健康养猪的空间环境构建与养殖技术模式研究
|
摘要
现代高产猪种对环境应激更为敏感,对环境的耐受性大幅降低。活动空间受限、环境贫瘠、舒适性差、调控措施应用不到位,严重影响着猪的健康和生产潜能的发挥,导致养猪生产效率低下,风险持续加大、市场波动明显,十分不利于行业的可持续发展。本文选择猪的空间环境需求为突破口,通过实证案例剖析了不同养殖模式的空间环境状况,研究了不同群体规模下的空间环境构成与猪的空间定位、环境应激和行为表达之间的关系,探讨了福利性设施配置、局部环境控制技术等在圈栏空间环境格局形成中所起的作用,提出了适合于不同阶段猪的健康养殖工艺技术模式和健康养猪的空间环境设计方法,为促进我国养猪生产方式转变、推进健康养猪产业的可持续发展提供了理论依据和技术支撑。本文的主要研究结果如下：
(1)系统全面地阐述了养猪生产环境、养猪工艺模式与不同阶段猪的生理、行为、健康、生长发育、生产性能之间的关系,首次从空间环境需求的角度研究猪的健康养殖工艺模式和配套工程技术,并确定了群体大小、饲养密度、经济占栏面积、圈栏尺寸、猪舍单元配置等相关空间环境设计参数,为不同阶段猪健康养殖工艺模式的设计提供了理论依据。
(2)分析对比了母猪大群饲养、小群饲养,哺乳母猪自由式分娩栏系统、断奶仔猪和生长育肥猪舍饲大群散养等模式的空间环境格局和工程技术特点,并就群养模式下精确饲养、局部环境调控、抗应激福利设施等相关技术的应用,对养殖空间环境的形成、猪的功能定位和分区、产生的环境应激、行为发生等进行了试验研究,为健康养猪技术模式的有效实施及设施、设备优化提供了技术支持。
(3)群养更有利于母猪行为表达和建立和谐的社群关系,有助于改善母猪繁殖性能。小群饲养模式8头以上的群体规模才能更好地满足母猪的空间需求,减少争斗行为的发生和混转群应激；不同猪种混养时,地方猪种的社会等级相对更低,争斗时常处于被动地位；高等级猪在空间占有上较低等级猪更具优势。大群饲养模式可以为母猪提供良好的群居环境和自由活动空间,受胎率、分娩率、窝产仔数等繁殖性能指标明显优于限位饲养和小圈饲养模式,繁殖性疾病、肢蹄病等发生率较限位栏降低84%、50%。
(4)分析比较了三种分娩栏、二种仔猪保温箱在构成分娩空间环境上的差异,表明自由式分娩栏有效地解决了限位栏母猪活动不足、无隔栏分娩栏仔猪压死率高的难题。挂帘式仔猪保温箱在改善仔猪躺卧环境、自由出入等方面优势明显。上述设备为哺乳期母猪更快地产后恢复、提高其繁殖性能和健康状况、生产活泼强壮的仔猪奠定了基础。
(5)福利性设施在猪的大群饲养中对空间环境的构成、栏内各区域的功能定位和设施设备利用均有很大影响。丰富的空间环境可缩短猪的躺卧时间、增加采食时间,猪的表现更为活跃,行为之间的转换更多,在排泄区停留的时间更少。只有在配置2件以上的福利性设施才能形成良好的圈舍空间格局,猪的行为表达更加充分,并可使猪的日增重提高5%10%、饲料消耗降低3%-13%。
Modern pigs are more sensitive to environmental stress, significantly reducing the environmental tolerance. Limited space, barren environment, poor comfort and inappropriate environmental control methods all have serious influences on pigs' health and potential productivity, resulting in inefficient production, high raising risks and obvious market fluctuation which all go against to the industry's sustainable development. This study started with pigs' spatial environmental requirements, then analyzed spatial environmental conditions under different housing models and investigated the relationship between spatial environmental constitution and pigs' spatial location, environmental stress and behavioral expression under diffident group sizes. The effects of setting welfare facilities and local environmental control technology on spatial environmental configuration were studied. It also presented new process technologies and spatial environmental design methods. These studies all contribute to providing theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion of production mode and the sustainable development of livestock production in China. This study provides the following findings:
(1) The relationship between the housing environment and the process model with pigs' physiology, behaviors, health, growth, and production performance was described systematically and comprehensively. Process models and technologies for healthy pig housing were first studied from the point of pigs' spatial environmental requirements. Parameter determinations of group size, raising density, economic pen area, pen dimension, and pen unit setting were also performed. These findings contribute to providing theoretical basis for pig housing process model design.
(2) Spatial environmental constitutions and characteristics of engineering technologies in large/small group housing system for sows, farrowing pen system for lactation sows and loose housing system for weaned piglets and finisher pigs were compared and analyzed. Experiments on the applications of precision feeding, local environmental control and stress resistance facilities were also conducted. These findings contribute to providing technical support for the effective conduction of the healthy pig housing process model and the optimization of its equipment and facilities.
(3) Group housing is benefit for pig's behavior expression, building harmonious social relations, and improving reproductive performance. Small group housing system with more than8pigs could meet their space requirements, reducing fighting behaviors and the social stress at the beginning of group mixing. Local breeds had lower social class and were the underdog in the fight after mixing with modern pigs, and pigs in higher class had advantages on space occupying. Higher reproductive performance indexes including conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size were found in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, breeding diseases and limb-and-hoof diseases incidences were respectively84%and50%lower in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, both thanks to better social environment and bigger activity space.
