APON关键技术的研究
|
摘要
对高速Internet的接入和多媒体应用的需求，极大地促进了宽带接入网
络的发展。作为宽带接入网络的一个重要研究领域，APON把ATM的统计
复用功能和PON的宽带透明传输结合起来，以便在为用户提供宽带接入的
同时，支持不同业务的服务质量（QoS）要求。APON具有容量大、性价比
合理和易于升级等优点。
然而，由于APON采用的是树型结构，且上下行速率很高，所以APON
存在测距、上行突发光接收、上行突发同步和带宽动态分配等技术和理论难
题。本文将主要针对APON系统的带宽动态分配、上行突发同步和OLT TC
层关键功能的设计进行研究。
首先，在本文的绪论部分，我们对现代通信网络和宽带接入网的发展趋
势进行了综述，指出研究APON的必要性和现实意义。
第二章介绍了APON系统的结构和要求，并对APON系统的三大功能
块进行了较为详细的阐述，最后描述了APON需要解决的关键技术。
在第三章中，我们在John D．Angelopoulos等人提出的顶移分配算法和
传送带分配算法的基础上，提出了一种适合于APON的MAC协议。该协议
将业务按实时性要求分成两种优先级，实时业务具有更高的优先级，在动态
带宽分配时优先分配。实时业务带宽分配使用的传送带分配算法与John D．
Angelopoulos等人提出的略有不同。非实时业务采用顶移分配算法进行授权
分配。非实时业务通常对时延性能不敏感，而对信元丢失率要求苛刻。顶移
分配算法给有较多等待信元的ONU更多的传输机会，因此在一定的缓冲容
量下我们的协议能够降低ONU中非实时业务的信元丢失率。同时，我们首
次对APON系统上行接入进行了理论分析，并得到了一些初步结果。在本
章的最后，对该MAC协议的性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，该MAC协
议具有很好的接入性能。
在第四章中，我们在Stephen Topliss等人提出的相关同步法基础上，根
据APON系统上行信息高速、突发的特点，提出了实现APON系统上行突
发同步的方法——相关同步法。在接收端，我们采用延迟线技术获得八个相
扬 要
位依次相差45“的时钟。这八个时钟分别对接收信号进行采样读取，得到
八组输入信号。八组输入信号被分别送入八个8位移位寄存器。八个移位寄
存器的值分别与己知的同步码进行相关比较。同步码具有很好的自相关性。
当上行突发块中的同步码到达时，将有一组甚至多组输入信号的相关结果达
到最大值1。根据相关原理，取得最大相关结果的那组（或中间那组）输入
信号为最佳采样信号，对应的采样时钟为最佳采样时钟。最佳采样时钟的确
定，实际上就知道了上行突发信号的到达相位，从而实现了突发同步。用最
佳采用时钟来恢复接收信号，就实现了同步接收。
相关同步法的最大优点是它的全数字同步方式，易于FPGA实现。我们
采用相关同步法实现T 155．52Mbit／S速率的突发同步。这一成功为 APON
的开发扫清了一个关键障碍。
第五章对 OLT TC层功能进行了详细的分析。实现 OLT TC层功能是
APON系统开发的难点。我们在准确理解 G．983协议的基础上得出了 OLT TC
层关键功能模块的工作流程框图。关键功能工作流程的获得使这些功能的实
现变得更加简单。
最后，在第六章中，我们对本文的工作和所得到的结论进行了总结。
The demand for accessing Internet with high speed and supporting multi-media
applications has greatly accelerated the development of broadband access networks.
As one of the major researching areas of broadband access networks, the passive
optical networks based on ATM (APON) combine the ATM's statistic multiplexing
function with PON's broadband transparent transmission, so as to support different
Quality of Service (QoS) as well as broadband access. APON have a lot of virtues,
such as big capacity, reasonable ratio of performance and price, and easy to upgrade.
However, since APON has a tree-based topology and the rates in both way are
high, there are some technical or theoretical problems, such as ranging, burst mode
optical receipt, burst synchronization and dynamic bandwidth allocation. The
dissertation will mainly concentrate on the study of dynamic bandwidth allocation,
upstream burst synchronization and the key functions in OLT抯 TC layer.
Firstly, in the introduction of this dissertation (chapter 1 ),we briefly present the
researching and developing status of modem telecom networks and broadband
access networks, and indicate the importance of developing APON.
In chapter 2, we introduce the configuration and requirement of APON systems
at first, then we expatiate on the three functional blocks in detail. Finally, we describe
what the key technologies are for APON.
In chapter 3, based on the "moving ceiling" allocating scheme and "transfer
belt" allocating scheme proposed by John D. Angelopoulos et al, a MAC protocol
suitable for APON is proposed. The services are classed as two priorities according
to different delay requirement in the protocol. The real-time services have a higher
priority, and can be permitted first. Non real-time services are not sensitive to delay,
but sensitive to cell loss ratio (CLR). "moving ceiling" allocating scheme gives the
ONU, in which there are more cells waiting, more chance to send, so this protocol
can debase the CLR of non real-time services when the buffers are definite in the
ONU. For the first time, the APON's upstream access process is analyzed in this
thesis, and some primary results are met. In the chapter's end, the performances of
the proposed MAC protocol are simulated. The simulations?results show that the
protocol has good access performances.
