese).
[220]Yang D-Y,Ren Z-X,He T-R and Ge Z-S.Suggestions of Sustainable Development of Three Gorges Reservoir Area Since China's Joining into WTCResources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin.2002,11(4):314-16.
[221]Yang R-Zh.Soil and water loss of cultivated land and its control in China.Bull Soil and Water Conser.1994,14(2):32-36(in Chinese).
[222]Ye Q-J,Xie D-Y and Zhang M-H.A Scheme Research for Controlling the Water and Soil Eroding in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.Journal of Chongqing Teachers College (Natural Science Edition).1999,16(4):13-17(in Chinese).
[223]Zhang C-Y and Tang Z-C.Integrated Harnessing of the Low-yield Slope Land in Yunyang County.Mountain Research.1996,4(4):272-6(in Chinese).
[224]Zhang J-E and Xu Q.The restoration and reconstruction of degraded soils in the Three-Gorge Reservoir areas.Resour Environ Yangtze Basin.1998,7(3):248-249 (in Chinese).
[225]Zheng D and Shen Y-C.Studies on process,restoration and management of the degrading slopelands—A case study of purple soil slope lands in the Three Gorges areas.Acta Geogr Sin.1998,53(2):116-121(in Chinese).