(4) The spatial environmental constitutions by3different farrowing pens and2different piglets conservation boxes were compared. The freedom farrowing pen could provide more space for sows and reduce the probability that piglets were pressed to dead by sows. The curtains could improve the local environment of conservation box and are also conducive to free access. These facilities are helpful for sow's recovering from delivery, reproductive performance improvement, and producing healthy piglets.
(5) Welfare facilities played an important role on the spatial environmental constitution, the function orientation of each area in the pen, and the utilization of equipment. Rich spatial environment could increase pigs' feeding time and reduce their lying time and detention time in eliminative area. Pigs in rich spatial environment were more active and change their activity more frequently. A good spatial environmental configuration for better behavior expression could be formed with2or more welfare facilities, resulting in improving5%-10%of daily gain and reducing3%-13%of food consumption.
(1)系统全面地阐述了养猪生产环境、养猪工艺模式与不同阶段猪的生理、行为、健康、生长发育、生产性能之间的关系,首次从空间环境需求的角度研究猪的健康养殖工艺模式和配套工程技术,并确定了群体大小、饲养密度、经济占栏面积、圈栏尺寸、猪舍单元配置等相关空间环境设计参数,为不同阶段猪健康养殖工艺模式的设计提供了理论依据。
(2)分析对比了母猪大群饲养、小群饲养,哺乳母猪自由式分娩栏系统、断奶仔猪和生长育肥猪舍饲大群散养等模式的空间环境格局和工程技术特点,并就群养模式下精确饲养、局部环境调控、抗应激福利设施等相关技术的应用,对养殖空间环境的形成、猪的功能定位和分区、产生的环境应激、行为发生等进行了试验研究,为健康养猪技术模式的有效实施及设施、设备优化提供了技术支持。
(3)群养更有利于母猪行为表达和建立和谐的社群关系,有助于改善母猪繁殖性能。小群饲养模式8头以上的群体规模才能更好地满足母猪的空间需求,减少争斗行为的发生和混转群应激；不同猪种混养时,地方猪种的社会等级相对更低,争斗时常处于被动地位；高等级猪在空间占有上较低等级猪更具优势。大群饲养模式可以为母猪提供良好的群居环境和自由活动空间,受胎率、分娩率、窝产仔数等繁殖性能指标明显优于限位饲养和小圈饲养模式,繁殖性疾病、肢蹄病等发生率较限位栏降低84%、50%。
(4)分析比较了三种分娩栏、二种仔猪保温箱在构成分娩空间环境上的差异,表明自由式分娩栏有效地解决了限位栏母猪活动不足、无隔栏分娩栏仔猪压死率高的难题。挂帘式仔猪保温箱在改善仔猪躺卧环境、自由出入等方面优势明显。上述设备为哺乳期母猪更快地产后恢复、提高其繁殖性能和健康状况、生产活泼强壮的仔猪奠定了基础。
(5)福利性设施在猪的大群饲养中对空间环境的构成、栏内各区域的功能定位和设施设备利用均有很大影响。丰富的空间环境可缩短猪的躺卧时间、增加采食时间,猪的表现更为活跃,行为之间的转换更多,在排泄区停留的时间更少。只有在配置2件以上的福利性设施才能形成良好的圈舍空间格局,猪的行为表达更加充分,并可使猪的日增重提高5%10%、饲料消耗降低3%-13%。
Modern pigs are more sensitive to environmental stress, significantly reducing the environmental tolerance. Limited space, barren environment, poor comfort and inappropriate environmental control methods all have serious influences on pigs' health and potential productivity, resulting in inefficient production, high raising risks and obvious market fluctuation which all go against to the industry's sustainable development. This study started with pigs' spatial environmental requirements, then analyzed spatial environmental conditions under different housing models and investigated the relationship between spatial environmental constitution and pigs' spatial location, environmental stress and behavioral expression under diffident group sizes. The effects of setting welfare facilities and local environmental control technology on spatial environmental configuration were studied. It also presented new process technologies and spatial environmental design methods. These studies all contribute to providing theoretical basis and technical support for the promotion of production mode and the sustainable development of livestock production in China. This study provides the following findings:
(1) The relationship between the housing environment and the process model with pigs' physiology, behaviors, health, growth, and production performance was described systematically and comprehensively. Process models and technologies for healthy pig housing were first studied from the point of pigs' spatial environmental requirements. Parameter determinations of group size, raising density, economic pen area, pen dimension, and pen unit setting were also performed. These findings contribute to providing theoretical basis for pig housing process model design.
(2) Spatial environmental constitutions and characteristics of engineering technologies in large/small group housing system for sows, farrowing pen system for lactation sows and loose housing system for weaned piglets and finisher pigs were compared and analyzed. Experiments on the applications of precision feeding, local environmental control and stress resistance facilities were also conducted. These findings contribute to providing technical support for the effective conduction of the healthy pig housing process model and the optimization of its equipment and facilities.
(3) Group housing is benefit for pig's behavior expression, building harmonious social relations, and improving reproductive performance. Small group housing system with more than8pigs could meet their space requirements, reducing fighting behaviors and the social stress at the beginning of group mixing. Local breeds had lower social class and were the underdog in the fight after mixing with modern pigs, and pigs in higher class had advantages on space occupying. Higher reproductive performance indexes including conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size were found in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, breeding diseases and limb-and-hoof diseases incidences were respectively84%and50%lower in large group precision feeding system than in single pen housing system, both thanks to better social environment and bigger activity space.