In chapter 4, based on correlating synchronization scheme proposed by Stephen
Topliss et al, a synchronization scheme suitable for APON's upstream burst
synchronization is proposed according to the high-speed and burst-mode
characteristics of APON's upstream information. Delay line technique is used to get
eight clocks in the receiver. The phase difference among the eight clvcks is 45
degrees. The eight clocks sample the receiving signal, and get eight inputting data. a
The eight inputting data are sent to eight 8-bits registers respectively. The registers?
values are compared with a known key word, which has a good self-correlation.
When the key word in the burst packet arrive, there must be one ,or even several
results are maximal. According to correlation principle, the inputting data with
maximal result is the best sampling data, and the corresponding clock is the best
sampling clock. Using correlation synchronization scheme, we carry out a burst-
mode synchronization with a rate of 155.52OMbit]s. This fruit sweep away a key
obstacle in APON's exploitation.
In chapter 5, the functions of TC layer in OLT are analyzed in
络的发展。作为宽带接入网络的一个重要研究领域，APON把ATM的统计
复用功能和PON的宽带透明传输结合起来，以便在为用户提供宽带接入的
同时，支持不同业务的服务质量（QoS）要求。APON具有容量大、性价比
合理和易于升级等优点。
然而，由于APON采用的是树型结构，且上下行速率很高，所以APON
存在测距、上行突发光接收、上行突发同步和带宽动态分配等技术和理论难
题。本文将主要针对APON系统的带宽动态分配、上行突发同步和OLT TC
层关键功能的设计进行研究。
首先，在本文的绪论部分，我们对现代通信网络和宽带接入网的发展趋
势进行了综述，指出研究APON的必要性和现实意义。
第二章介绍了APON系统的结构和要求，并对APON系统的三大功能
块进行了较为详细的阐述，最后描述了APON需要解决的关键技术。
在第三章中，我们在John D．Angelopoulos等人提出的顶移分配算法和
传送带分配算法的基础上，提出了一种适合于APON的MAC协议。该协议
将业务按实时性要求分成两种优先级，实时业务具有更高的优先级，在动态
带宽分配时优先分配。实时业务带宽分配使用的传送带分配算法与John D．
Angelopoulos等人提出的略有不同。非实时业务采用顶移分配算法进行授权
分配。非实时业务通常对时延性能不敏感，而对信元丢失率要求苛刻。顶移
分配算法给有较多等待信元的ONU更多的传输机会，因此在一定的缓冲容
量下我们的协议能够降低ONU中非实时业务的信元丢失率。同时，我们首
次对APON系统上行接入进行了理论分析，并得到了一些初步结果。在本
章的最后，对该MAC协议的性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明，该MAC协
议具有很好的接入性能。
在第四章中，我们在Stephen Topliss等人提出的相关同步法基础上，根
据APON系统上行信息高速、突发的特点，提出了实现APON系统上行突
发同步的方法——相关同步法。在接收端，我们采用延迟线技术获得八个相
扬 要
位依次相差45“的时钟。这八个时钟分别对接收信号进行采样读取，得到
八组输入信号。八组输入信号被分别送入八个8位移位寄存器。八个移位寄
存器的值分别与己知的同步码进行相关比较。同步码具有很好的自相关性。
当上行突发块中的同步码到达时，将有一组甚至多组输入信号的相关结果达
到最大值1。根据相关原理，取得最大相关结果的那组（或中间那组）输入
信号为最佳采样信号，对应的采样时钟为最佳采样时钟。最佳采样时钟的确
定，实际上就知道了上行突发信号的到达相位，从而实现了突发同步。用最
佳采用时钟来恢复接收信号，就实现了同步接收。
相关同步法的最大优点是它的全数字同步方式，易于FPGA实现。我们
采用相关同步法实现T 155．52Mbit／S速率的突发同步。这一成功为 APON
的开发扫清了一个关键障碍。
第五章对 OLT TC层功能进行了详细的分析。实现 OLT TC层功能是
APON系统开发的难点。我们在准确理解 G．983协议的基础上得出了 OLT TC
层关键功能模块的工作流程框图。关键功能工作流程的获得使这些功能的实
现变得更加简单。
最后，在第六章中，我们对本文的工作和所得到的结论进行了总结。
The demand for accessing Internet with high speed and supporting multi-media
applications has greatly accelerated the development of broadband access networks.
As one of the major researching areas of broadband access networks, the passive
optical networks based on ATM (APON) combine the ATM's statistic multiplexing
function with PON's broadband transparent transmission, so as to support different
Quality of Service (QoS) as well as broadband access. APON have a lot of virtues,
such as big capacity, reasonable ratio of performance and price, and easy to upgrade.
However, since APON has a tree-based topology and the rates in both way are
high, there are some technical or theoretical problems, such as ranging, burst mode
optical receipt, burst synchronization and dynamic bandwidth allocation. The
dissertation will mainly concentrate on the study of dynamic bandwidth allocation,
upstream burst synchronization and the key functions in OLT抯 TC layer.
Firstly, in the introduction of this dissertation (chapter 1 ),we briefly present the
researching and developing status of modem telecom networks and broadband
access networks, and indicate the importance of developing APON.
