中文阅读的副中央凹—中央凹效应研究
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摘要
目前,阅读的眼动控制理论争论的基本问题是词汇加工是序列的还是平行的。解决此问题的途径之一是分析阅读过程中副中央凹信息加工对中央凹信息加工所产生的影响,即副中央凹-中央凹效应(parafoveal-on-foveal effects)。按照副中央凹处非注视词(词n+1)加工的难易程度与中央凹处注视词(词n)加工效率的关系,副中央凹-中央凹效应分为两种：同向效应指词n+1加工越难,词n的加工时间越长；反向效应指词n+1加工越难,词n的加工时间越短。
本论文以大学生为被试,分析副中央凹信息对中央凹信息加工的影响,考察中文阅读中语义层面的副中央凹-中央凹效应及方向性。
整个研究由三部分组成：
第一部分探讨字n+1的语义信息对词n的影响。研究采用分心阅读范式,实验1考察词n相关词素分心字n+1和词n无关词素分心字n+1条件下词n的加工,探讨字n+1语义信息对高、低词频词n加工的影响,结果发现在低频词n条件下产生同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。
第二部分考察词n+1的语义信息对词n加工的影响。研究采用分心阅读范式,通过比较与词n语义相关分心词n+1和语义无关分心词n+1条件下词n的加工,探讨副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验2考察高频词n+1与高频词n的语义相关程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现反向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验3考察低频词n+1与高频词n的语义相关程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验4考察词n+1与词n情绪效价一致性程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现在负性词n的条件下,产生了同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。
第三部分探讨词n+1整词和词素水平语义信息对词n的共同影响。研究采用正常阅读范式,考察词n+1的语义透明度对词n加工的影响。实验5考察高频词n+1的语义透明度对不同加工负荷词n加工的影响。实验6考察低频词n+1的语义透明度对高频词n加工的影响。结果没有发现副中央凹-中央凹效应。
在本研究条件下,得出如下结论：
在中文阅读过程中,副中央凹处字和词的低水平信息和语义信息可以与中央凹处信息同时加工。当相邻两个词语的信息相似时,可以促进当前注视词(n)的加工,引发同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。但中文阅读过程中,无法加工副中央凹处词(n+1)的词与词素的语义关系。这表明中文阅读是以注视词的加工为目的,平行加工为手段,即“一切为了词n语义通达”的中文阅读眼动控制假设。
There is one of the major controversies in the field of eye movements in reading concerns the question of whether the processing of two adjacent words in reading occurs in sequence, or in parallel. Parafoveal-on-foveal effects, which could be used to provide the evidence about this controversy, occur when lexical properties of word n+1 influence processing on word n during reading. According to the E-Z Reader model, the best known serial attention allocation model, lexical characteristics of word n+1 should not influence the processing of word n, the parafoveal-on-foveal effects were null. In contrast, the parallel model SWIFT stipulates that the words within a perceptual span can be processed in parallel. Also, parafoveal processing difficulty will slow down foveal processing, the concurrent parafoveal-on-foveal effects should be found. But Kennedy reported an inverted parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Parafoveal processing difficulty results in the reader spending less time on the foveal word. They argued that a difficult configuration of parafoveal words act as a target causing the reader to execute an early saccade. They refer to this process as magnetic attraction.
The main goal of this research was to investigate parafoveal-on-foveal effects in normal Chinese reading. We examined whether the semantic information of word n+1 influenced readers' eye behavior on the word n.
The whole research can be divided into three studies.
The first study explored the influence of character n+1 to the processing of word n. The study adopted a new paradigm called distraction paradigm to investigate the parafoveal-on-foveal effects in reading. Experiment one examined the influence of character n+1's semantic relationship with word n on the processing of word n. The concurrent effects showed in experiment one.
The second study examined whether the processing of word n could be influenced by the semantic relationship between word n and word n+1. There were three experiments in second study. The experiment two and three individually explored the influence of high and low frequency word n+l's semantic relationship with word n to the processing of word n. The third experiment manipulate the emoxional conformance to explore the parafoveal-on-foveal effects on Chinese reading. The concurrent effects were found in second study.
The third study used two experiments to explore the influence of semantic transparent of word n+1 to processing of word n. The null effects should in the third study.
We analyzed readers' eye fixation patterns of word n. The following eye fixation measures were employed:gaze duration, first fixation duration, duration of final fixation (Word n and two characters of word n), single fixation duration, probability of refixation and probability of skipping.
To summarize the findings of the three studies, the conclusion was made as follows.
(1) The low level and semantic information from the parafoveal character and word could be parallel processed with foveal word. When the adjacent words information in the perceptual span were similar, the processing of word n could be promoted.
(2) The semantic transparency of parafoveal word didn't affect eye behavior prior to fixating it. The semantic relationship between morpheme and word of word n+1 couldn't be processed with word n in parallel.