(4) The spatial environmental constitutions by3different farrowing pens and2different piglets conservation boxes were compared. The freedom farrowing pen could provide more space for sows and reduce the probability that piglets were pressed to dead by sows. The curtains could improve the local environment of conservation box and are also conducive to free access. These facilities are helpful for sow's recovering from delivery, reproductive performance improvement, and producing healthy piglets.
(5) Welfare facilities played an important role on the spatial environmental constitution, the function orientation of each area in the pen, and the utilization of equipment. Rich spatial environment could increase pigs' feeding time and reduce their lying time and detention time in eliminative area. Pigs in rich spatial environment were more active and change their activity more frequently. A good spatial environmental configuration for better behavior expression could be formed with2or more welfare facilities, resulting in improving5%-10%of daily gain and reducing3%-13%of food consumption.
引文
[1]申茂向,李保明.养殖业集约规模化与新型工业化.中国软科学,2005(12)：77-84
[2]李保明,施正香.中国畜牧工程科学技术的创新与发展.农业工程学报,2003,19(增刊)：71-73
[3]施正香,李保明.健康养猪工程工艺模式——舍饲散养工艺技术与装备.北京：中国农业大学出版社,2012
[4]张明峰.瑞典的绿色养猪业.世界农业,2001,(5)：28-30
[5]Moinard C, Mendl M, Nicol C J, et al. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,81(4):333-355
[6]European Commission. Council Directive 2001/93/EC of 9 November 2001, amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Brussels:EC,2001
[7]李保明,施正香,席磊,等.2006年养猪环境、设备设施研究进展.猪业科学,2007(1)：70-73
[8]李保明,施正香.设施农业工程工艺及建筑设计.北京：中国农业出版社,2005
[9]Boyle L A, Leonard F C, Lynch P B, et al. Effect of gestation housing on behaviour and skin lesions of sows in farrowing crates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,76(2):119-134
[10]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Cronin G M, et al. A review of the welfare issues for sows and piglets in relation to housing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2001,52(1):1-28
[11]Fernando P M, Steven J H, Todd V H. A quasi ad-libitum electronic feeding system for gestating sows in loose housing. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,1998,19(3):277-288
[12]Mcglone J J, Borell E H, Deen J, et al. Compilation of the scientific literatures comparing housing systems for gestating sows and gilts using measures of physiology, behavior, performance and health. Professional Animal Scientist,2004,20:105-117
[13]包军.应用动物行为学与动物福利.家畜生态,1997,18(2)：38-44
[14]王长平.猪福利问题概述.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(12)：62-64
[15]沈国舫,汪懋华.中国农业机械化科技发展报告(1949-2009).北京：中国农业科技出版社,2009
[16]陈刚,李保明,施正香.离地圈养猪床.中国专利,ZL200310101963.2,2006-2-23
[17]陈刚,李保明,施正香.循环水调温地板.中国专利,ZL02153178.1,2005-3-30
[18]毛廷江.悬吊式猪玩具.中国专利,ZL200820096529,2009-4-29
[19]滕光辉,付为森,李志忠.一种利用双目视觉技术监测猪生长的方法.中国专利,ZL200710119509.8,2003-3-19
[20]陆昌华,胡肄农,王长江,等.家畜二维条码耳标.中国专利,ZL 200520074583.9,2007-2-7
[21]李保明,庞真真,陈刚,等.一种降温猪床.中国专利,ZL 200810102063.2,2011-6-1
[22]陆昌华,谢菊芳,王立方,等.猪个体标识的一种控制方法.中国专利,ZL 200510040105.0,2006-1-4
[23]李保明,席磊,陈刚,等.一种猪用福利玩具.中国专利,ZL200720173420.5,2008-7-23
[24]李保明,庞真真,陈刚,等.冷暖猪床.中国专利,ZL200820080716.7,2005-5-13
[25]李保明,李伟,徐文勇,等.一种家畜个体隔离用的可自锁自由进出门.中国专利, ZL201210500256.X,2013-10-22
[26]Zimmerman P H, Lindberg A C, Pope S J The effect of stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behavior and welfare in a non-cage system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.2006,101:111-124
[27]Petherick J C. A biological basis for the design of space in livestock housing. In:Baxter, S.H., Baxter, M.R., MacCormack, J A C(Eds), Farm Animal Housing and Welfare. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht,1983,103-120
[28]Spooldera, Aarnink. Effect of increasing temperature on space requirements of group housed finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,138(3-4):229-239
[29]EFSA. The welfare of weaners and rearing pigs:effects of different space allowances and floor types. The EFSA Journal,2005,268:1-19
[30]Petherick J C, Phillips C J C. Space allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2009,117(1-2):1-12
[31]McGlone J J, Curtis S E. Behavior and performance of weanling pigs in pens equipped with hideareas. Animal Science Journal,1985,60(1):20-24
[32]Oh H K, Choi H B, Ju W S, et al. Effects of space allocation on growth performance and immune system in weaning pigs. Livestock Science,2010,132(1-3):113-118
[33]Ekkel E D, Spoolder H A M, Hulsegge I, et al. Lying characteristics as determinants for space requirements in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,80(1):19-30
[34]Jensen T, Nielsen C K, Vinther J, et al. The effect of space allowance for finishing pigs on productivity and pen hygiene. Livestock Science.2012,149(1-2):33-40
[35]Carmichael N L, Walker A W, Hughes B O. Laying hens in large flocks in a perchery system: influence of stocking density on location, use of resources and behavior. British Poultry Science 1999,40(2):165-176
[36]Spoolder, Hans A.M, Aarninka A J, et al. Effect of increasing temperature on space requirements of group housed finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,138:229-239
[37]Nicol C J, Gregory N G, Knowles T G, et al. Differential effects of increased stocking density, mediated by increased flock size, on feather pecking and aggression in laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.1999,65(2):137-152
[38]Nicol C D,Phil M A. Space, time, and unassuming animals. Journal of Veterinary Behavior,2007, 2(6):188-192
[39]Samarakone T S,Gonyou H W. Domestic pigs alter their social strategy in response to social group size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2009,121(1):8-15
[40]D'Eath R B,Keeling L J. Social discrimination and aggression by laying hens in large groups:from peck orders to social tolerance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,84:197-212