In chapter 2, we introduce the configuration and requirement of APON systems
at first, then we expatiate on the three functional blocks in detail. Finally, we describe
what the key technologies are for APON.
In chapter 3, based on the "moving ceiling" allocating scheme and "transfer
belt" allocating scheme proposed by John D. Angelopoulos et al, a MAC protocol
suitable for APON is proposed. The services are classed as two priorities according
to different delay requirement in the protocol. The real-time services have a higher
priority, and can be permitted first. Non real-time services are not sensitive to delay,
but sensitive to cell loss ratio (CLR). "moving ceiling" allocating scheme gives the
ONU, in which there are more cells waiting, more chance to send, so this protocol
can debase the CLR of non real-time services when the buffers are definite in the
ONU. For the first time, the APON's upstream access process is analyzed in this
thesis, and some primary results are met. In the chapter's end, the performances of
the proposed MAC protocol are simulated. The simulations?results show that the
protocol has good access performances.
In chapter 4, based on correlating synchronization scheme proposed by Stephen
Topliss et al, a synchronization scheme suitable for APON's upstream burst
synchronization is proposed according to the high-speed and burst-mode
characteristics of APON's upstream information. Delay line technique is used to get
eight clocks in the receiver. The phase difference among the eight clvcks is 45
degrees. The eight clocks sample the receiving signal, and get eight inputting data. a
The eight inputting data are sent to eight 8-bits registers respectively. The registers?
values are compared with a known key word, which has a good self-correlation.
When the key word in the burst packet arrive, there must be one ,or even several
results are maximal. According to correlation principle, the inputting data with
maximal result is the best sampling data, and the corresponding clock is the best
sampling clock. Using correlation synchronization scheme, we carry out a burst-
mode synchronization with a rate of 155.52OMbit]s. This fruit sweep away a key
obstacle in APON's exploitation.
In chapter 5, the functions of TC layer in OLT are analyzed in
引文
[1]Akimaru H, Finley R and Niu Z. Elements of the emerging broadband information highway. IEEE Commun. Mag.,1997, Vlo.35(6):84～94
[2]Giordano S, Schmid R M, Becker R, Flinck H and Boudec J. IP and ATM:current evolution for integrated services. Available at:http://lrcwww. eplf. ch/～giordano/canada.ps
[3]Jajszczyk A. What is the future of telecommunications networking. IEEE Communication Magazine. June 1999, pp12～20
[4]ITU-T Recommendation I.121. Broadband aspects of ISDN. April, 1991
[5]ITU-T Recommendation X.25. Interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) for terminals operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated circuit.October, 1996
[6]ITU-T Recommendation I.120. Integrated services digital networks (ISDNs).March, 1993
[7]ATM Forum. ATM User-Network Interface Specification. July 1994, V3.1
[8]ITU-T Recommendation I.732. Functional characteristics of ATM equipment.1996
[9]Rekhter Y, et al. IP Architecture Extensions for ATM. Internet Draft. January1995
[10]ATM Forum LANE-SWG. LAN Emulation over ATM Specification. January 1994, V 1.0
[11]Ihang L, et al. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Version 1 functional Specification. Internet Draft. March 1995
[12]Richard vickers et al., The role of SDH and ATM in Broadband Access Networks. GLOBECOM'91, pp212～216.
[13]Bradner S.The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol. RFC1633. July 1994
[14]Masafumi koga. Design and performance of an optical path system based on wavelength path concept. Joumal of Lightwave Technology. 1996, Vol. 14,No.6
[15]G. R. Hill et al. A transport network layer based on optical network elements.Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1993,Vol.11, No.5/6, pp667～677
[16]Paul E. Green Jr. Optical network update. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications. 1996,Vol. 14, No.5, pp863～869
[17]Charaplyvy A R, Gnauck A H, Tkach R W et al. 1Tbit/s transmission experimnet. IEEE Photo Technology Letter. 1996, Vol.8, No.9, pp1264～1266.