(3) The Chinese reading targets foveal word processing and using parallel processing as a method.
(4) According to the results of research, an assumption called "all for the semantic access of word n " has been promoted for found of the eye movements control theory on Chinese reading.
本论文以大学生为被试,分析副中央凹信息对中央凹信息加工的影响,考察中文阅读中语义层面的副中央凹-中央凹效应及方向性。
整个研究由三部分组成：
第一部分探讨字n+1的语义信息对词n的影响。研究采用分心阅读范式,实验1考察词n相关词素分心字n+1和词n无关词素分心字n+1条件下词n的加工,探讨字n+1语义信息对高、低词频词n加工的影响,结果发现在低频词n条件下产生同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。
第二部分考察词n+1的语义信息对词n加工的影响。研究采用分心阅读范式,通过比较与词n语义相关分心词n+1和语义无关分心词n+1条件下词n的加工,探讨副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验2考察高频词n+1与高频词n的语义相关程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现反向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验3考察低频词n+1与高频词n的语义相关程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。实验4考察词n+1与词n情绪效价一致性程度对词n加工的影响,结果发现在负性词n的条件下,产生了同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。
第三部分探讨词n+1整词和词素水平语义信息对词n的共同影响。研究采用正常阅读范式,考察词n+1的语义透明度对词n加工的影响。实验5考察高频词n+1的语义透明度对不同加工负荷词n加工的影响。实验6考察低频词n+1的语义透明度对高频词n加工的影响。结果没有发现副中央凹-中央凹效应。
在本研究条件下,得出如下结论：
在中文阅读过程中,副中央凹处字和词的低水平信息和语义信息可以与中央凹处信息同时加工。当相邻两个词语的信息相似时,可以促进当前注视词(n)的加工,引发同向的副中央凹-中央凹效应。但中文阅读过程中,无法加工副中央凹处词(n+1)的词与词素的语义关系。这表明中文阅读是以注视词的加工为目的,平行加工为手段,即“一切为了词n语义通达”的中文阅读眼动控制假设。
There is one of the major controversies in the field of eye movements in reading concerns the question of whether the processing of two adjacent words in reading occurs in sequence, or in parallel. Parafoveal-on-foveal effects, which could be used to provide the evidence about this controversy, occur when lexical properties of word n+1 influence processing on word n during reading. According to the E-Z Reader model, the best known serial attention allocation model, lexical characteristics of word n+1 should not influence the processing of word n, the parafoveal-on-foveal effects were null. In contrast, the parallel model SWIFT stipulates that the words within a perceptual span can be processed in parallel. Also, parafoveal processing difficulty will slow down foveal processing, the concurrent parafoveal-on-foveal effects should be found. But Kennedy reported an inverted parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Parafoveal processing difficulty results in the reader spending less time on the foveal word. They argued that a difficult configuration of parafoveal words act as a target causing the reader to execute an early saccade. They refer to this process as magnetic attraction.
The main goal of this research was to investigate parafoveal-on-foveal effects in normal Chinese reading. We examined whether the semantic information of word n+1 influenced readers' eye behavior on the word n.
The whole research can be divided into three studies.
The first study explored the influence of character n+1 to the processing of word n. The study adopted a new paradigm called distraction paradigm to investigate the parafoveal-on-foveal effects in reading. Experiment one examined the influence of character n+1's semantic relationship with word n on the processing of word n. The concurrent effects showed in experiment one.
The second study examined whether the processing of word n could be influenced by the semantic relationship between word n and word n+1. There were three experiments in second study. The experiment two and three individually explored the influence of high and low frequency word n+l's semantic relationship with word n to the processing of word n. The third experiment manipulate the emoxional conformance to explore the parafoveal-on-foveal effects on Chinese reading. The concurrent effects were found in second study.
The third study used two experiments to explore the influence of semantic transparent of word n+1 to processing of word n. The null effects should in the third study.
We analyzed readers' eye fixation patterns of word n. The following eye fixation measures were employed:gaze duration, first fixation duration, duration of final fixation (Word n and two characters of word n), single fixation duration, probability of refixation and probability of skipping.
To summarize the findings of the three studies, the conclusion was made as follows.
(1) The low level and semantic information from the parafoveal character and word could be parallel processed with foveal word. When the adjacent words information in the perceptual span were similar, the processing of word n could be promoted.
(2) The semantic transparency of parafoveal word didn't affect eye behavior prior to fixating it. The semantic relationship between morpheme and word of word n+1 couldn't be processed with word n in parallel.
(3) The Chinese reading targets foveal word processing and using parallel processing as a method.
(4) According to the results of research, an assumption called "all for the semantic access of word n " has been promoted for found of the eye movements control theory on Chinese reading.
引文
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