[41]Albentosa M J, Cooper J J. Testing resource value in group-housed animals:An investigation of cage height preference in laying hens. Behavioural Processes,2005,70:113-121
[42]卢凤君,李晓红,李保明,等.生猪健康养殖体系培建的系统分析.北京：中国农业出版社, 2008
[43]Arey D S. Time course for the formation and disruption of social organisation in group-housed sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1999,62(2):199-207
[44]李震钟.家畜环境生理学.北京：中国农业出版社,1999
[45]Guise H J, Penny R H C. Tail-biting and tail-docking in pigs. Veterinary Record,1998,142(2):46
[46]胡海彦,魏国生.集约化生产条件下断奶仔猪咬尾行为发育的观察.家畜生态,1999,20(4)：31-35
[47]Gardner J M, Duncan I J H, Widowski T M. Effects of social "stressors" on belly-nosing behaviour in early-weaned piglets:is belly-nosing an indicator of stress? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2001,74(2):135-152
[48]Tan S S L, Shackleton D M. Effects of mixing unfamiliar individuals and of azaperone on the social behaviour of finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.1990,26(1-2):157-168
[49]施正香,李保明,张晓颖,等.集约化饲养环境下仔猪行为的研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(2)：220-225
[50]Spoolder H A M, Geudeke M J, Van der Peet-Schwering C M C, et al. Group housing of sows in early pregnancy:A review of success and risk factors. Livestock Science,2009,125(1):1-14
[51]Remience V, Wavreille J, Canart B, et al. Effects of space allowance on the welfare of dry sows kept in dynamic groups and fed with an electronic sow feeder. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2008,112(3-4):284-296
[52]谭逸夫.密闭式鸡舍湿帘风机降温系统调控方式研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010
[53]Schwarting G, Kleiner B. Tiergerechte Haltung von Schweinen in Nurtinger System. Schweinerwelt, 1993,3:1-6
[54]周道雷.断奶仔猪舍饲散养工艺及其相关问题探讨：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006
[55]Shi Z, Li B, Zhang X, et al. Using floor cooling as an approach to improving the thermal environment in the sleeping area in an open pig house. Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(3): 359-364
[56]Haugse C N, Dinusson W E, Erickson D O, et al. Buchanan. A day in the life of a pig. Feedstuffs, 1965,37:18-23
[57]Day J E L, Burfoot A, Docking C M, et al. The effects of prior experience of straw and the level of straw provision on the behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,76 (3): 189-202
[58]Moinard C, Mendl M, Nicol C J, et al. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,81(4):333-355
[59]Durrell J, Sneddon I A, Beattie V E. Effects of enrichment and floor type on behaviour of cubicle loose-housed dry sows. Animal Welfare,1997,6(4):297-308
[60]Morgan C A, Deans L A, Lawrence A B, et al. The effects of straw bedding on the feeding and social behaviour of growing pigs fed by means of single-space feeders. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1998,58(1-2):23-33
[61]Fraser D, Phillips P A, Thompson B K, et al. Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1991,30(3-4):307-318
[62]Schaefer A L, Salomons M O, Tong A K W, et al. The effect of environment enrichment on aggression in newly weaned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1990,27(1-2):41-52
[63]Apple J K, Craig J V. The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1992,35(2):149-155
[64]Young R J, Carruthers J, Lawrence A B. The effect of a foraging device (the'Edinburgh Football') on the behaviour of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4):237-247
[65]Blackshaw J K, Thomas F J, Lee J. The effect of a fixed or free toy on the growth rate and aggressive behaviour of weaned pigs and the influence of hierarchy on initial investigation of toys. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1997,53(3):203-212
[66]Durrell J L, Sneddon I A, Beattie V E, et al. Sow behaviour and welfare in voluntary cubicle pens (small static groups) and split-yard systems (large dynamic groups).Animal Science,2002,75: 67-74
[67]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Cronin G M, et al. Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1992,34:207-220
[68]Barnett J L, Cronin G M, McCallum T H, et al. Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1993,36:111-122
[69]Wiegand R M, Gonyou H W, Curtis S E. Pen shape and size:effects on pig behaviour and performance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(1):49-61
[70]Krauss V, Hoy S T. Dry sows in dynamic groups:An investigation of social behaviour when introducing new sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2011,130(1-2):20-27
[71]O'Connell N E, Beattie V E, Moss B W, et al. Influence of replacement rate on the welfare of sows introduced to a large dynamic group. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2004,85(1-2):43-56
[72]Pedersen L J, Rojkittikhun T, Einarsson S, et al. Postweaning grouped sows:effects of aggression on hormonal patterns and oestrous behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1993,38(1): 25-39
[73]Hoy S t, Bauer J, Borberg C, et al. Impact of rank position on fertility of sows. Livestock Science, 2009,126(1-3):69-72
[74]Graves H B. Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa). Journal of Animal Science, 1984,58(2):482-492
[75]Dardaillon M. Wild boar social groupings and their seasonal changes in the Carmargue, Southern France. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde-International Journal of Mammalian Biology,1988,53(1): 22-30
[76]L(?)vendahl P, Damgaard L H, Nielsen B L, et al. Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits. Livestock Production Science, 2005,93(1):73-85
[77]Arey D S, Edwards S A. Factors influencing aggression between sows after mixing and the consequences for welfare and production. Livestock Production Science,1998,56(1):61-70.