[18]Marquis D, Fimm S. G, and Parikb S A. Network management for all-optical Networks. OFC'95, pp: 166～167
[19]Wsewolod Warzansky et al. Access Network evolution in Europe. a view from EURESCOM ECOE'94
[20]Yoshi Bessho, Ichiro Yamashita, Kunio Hashimoto and Ken-ichi Nishimura.Advances in FTTH Research and Development. NTT Review. 1997, Vol.9,No.5, pp:26-31
[21]Verbiest W, Der Plas G V, Mestdagh D J G. FITL and B-ISDN: A Marriage with a future. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1993(6);60～65
[22]Shumate P W. What's happening with Fiber to the Home. Optics & Photonics News. 1996(2): 16-21
[23]D. P. Reed. Residential fiber optic networks: An engineering and economic analysis. Artech House. 1991
[24]Alcatel Telecom. Planning of competitive networks. Review. April, 1995
[25]韦乐平．《接入网》．人民邮电出版社．北京．1997，7
[26]van Driel C J L, van Grinsven P A M, Prank V, et al. The revolution of access networks for the information superhighway. IEEE Communications Magazine.1997(1):101-112
[27]http://ww. broadeom.com/access/pon/apon_h,tntorial.html
[28]Babul Miah et al. An Economic ATM Passive Optical Networks. IEEE Communications. 1997, Vol.35, No.3
[29]I. Van de Voorde, et al. Dimensioning of Super PON for Narrow-band and Broadband Services. GLOBECOM'96. London. U.K. 1996
[30]Alcatel Telecom. 1570NB Fiber In The Loop. Review. May 1995
[31]U Killat, Ed. Access to B-ISDN VIA pon's. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996
[32]Masakasu, Kitazaw. Fiber-optic subscriber system based on passive optical network architecture. Hitachi Review. 1994, Vol.43, No.2, pp: 168-175
[33]Frigo N J. Passive optical networks in the local loop. Optics & Photonics News. 1996(2):24
[34]Stern J R et al. Passive Optical Local Networks for Telephony Applications and Beyond. IEE Electronics Letter. 1987, Vol.23, No.24
[35]IEEE Project 802.14 Working Group. IEEE P 802.14: Cable-TV Functional Requirements and Evaluation Criteria, March 1995
[36]Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications——Radio Frequency Interface Specification, March 1999
[37]N. Golmie et al. A Review of contention resolution algorithms for IEEE802.14 networks, First Quarter 1999
[38]曾清海，唐明光．HFC网络中的宽带传输．International Cable TV Information. 2001, Vol.7, No. 1, pp: 58～61
[39]Ayanoglu E, Eng K Y and Karol M J. Wireless ATM: limits, challenges and proposals. IEEE Pets. Commun., 1996, 3(4): 18～34
[40]Dixit et al. Data Rides High on High-speed Remote Access. IEEE Communication Magazine. January 1999, pp. 130～141.
[41]http :/www. adsl.com/today_index.html
[42]刘尧．XDSL的原理与应用．现代通信．1999(6):4～5
[43]苑红．诺基亚xDSL宽带接入系统D50e．电信快报．2000(7):20～21
[44]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1. High speed optical access systems based on passive optical network. March 1998
[45]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.2. New Draft Recommendation G.983.2 for determination: The ONT Management and Control Interface Specification for ATM-PON, July 1999
[46]Peter Sandler,. Recent Developments in Telecommunications Policy in the European Union. IEEE Communications. 1997, Vol.35, No.4
[47]Bell Tech., Full services access network.http://www, labs.bt.comlprofsoc/access/index.html
[48]Kim Jong-Won. An Optimized ATM-PON Based FTTH Access Network. ICICS'97
[49]Haruo YAMASHITA, Tomohiro SHINOMIYA, Masaaki KAWAI and Toshiyuki SAKAI. Hardware Technique for an ATM-based Passive Optical Network. Fujitsu Review. December 1998
[50]ITU-T Recommendation I.432.1. B-ISDN User-Network Interface -Physical layer specification: General characteristic. August 1996
[51]ITU-T Recommendation I.732. Functional characteristics of ATM equipment. March 1996
[52]ITU-T Recommendation G.982. Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates. 1996
[53]ITU-T Recommendation G.652. Characteristics of single-mode optical fiber cable. April 1997
[54]G.VB5.1 Interfaces at the Service Node (SN). VB5.1 reference Point Specification.
[55]YDN 061-1997,《接入网技术体制(暂行规定)》
[56]ITU-T Recommendation G.671. Transmission characteristics of passive optical components. November 1996
[57]ITU-T Recommendation M.3010. Principle for a telecommunications management network. May 1996
[58]G. Van der Plas. APON: An ATM-Based FILT System. EFOC&N'93. The Hague, the Netherlands.
[59]姚宝富，蔡建新，孙金伦．宽带到家：基于ATM的无源光网络研究．光通信研究．1998(3)：14～17,62
[60]乔耀军，管克俭，陈雪，林金桐．基于ATM无源光网络的关键技术研究．数字通信．2000(1)：4～6
[61]姚宝富，蔡建新，孙金伦．宽带到家：基于ATM的无源光网络研究．
[62]Valdes P M. Performance of optical direct receiver using noise corrupted decision threshold. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1995 (11): 2202～2214
[63]Mori K et al. 155.52Mbit/s optical transceiver modules for ONU/OLT on ATM-PON systems. ECOC'97. 1997, 9. pp:22～25
[64]何竞冀，姚芳，唐义兵，刘德明，黄德修．无前导字节的突发模式光接收机探讨．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．2000(1)：34～37
[65]梁继高，张晓频，李青，王庆海．无源光网络中突发光发射机和接收机的设计．光通信研究．1999(3)，pp：28～31
[66]ATM FORUM. Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0. The ATM Forum Technical Committee, al-atm-0056.000, April 1996
[67]Green P E. Computer network architecture and protocols. New York: Plenum Press, 1982
[68]Wu c S and Ma G K. Performance consideration for packet reservation multiple access protocols over wireless networks. IEEE Proc. ICC'98, 1998,ppS5_5.1～5.5
[69]R. J. Williams and D. Ziper. A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks. Neural Computation. 1989, Vol.1, No.2,pp:270～280
[70]S. Haykin and L. Li. Nonlinear adaptive predication for non-stationary signals. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing. February 1995, Vol.43, No.2,pp:526～535
[71]D. Kim and C. Kim. Forecasting time series with genetic fuzzy predictor ensembles. IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems. 1997, vol.5, No.5, pp:523～535
[72]Ingrid Van de Voorde, Gert Van der Plas. Full Service Optical Access Networks: ATM Transport on Passive Optical Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 1997(4):70～75
[73]S. Nanda, D. J. Goodman, U. Timor. Performance of PRMA: A packet voice protocol for cellular systems. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991,Vol.40, No.8, pp584～598
[74]V. Paxson, S. Floyd. Wide Area Traffic: The failure of Poisson Modeling.SIGCOMM'94, pp257～268
[75]H. Saito, T. Tsuchiya. Upper bound of loss probability for self-similar traffic.IEEE ICC'96. New York, NY, USA. March 1996. pp:1624～1629
[76]Ohta S, Sato K I. Dynamic bandwidth control of the virtual path in an asynchronous transfer mode network. IEEE Transaction on Communications.1992, Vol.40, No.7, pp:1239～1247
[77]Winstanley S B, Cuthbert L G. Permit delivery rates of an ATM cell based access network MAC protocol. Teletraffic Symposium, 11~(th). Performance Engineering in Telecommunications Networks. IEE Eleventh UK. 1994,8A/1～8A/9.
[78]Roordab P D, Leung V C M. Dynamic control of time slot assignment in multiaccess reservation protocols. IEE Proceeding Communication. 1996,Vol. 143, No.3, pp167～175
[79]Zhang J-G. Performance of fiber-optic time-division multiple access systems.IEEE Electronics Letters. 1994, Vol.30, No. 1, pp:34～37
[80]Ray Hogg. ATM-PON maximizes bandwidth to homes and businesses.Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1999(6):59-66
[81]Quayle J A. A review of passive network media access control protocols and their application to advanced passive optical networks. International Journal of Optoelectronics. 1995(1):1～7
[82]John D. Angelopoulos etc, A TDMA Based Access Control Scheme for APON's, J. Lightwave Tech., Vol. 11, No.5/6, May/June 1993.
[83]John D. Angelopoulos, Iakvos S. Venieris, E.N. Protonotarios. A transparent MAC method for bandwidth sharing and CDV control at the ATM layer of passive optical networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1996. Vol.14,No. 12, pp:2625～2635
[84]李瑾，杨建义，周强，王明华．基于ATM的无源光网络媒质接入控制协议的设计．光通信研究．2000(3)：15～18
[85]池灏，章献民，陈抗生．APON接入系统的一个介质访问控制协议．光通信研究．2000(2)：30～34，54
[86]徐林，李青．ATM-PON的CTD和CDV性能分析．半导体光电．1999，Vol．20，No．4，pp：249-251，276
[87]Daigle J. N. Queuing theory for Telecommunications. Addison-Wesley. 1992
[88]唐应辉，唐小我．排队论基础与应用．电子科技大学出版社．成都．2000．5
[89]盛友招．排队论及其在计算机通信中的应用．北京邮电大学出版社．北京．1998．9
[90]陈鑫林．现代通信中的排队论．电子工业出版社．北京．1999．11
[91]徐树公，黄载禄，姚彦．现代通信研究中的排队理论．通信学报．1999，Vol．20，No．2，pp92～95
[92]汪永明，黄立群，杨子晨，黄载禄．N~*DPT／D／1排队系统分析．电子科学学刊．1999，Vol．21，No．1，pp16～21
[93]ITU-T Recommendation G.823. The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 1544kbit/s hierarchy. March 1993
[94]ITU-T Recommendation G.731, Primary PCM multiplex equipment for voice frequencies. November 1988
[95]曹志刚，钱亚生．《现代通信原理》．清华大学出版社．北京．1992
[96]A. Husii, S. Kondo. On the Timing Information Disappearance of Digital transmission Systems. IEEE transaction on Communication. September 1973
[97]Hang up in phase-lock loops. IEEE Transaction on communication. 1977,Vol.25, No. 10, pp2242～2243
[98]Clock recovery circuits with instantaneous locking. Electronic Letter. 1992, Vol.26, No. 11, pp:23-27
[99]Mihai Banu, Alfred Dunolp. A 660Mbit/s CMOS clock recovery circuit with instantaneous locking for NRZ data and burst-mode transmission.ISSCC'93/session 6/broadband data communications/paper TA 6.4
[100]Stephen Topliss, Daniel Beeler, and Laurenz Altwegg. Synchronization for Passive Optical Networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology. Vol. 13, No.5,May 1995. pp947-953
[101]Yusuke Ota, Robert G. Swartz, Vance D. Archer Ⅲ,Steven K. Korotky, Mihai Banu, and Alfred E. Dunlop. High-Speed, Burst-Mode, Packet-Capable Optical Receiver and Instantaneous Clock Recovery for Optical Bus Operation.Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 12, No.2. February 1994. pp325-331
[102]Charles A. Eldering, Fernando Herrefias-Martin, Raquel Martin-Gomez,and Garcia-Arribas. Digital Burst Mode Clock Recovery Technique for Fiber-Optic Systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology. Vol. 12, No.2, February 1994. pp271-279
[103]Winfried Schrempp.Unique Word Detection in Digital Burst Communications. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology. 1968,Vol. 16, No.4
[104]Yusuke Ota, Robert G Swartz. DC-1Gb/s burst mode compatible receiver for optical bus application. Journal Lightwave Technology. 1992(2):244-249
[105]Yusuke Ota, Robert G Swartz. Burst mode compatible optical receiver with large dynamic rang. Journal Lightwave Technology. 1990(12): 1897-1903
[106]Su C, Chen L K, Cheng K W. Theory of burst mode receiver and its application in optical multi-access networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology.1997(4):590-605
[107]傅克香，范戈．基于TDM／TDMA的PON系统上行信元同步实现．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．1998(6)：8-11
[108]张旭，陈雪，孙曙和．ATM PON系统的突发同步技术．光通信研究．2000(3)：11～14
[109]Xilinx Databook 1999
[110]www.xilinx.com
[2]Giordano S, Schmid R M, Becker R, Flinck H and Boudec J. IP and ATM:current evolution for integrated services. Available at:http://lrcwww. eplf. ch/～giordano/canada.ps