[78]Borberg C, Hoy S T. Mixing of sows with or without the presence of a boar. Livestock Science, 2009,125(2-3):314-317.
[79]Hoy S T, Bauer J. Dominance relationships between sows dependent on the time interval between separation and reunion. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,90(1):21-30
[80]Tuyttens F A M, Wouters F, Struelens E, et al. Synthetic lying mats may improve lying comfort of gestating sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2008,114(1-2):76-85
[81]Turner S P, Nath M, Horgan G W, et al. Measuring chronic social tension in groups of growing pigs using inter-individual distances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2013,146(1-4):26-36
[82]Aschwanden J, Gygax L, Wechsler B, et al. Social distances of goats at the feeding rack:Influence of the quality of social bonds, rank differences, grouping age and presence of horns. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2008,114(1-2):116-131
[83]Akre A K, Hovland A L, Bakken M. Do different competition strategies affect social preference and behaviour in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)?.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2010, 126(1-2):59-66
[84]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Winfield C G, et al. Effects of social environment on welfare status and sexual behaviour of female pigs. I. Effects of group size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1986,16(3):249-257
[85]McGlone J J, Newby B E. Space requirements for finishing pigs in confinement:behavior and performance while group size and space vary. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4): 331-338
[86]Wolter B F, Ellis M, Curtis S E, et al. Feeder location did not affect performance of weanling pigs in large groups. Journal of animal science,2000,78(11):2784-2789
[87]Weng R C, Edwards S A, English P R. Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1998, 59(4):307-316
[88]Remience V, Wavreille J, Canart B, et al. Effects of space allowance on the welfare of dry sows kept in dynamic groups and fed with an electronic sow feeder. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2008,112(3-4):284-296
[89]Brouns F, Edwards S A. Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively or ad libitum. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4):225-235
[90]Andersen I L, B(?)e K E, Kristiansen A L. The influence of different feeding arrangements and food type on competition at feeding in pregnant sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1999,65(2): 91-104
[91]席磊.环境丰富度对育肥猪行为与生产性能影响的试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农 业大学,2007
[92]Andre Aarnink.环境与福利友好型猪舍系统.中国猪业,2012,(12)：5-7
[93]王树华,马启军,穆秀梅,等.母猪精细化饲养管理策略.中国牧业通讯,2008(23)：44-45
[94]Silva B A N, Oliveira R F M, Donzele J L, et al. Effect of floor cooling on performance of lactating sows during summer. Livestock Science,2006,105(1-30:176-184
[95]Lawrence A B, Petherick J C, McLean K A, et al. The effect of environment on behavior, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Applied Animal Behavior Science,1994,39:313-330
[96]Oliviero C, Heinonen M, Valros A, et al. Effect of the environment on the physiology of the sow during late pregnancy, farrowing and early lactation. Animal Reproduction Science,2008, 105(3-4):365-377
[97]Mota-Rojas D D, Mart'inez-Burnes J, Trujillo-Ortega M E, et al. Effect of oxytocin treatment in sows on umbilical cord morphology, meconium staining, and neonatal mortality of piglets. America Journal of Veterinary Research,2002,63(11):1571-1574
[98]Lewis E, Boyle L A, O'Doherty J V, et al. The Effect of Floor Type in Farrowing Crates on Piglet Welfare. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research,2005,44:69-81
[99]Smith J H, Wathes C M, Baldwin B A. The preference of pigs for fresh air over ammoniated air. Applied Animal Behavior Science,1996,49:417-424
[100]顾招兵.分娩舍设施对猪行为及健康的影响：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010
[101]Pedersen L J, Jorgensen E, Heiskanen T, et al. Early piglet mortality in loose-housed sows related to sow and piglet behavior and to the progress of parturition. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 2006,96:215-232
[102]Damm B I, Forkman B, Pedersen L J. Lying down and rolling behavior in sows in relation to piglet crushing. Applied Animal Behavior Science,2005,90:3-20
[103]Pokorna Z, Illmann G, Simeckova M, et al. Carefulness and flexibility of lying down behavior in sows during 24 h post-partum in relation to piglet position. Applied Animal Behavior Science,2008, 114:346-358
[104]National Pork Board (NPB). Swine Care Handbook. Des Monies, IA, USA:NPB,2003
[105]张洪本.自然养猪法实用技术手册.济南：山东科学技术出版社.2009
[106]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局.GB/T17824.1-2008.规模猪场建设.北京：中国标准出版社,2008
[107]Tuyttens F A M. The importance of straw for pig and cattle welfare:A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,92(3):261-282
[108]加拿大阿尔伯特农业局畜牧处著.刘海良译.养猪生产.北京：中国农业出版社,1998
[2]李保明,施正香.中国畜牧工程科学技术的创新与发展.农业工程学报,2003,19(增刊)：71-73
[3]施正香,李保明.健康养猪工程工艺模式——舍饲散养工艺技术与装备.北京：中国农业大学出版社,2012
[4]张明峰.瑞典的绿色养猪业.世界农业,2001,(5)：28-30
[5]Moinard C, Mendl M, Nicol C J, et al. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,81(4):333-355