[3]Jajszczyk A. What is the future of telecommunications networking. IEEE Communication Magazine. June 1999, pp12～20
[4]ITU-T Recommendation I.121. Broadband aspects of ISDN. April, 1991
[5]ITU-T Recommendation X.25. Interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) for terminals operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated circuit.October, 1996
[6]ITU-T Recommendation I.120. Integrated services digital networks (ISDNs).March, 1993
[7]ATM Forum. ATM User-Network Interface Specification. July 1994, V3.1
[8]ITU-T Recommendation I.732. Functional characteristics of ATM equipment.1996
[9]Rekhter Y, et al. IP Architecture Extensions for ATM. Internet Draft. January1995
[10]ATM Forum LANE-SWG. LAN Emulation over ATM Specification. January 1994, V 1.0
[11]Ihang L, et al. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) Version 1 functional Specification. Internet Draft. March 1995
[12]Richard vickers et al., The role of SDH and ATM in Broadband Access Networks. GLOBECOM'91, pp212～216.
[13]Bradner S.The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol. RFC1633. July 1994
[14]Masafumi koga. Design and performance of an optical path system based on wavelength path concept. Joumal of Lightwave Technology. 1996, Vol. 14,No.6
[15]G. R. Hill et al. A transport network layer based on optical network elements.Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1993,Vol.11, No.5/6, pp667～677
[16]Paul E. Green Jr. Optical network update. IEEE Journal on selected areas in communications. 1996,Vol. 14, No.5, pp863～869
[17]Charaplyvy A R, Gnauck A H, Tkach R W et al. 1Tbit/s transmission experimnet. IEEE Photo Technology Letter. 1996, Vol.8, No.9, pp1264～1266.
[18]Marquis D, Fimm S. G, and Parikb S A. Network management for all-optical Networks. OFC'95, pp: 166～167
[19]Wsewolod Warzansky et al. Access Network evolution in Europe. a view from EURESCOM ECOE'94
[20]Yoshi Bessho, Ichiro Yamashita, Kunio Hashimoto and Ken-ichi Nishimura.Advances in FTTH Research and Development. NTT Review. 1997, Vol.9,No.5, pp:26-31
[21]Verbiest W, Der Plas G V, Mestdagh D J G. FITL and B-ISDN: A Marriage with a future. IEEE Communications Magazine, 1993(6);60～65
[22]Shumate P W. What's happening with Fiber to the Home. Optics & Photonics News. 1996(2): 16-21
[23]D. P. Reed. Residential fiber optic networks: An engineering and economic analysis. Artech House. 1991
[24]Alcatel Telecom. Planning of competitive networks. Review. April, 1995
[25]韦乐平．《接入网》．人民邮电出版社．北京．1997，7
[26]van Driel C J L, van Grinsven P A M, Prank V, et al. The revolution of access networks for the information superhighway. IEEE Communications Magazine.1997(1):101-112
[27]http://ww. broadeom.com/access/pon/apon_h,tntorial.html
[28]Babul Miah et al. An Economic ATM Passive Optical Networks. IEEE Communications. 1997, Vol.35, No.3
[29]I. Van de Voorde, et al. Dimensioning of Super PON for Narrow-band and Broadband Services. GLOBECOM'96. London. U.K. 1996
[30]Alcatel Telecom. 1570NB Fiber In The Loop. Review. May 1995
[31]U Killat, Ed. Access to B-ISDN VIA pon's. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996
[32]Masakasu, Kitazaw. Fiber-optic subscriber system based on passive optical network architecture. Hitachi Review. 1994, Vol.43, No.2, pp: 168-175
[33]Frigo N J. Passive optical networks in the local loop. Optics & Photonics News. 1996(2):24
[34]Stern J R et al. Passive Optical Local Networks for Telephony Applications and Beyond. IEE Electronics Letter. 1987, Vol.23, No.24
[35]IEEE Project 802.14 Working Group. IEEE P 802.14: Cable-TV Functional Requirements and Evaluation Criteria, March 1995
[36]Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specifications——Radio Frequency Interface Specification, March 1999
[37]N. Golmie et al. A Review of contention resolution algorithms for IEEE802.14 networks, First Quarter 1999
[38]曾清海，唐明光．HFC网络中的宽带传输．International Cable TV Information. 2001, Vol.7, No. 1, pp: 58～61
[39]Ayanoglu E, Eng K Y and Karol M J. Wireless ATM: limits, challenges and proposals. IEEE Pets. Commun., 1996, 3(4): 18～34
[40]Dixit et al. Data Rides High on High-speed Remote Access. IEEE Communication Magazine. January 1999, pp. 130～141.