[6]European Commission. Council Directive 2001/93/EC of 9 November 2001, amending Directive 91/630/EEC laying down minimum standards for the protection of pigs. Brussels:EC,2001
[7]李保明,施正香,席磊,等.2006年养猪环境、设备设施研究进展.猪业科学,2007(1)：70-73
[8]李保明,施正香.设施农业工程工艺及建筑设计.北京：中国农业出版社,2005
[9]Boyle L A, Leonard F C, Lynch P B, et al. Effect of gestation housing on behaviour and skin lesions of sows in farrowing crates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,76(2):119-134
[10]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Cronin G M, et al. A review of the welfare issues for sows and piglets in relation to housing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2001,52(1):1-28
[11]Fernando P M, Steven J H, Todd V H. A quasi ad-libitum electronic feeding system for gestating sows in loose housing. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,1998,19(3):277-288
[12]Mcglone J J, Borell E H, Deen J, et al. Compilation of the scientific literatures comparing housing systems for gestating sows and gilts using measures of physiology, behavior, performance and health. Professional Animal Scientist,2004,20:105-117
[13]包军.应用动物行为学与动物福利.家畜生态,1997,18(2)：38-44
[14]王长平.猪福利问题概述.中国畜牧兽医,2005,32(12)：62-64
[15]沈国舫,汪懋华.中国农业机械化科技发展报告(1949-2009).北京：中国农业科技出版社,2009
[16]陈刚,李保明,施正香.离地圈养猪床.中国专利,ZL200310101963.2,2006-2-23
[17]陈刚,李保明,施正香.循环水调温地板.中国专利,ZL02153178.1,2005-3-30
[18]毛廷江.悬吊式猪玩具.中国专利,ZL200820096529,2009-4-29
[19]滕光辉,付为森,李志忠.一种利用双目视觉技术监测猪生长的方法.中国专利,ZL200710119509.8,2003-3-19
[20]陆昌华,胡肄农,王长江,等.家畜二维条码耳标.中国专利,ZL 200520074583.9,2007-2-7
[21]李保明,庞真真,陈刚,等.一种降温猪床.中国专利,ZL 200810102063.2,2011-6-1
[22]陆昌华,谢菊芳,王立方,等.猪个体标识的一种控制方法.中国专利,ZL 200510040105.0,2006-1-4
[23]李保明,席磊,陈刚,等.一种猪用福利玩具.中国专利,ZL200720173420.5,2008-7-23
[24]李保明,庞真真,陈刚,等.冷暖猪床.中国专利,ZL200820080716.7,2005-5-13
[25]李保明,李伟,徐文勇,等.一种家畜个体隔离用的可自锁自由进出门.中国专利, ZL201210500256.X,2013-10-22
[26]Zimmerman P H, Lindberg A C, Pope S J The effect of stocking density, flock size and modified management on laying hen behavior and welfare in a non-cage system. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.2006,101:111-124
[27]Petherick J C. A biological basis for the design of space in livestock housing. In:Baxter, S.H., Baxter, M.R., MacCormack, J A C(Eds), Farm Animal Housing and Welfare. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht,1983,103-120
[28]Spooldera, Aarnink. Effect of increasing temperature on space requirements of group housed finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,138(3-4):229-239
[29]EFSA. The welfare of weaners and rearing pigs:effects of different space allowances and floor types. The EFSA Journal,2005,268:1-19
[30]Petherick J C, Phillips C J C. Space allowances for confined livestock and their determination from allometric principles. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2009,117(1-2):1-12
[31]McGlone J J, Curtis S E. Behavior and performance of weanling pigs in pens equipped with hideareas. Animal Science Journal,1985,60(1):20-24
[32]Oh H K, Choi H B, Ju W S, et al. Effects of space allocation on growth performance and immune system in weaning pigs. Livestock Science,2010,132(1-3):113-118
[33]Ekkel E D, Spoolder H A M, Hulsegge I, et al. Lying characteristics as determinants for space requirements in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,80(1):19-30
[34]Jensen T, Nielsen C K, Vinther J, et al. The effect of space allowance for finishing pigs on productivity and pen hygiene. Livestock Science.2012,149(1-2):33-40
[35]Carmichael N L, Walker A W, Hughes B O. Laying hens in large flocks in a perchery system: influence of stocking density on location, use of resources and behavior. British Poultry Science 1999,40(2):165-176
[36]Spoolder, Hans A.M, Aarninka A J, et al. Effect of increasing temperature on space requirements of group housed finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,138:229-239
[37]Nicol C J, Gregory N G, Knowles T G, et al. Differential effects of increased stocking density, mediated by increased flock size, on feather pecking and aggression in laying hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.1999,65(2):137-152
[38]Nicol C D,Phil M A. Space, time, and unassuming animals. Journal of Veterinary Behavior,2007, 2(6):188-192
[39]Samarakone T S,Gonyou H W. Domestic pigs alter their social strategy in response to social group size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2009,121(1):8-15
[40]D'Eath R B,Keeling L J. Social discrimination and aggression by laying hens in large groups:from peck orders to social tolerance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,84:197-212
[41]Albentosa M J, Cooper J J. Testing resource value in group-housed animals:An investigation of cage height preference in laying hens. Behavioural Processes,2005,70:113-121
[42]卢凤君,李晓红,李保明,等.生猪健康养殖体系培建的系统分析.北京：中国农业出版社, 2008
[43]Arey D S. Time course for the formation and disruption of social organisation in group-housed sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1999,62(2):199-207
[44]李震钟.家畜环境生理学.北京：中国农业出版社,1999
[45]Guise H J, Penny R H C. Tail-biting and tail-docking in pigs. Veterinary Record,1998,142(2):46
[46]胡海彦,魏国生.集约化生产条件下断奶仔猪咬尾行为发育的观察.家畜生态,1999,20(4)：31-35
[47]Gardner J M, Duncan I J H, Widowski T M. Effects of social "stressors" on belly-nosing behaviour in early-weaned piglets:is belly-nosing an indicator of stress? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2001,74(2):135-152
[48]Tan S S L, Shackleton D M. Effects of mixing unfamiliar individuals and of azaperone on the social behaviour of finishing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science.1990,26(1-2):157-168
[49]施正香,李保明,张晓颖,等.集约化饲养环境下仔猪行为的研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(2)：220-225
[50]Spoolder H A M, Geudeke M J, Van der Peet-Schwering C M C, et al. Group housing of sows in early pregnancy:A review of success and risk factors. Livestock Science,2009,125(1):1-14
[51]Remience V, Wavreille J, Canart B, et al. Effects of space allowance on the welfare of dry sows kept in dynamic groups and fed with an electronic sow feeder. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2008,112(3-4):284-296
[52]谭逸夫.密闭式鸡舍湿帘风机降温系统调控方式研究：[硕士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010
[53]Schwarting G, Kleiner B. Tiergerechte Haltung von Schweinen in Nurtinger System. Schweinerwelt, 1993,3:1-6
[54]周道雷.断奶仔猪舍饲散养工艺及其相关问题探讨：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2006
[55]Shi Z, Li B, Zhang X, et al. Using floor cooling as an approach to improving the thermal environment in the sleeping area in an open pig house. Biosystems Engineering,2006,93(3): 359-364
[56]Haugse C N, Dinusson W E, Erickson D O, et al. Buchanan. A day in the life of a pig. Feedstuffs, 1965,37:18-23
[57]Day J E L, Burfoot A, Docking C M, et al. The effects of prior experience of straw and the level of straw provision on the behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2002,76 (3): 189-202
[58]Moinard C, Mendl M, Nicol C J, et al. A case control study of on-farm risk factors for tail biting in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,81(4):333-355
[59]Durrell J, Sneddon I A, Beattie V E. Effects of enrichment and floor type on behaviour of cubicle loose-housed dry sows. Animal Welfare,1997,6(4):297-308
[60]Morgan C A, Deans L A, Lawrence A B, et al. The effects of straw bedding on the feeding and social behaviour of growing pigs fed by means of single-space feeders. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1998,58(1-2):23-33
[61]Fraser D, Phillips P A, Thompson B K, et al. Effect of straw on the behaviour of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1991,30(3-4):307-318
[62]Schaefer A L, Salomons M O, Tong A K W, et al. The effect of environment enrichment on aggression in newly weaned pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1990,27(1-2):41-52
[63]Apple J K, Craig J V. The influence of pen size on toy preference of growing pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1992,35(2):149-155
[64]Young R J, Carruthers J, Lawrence A B. The effect of a foraging device (the'Edinburgh Football') on the behaviour of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4):237-247
[65]Blackshaw J K, Thomas F J, Lee J. The effect of a fixed or free toy on the growth rate and aggressive behaviour of weaned pigs and the influence of hierarchy on initial investigation of toys. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1997,53(3):203-212
[66]Durrell J L, Sneddon I A, Beattie V E, et al. Sow behaviour and welfare in voluntary cubicle pens (small static groups) and split-yard systems (large dynamic groups).Animal Science,2002,75: 67-74
[67]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Cronin G M, et al. Effects of pen size, partial stalls and method of feeding on welfare-related behavioural and physiological responses of group-housed pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1992,34:207-220
[68]Barnett J L, Cronin G M, McCallum T H, et al. Effects of pen size/shape and design on aggression when grouping unfamiliar adult pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1993,36:111-122
[69]Wiegand R M, Gonyou H W, Curtis S E. Pen shape and size:effects on pig behaviour and performance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(1):49-61
[70]Krauss V, Hoy S T. Dry sows in dynamic groups:An investigation of social behaviour when introducing new sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2011,130(1-2):20-27
[71]O'Connell N E, Beattie V E, Moss B W, et al. Influence of replacement rate on the welfare of sows introduced to a large dynamic group. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2004,85(1-2):43-56
[72]Pedersen L J, Rojkittikhun T, Einarsson S, et al. Postweaning grouped sows:effects of aggression on hormonal patterns and oestrous behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1993,38(1): 25-39
[73]Hoy S t, Bauer J, Borberg C, et al. Impact of rank position on fertility of sows. Livestock Science, 2009,126(1-3):69-72
[74]Graves H B. Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa). Journal of Animal Science, 1984,58(2):482-492
[75]Dardaillon M. Wild boar social groupings and their seasonal changes in the Carmargue, Southern France. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde-International Journal of Mammalian Biology,1988,53(1): 22-30
[76]L(?)vendahl P, Damgaard L H, Nielsen B L, et al. Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits. Livestock Production Science, 2005,93(1):73-85
[77]Arey D S, Edwards S A. Factors influencing aggression between sows after mixing and the consequences for welfare and production. Livestock Production Science,1998,56(1):61-70.