[41]http :/www. adsl.com/today_index.html
[42]刘尧．XDSL的原理与应用．现代通信．1999(6):4～5
[43]苑红．诺基亚xDSL宽带接入系统D50e．电信快报．2000(7):20～21
[44]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.1. High speed optical access systems based on passive optical network. March 1998
[45]ITU-T Recommendation G.983.2. New Draft Recommendation G.983.2 for determination: The ONT Management and Control Interface Specification for ATM-PON, July 1999
[46]Peter Sandler,. Recent Developments in Telecommunications Policy in the European Union. IEEE Communications. 1997, Vol.35, No.4
[47]Bell Tech., Full services access network.http://www, labs.bt.comlprofsoc/access/index.html
[48]Kim Jong-Won. An Optimized ATM-PON Based FTTH Access Network. ICICS'97
[49]Haruo YAMASHITA, Tomohiro SHINOMIYA, Masaaki KAWAI and Toshiyuki SAKAI. Hardware Technique for an ATM-based Passive Optical Network. Fujitsu Review. December 1998
[50]ITU-T Recommendation I.432.1. B-ISDN User-Network Interface -Physical layer specification: General characteristic. August 1996
[51]ITU-T Recommendation I.732. Functional characteristics of ATM equipment. March 1996
[52]ITU-T Recommendation G.982. Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates. 1996
[53]ITU-T Recommendation G.652. Characteristics of single-mode optical fiber cable. April 1997
[54]G.VB5.1 Interfaces at the Service Node (SN). VB5.1 reference Point Specification.
[55]YDN 061-1997,《接入网技术体制(暂行规定)》
[56]ITU-T Recommendation G.671. Transmission characteristics of passive optical components. November 1996
[57]ITU-T Recommendation M.3010. Principle for a telecommunications management network. May 1996
[58]G. Van der Plas. APON: An ATM-Based FILT System. EFOC&N'93. The Hague, the Netherlands.
[59]姚宝富，蔡建新，孙金伦．宽带到家：基于ATM的无源光网络研究．光通信研究．1998(3)：14～17,62
[60]乔耀军，管克俭，陈雪，林金桐．基于ATM无源光网络的关键技术研究．数字通信．2000(1)：4～6
[61]姚宝富，蔡建新，孙金伦．宽带到家：基于ATM的无源光网络研究．
[62]Valdes P M. Performance of optical direct receiver using noise corrupted decision threshold. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1995 (11): 2202～2214
[63]Mori K et al. 155.52Mbit/s optical transceiver modules for ONU/OLT on ATM-PON systems. ECOC'97. 1997, 9. pp:22～25
[64]何竞冀，姚芳，唐义兵，刘德明，黄德修．无前导字节的突发模式光接收机探讨．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．2000(1)：34～37
[65]梁继高，张晓频，李青，王庆海．无源光网络中突发光发射机和接收机的设计．光通信研究．1999(3)，pp：28～31
[66]ATM FORUM. Traffic Management Specification Version 4.0. The ATM Forum Technical Committee, al-atm-0056.000, April 1996
[67]Green P E. Computer network architecture and protocols. New York: Plenum Press, 1982
[68]Wu c S and Ma G K. Performance consideration for packet reservation multiple access protocols over wireless networks. IEEE Proc. ICC'98, 1998,ppS5_5.1～5.5
[69]R. J. Williams and D. Ziper. A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks. Neural Computation. 1989, Vol.1, No.2,pp:270～280
[70]S. Haykin and L. Li. Nonlinear adaptive predication for non-stationary signals. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing. February 1995, Vol.43, No.2,pp:526～535
[71]D. Kim and C. Kim. Forecasting time series with genetic fuzzy predictor ensembles. IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems. 1997, vol.5, No.5, pp:523～535
[72]Ingrid Van de Voorde, Gert Van der Plas. Full Service Optical Access Networks: ATM Transport on Passive Optical Networks. IEEE Communications Magazine. 1997(4):70～75
[73]S. Nanda, D. J. Goodman, U. Timor. Performance of PRMA: A packet voice protocol for cellular systems. IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology. 1991,Vol.40, No.8, pp584～598
[74]V. Paxson, S. Floyd. Wide Area Traffic: The failure of Poisson Modeling.SIGCOMM'94, pp257～268
[75]H. Saito, T. Tsuchiya. Upper bound of loss probability for self-similar traffic.IEEE ICC'96. New York, NY, USA. March 1996. pp:1624～1629
[76]Ohta S, Sato K I. Dynamic bandwidth control of the virtual path in an asynchronous transfer mode network. IEEE Transaction on Communications.1992, Vol.40, No.7, pp:1239～1247
[77]Winstanley S B, Cuthbert L G. Permit delivery rates of an ATM cell based access network MAC protocol. Teletraffic Symposium, 11~(th). Performance Engineering in Telecommunications Networks. IEE Eleventh UK. 1994,8A/1～8A/9.