[78]Borberg C, Hoy S T. Mixing of sows with or without the presence of a boar. Livestock Science, 2009,125(2-3):314-317.
[79]Hoy S T, Bauer J. Dominance relationships between sows dependent on the time interval between separation and reunion. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,90(1):21-30
[80]Tuyttens F A M, Wouters F, Struelens E, et al. Synthetic lying mats may improve lying comfort of gestating sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2008,114(1-2):76-85
[81]Turner S P, Nath M, Horgan G W, et al. Measuring chronic social tension in groups of growing pigs using inter-individual distances. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2013,146(1-4):26-36
[82]Aschwanden J, Gygax L, Wechsler B, et al. Social distances of goats at the feeding rack:Influence of the quality of social bonds, rank differences, grouping age and presence of horns. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2008,114(1-2):116-131
[83]Akre A K, Hovland A L, Bakken M. Do different competition strategies affect social preference and behaviour in silver fox vixens (Vulpes vulpes)?.Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2010, 126(1-2):59-66
[84]Barnett J L, Hemsworth P H, Winfield C G, et al. Effects of social environment on welfare status and sexual behaviour of female pigs. I. Effects of group size. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 1986,16(3):249-257
[85]McGlone J J, Newby B E. Space requirements for finishing pigs in confinement:behavior and performance while group size and space vary. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4): 331-338
[86]Wolter B F, Ellis M, Curtis S E, et al. Feeder location did not affect performance of weanling pigs in large groups. Journal of animal science,2000,78(11):2784-2789
[87]Weng R C, Edwards S A, English P R. Behaviour, social interactions and lesion scores of group-housed sows in relation to floor space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1998, 59(4):307-316
[88]Remience V, Wavreille J, Canart B, et al. Effects of space allowance on the welfare of dry sows kept in dynamic groups and fed with an electronic sow feeder. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2008,112(3-4):284-296
[89]Brouns F, Edwards S A. Social rank and feeding behaviour of group-housed sows fed competitively or ad libitum. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1994,39(3-4):225-235
[90]Andersen I L, B(?)e K E, Kristiansen A L. The influence of different feeding arrangements and food type on competition at feeding in pregnant sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,1999,65(2): 91-104
[91]席磊.环境丰富度对育肥猪行为与生产性能影响的试验研究：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农 业大学,2007
[92]Andre Aarnink.环境与福利友好型猪舍系统.中国猪业,2012,(12)：5-7
[93]王树华,马启军,穆秀梅,等.母猪精细化饲养管理策略.中国牧业通讯,2008(23)：44-45
[94]Silva B A N, Oliveira R F M, Donzele J L, et al. Effect of floor cooling on performance of lactating sows during summer. Livestock Science,2006,105(1-30:176-184
[95]Lawrence A B, Petherick J C, McLean K A, et al. The effect of environment on behavior, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Applied Animal Behavior Science,1994,39:313-330
[96]Oliviero C, Heinonen M, Valros A, et al. Effect of the environment on the physiology of the sow during late pregnancy, farrowing and early lactation. Animal Reproduction Science,2008, 105(3-4):365-377
[97]Mota-Rojas D D, Mart'inez-Burnes J, Trujillo-Ortega M E, et al. Effect of oxytocin treatment in sows on umbilical cord morphology, meconium staining, and neonatal mortality of piglets. America Journal of Veterinary Research,2002,63(11):1571-1574
[98]Lewis E, Boyle L A, O'Doherty J V, et al. The Effect of Floor Type in Farrowing Crates on Piglet Welfare. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research,2005,44:69-81
[99]Smith J H, Wathes C M, Baldwin B A. The preference of pigs for fresh air over ammoniated air. Applied Animal Behavior Science,1996,49:417-424
[100]顾招兵.分娩舍设施对猪行为及健康的影响：[博士学位论文].北京：中国农业大学,2010
[101]Pedersen L J, Jorgensen E, Heiskanen T, et al. Early piglet mortality in loose-housed sows related to sow and piglet behavior and to the progress of parturition. Applied Animal Behavior Science, 2006,96:215-232
[102]Damm B I, Forkman B, Pedersen L J. Lying down and rolling behavior in sows in relation to piglet crushing. Applied Animal Behavior Science,2005,90:3-20
[103]Pokorna Z, Illmann G, Simeckova M, et al. Carefulness and flexibility of lying down behavior in sows during 24 h post-partum in relation to piglet position. Applied Animal Behavior Science,2008, 114:346-358
[104]National Pork Board (NPB). Swine Care Handbook. Des Monies, IA, USA:NPB,2003
[105]张洪本.自然养猪法实用技术手册.济南：山东科学技术出版社.2009
[106]中华人民共和国国家技术监督局.GB/T17824.1-2008.规模猪场建设.北京：中国标准出版社,2008
[107]Tuyttens F A M. The importance of straw for pig and cattle welfare:A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2005,92(3):261-282
[108]加拿大阿尔伯特农业局畜牧处著.刘海良译.养猪生产.北京：中国农业出版社,1998