[78]Roordab P D, Leung V C M. Dynamic control of time slot assignment in multiaccess reservation protocols. IEE Proceeding Communication. 1996,Vol. 143, No.3, pp167～175
[79]Zhang J-G. Performance of fiber-optic time-division multiple access systems.IEEE Electronics Letters. 1994, Vol.30, No. 1, pp:34～37
[80]Ray Hogg. ATM-PON maximizes bandwidth to homes and businesses.Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1999(6):59-66
[81]Quayle J A. A review of passive network media access control protocols and their application to advanced passive optical networks. International Journal of Optoelectronics. 1995(1):1～7
[82]John D. Angelopoulos etc, A TDMA Based Access Control Scheme for APON's, J. Lightwave Tech., Vol. 11, No.5/6, May/June 1993.
[83]John D. Angelopoulos, Iakvos S. Venieris, E.N. Protonotarios. A transparent MAC method for bandwidth sharing and CDV control at the ATM layer of passive optical networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology. 1996. Vol.14,No. 12, pp:2625～2635
[84]李瑾，杨建义，周强，王明华．基于ATM的无源光网络媒质接入控制协议的设计．光通信研究．2000(3)：15～18
[85]池灏，章献民，陈抗生．APON接入系统的一个介质访问控制协议．光通信研究．2000(2)：30～34，54
[86]徐林，李青．ATM-PON的CTD和CDV性能分析．半导体光电．1999，Vol．20，No．4，pp：249-251，276
[87]Daigle J. N. Queuing theory for Telecommunications. Addison-Wesley. 1992
[88]唐应辉，唐小我．排队论基础与应用．电子科技大学出版社．成都．2000．5
[89]盛友招．排队论及其在计算机通信中的应用．北京邮电大学出版社．北京．1998．9
[90]陈鑫林．现代通信中的排队论．电子工业出版社．北京．1999．11
[91]徐树公，黄载禄，姚彦．现代通信研究中的排队理论．通信学报．1999，Vol．20，No．2，pp92～95
[92]汪永明，黄立群，杨子晨，黄载禄．N~*DPT／D／1排队系统分析．电子科学学刊．1999，Vol．21，No．1，pp16～21
[93]ITU-T Recommendation G.823. The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 1544kbit/s hierarchy. March 1993
[94]ITU-T Recommendation G.731, Primary PCM multiplex equipment for voice frequencies. November 1988
[95]曹志刚，钱亚生．《现代通信原理》．清华大学出版社．北京．1992
[96]A. Husii, S. Kondo. On the Timing Information Disappearance of Digital transmission Systems. IEEE transaction on Communication. September 1973
[97]Hang up in phase-lock loops. IEEE Transaction on communication. 1977,Vol.25, No. 10, pp2242～2243
[98]Clock recovery circuits with instantaneous locking. Electronic Letter. 1992, Vol.26, No. 11, pp:23-27
[99]Mihai Banu, Alfred Dunolp. A 660Mbit/s CMOS clock recovery circuit with instantaneous locking for NRZ data and burst-mode transmission.ISSCC'93/session 6/broadband data communications/paper TA 6.4
[100]Stephen Topliss, Daniel Beeler, and Laurenz Altwegg. Synchronization for Passive Optical Networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology. Vol. 13, No.5,May 1995. pp947-953
[101]Yusuke Ota, Robert G. Swartz, Vance D. Archer Ⅲ,Steven K. Korotky, Mihai Banu, and Alfred E. Dunlop. High-Speed, Burst-Mode, Packet-Capable Optical Receiver and Instantaneous Clock Recovery for Optical Bus Operation.Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 12, No.2. February 1994. pp325-331
[102]Charles A. Eldering, Fernando Herrefias-Martin, Raquel Martin-Gomez,and Garcia-Arribas. Digital Burst Mode Clock Recovery Technique for Fiber-Optic Systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology. Vol. 12, No.2, February 1994. pp271-279
[103]Winfried Schrempp.Unique Word Detection in Digital Burst Communications. IEEE Transactions on Communication Technology. 1968,Vol. 16, No.4
[104]Yusuke Ota, Robert G Swartz. DC-1Gb/s burst mode compatible receiver for optical bus application. Journal Lightwave Technology. 1992(2):244-249
[105]Yusuke Ota, Robert G Swartz. Burst mode compatible optical receiver with large dynamic rang. Journal Lightwave Technology. 1990(12): 1897-1903
[106]Su C, Chen L K, Cheng K W. Theory of burst mode receiver and its application in optical multi-access networks. Journal of Lightwave Technology.1997(4):590-605
[107]傅克香，范戈．基于TDM／TDMA的PON系统上行信元同步实现．光纤与电缆及其应用技术．1998(6)：8-11
[108]张旭，陈雪，孙曙和．ATM PON系统的突发同步技术．光通信研究．2000(3)：11～14
[109]Xilinx Databook 1999
[110]www.xilinx.com