中学英语教师教学信念与教学行为研究
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摘要
众所周知,教师信念极大地影响着课堂实践及学生的身心发展。它在教师对问题的感知和回应以及对课堂中出现的问题的处理,包括教学任务,目标,效能起着关键的作用。教师信念甚至于决定着教学变革的结果。然而,由于教师信念的隐蔽性特点,教师信念常须不断地探索,教师才能认真地反思他们的教学实践,进而改变不合理的教学信念,提高教学效果。
为了加深理解新课程改革下的教师信念,本研究通过对云南省西双版纳傣族自治州18位教师和300位学生的调查和访谈,详细了解了中学教师目前所持有的信念,以及教师之间信念的相似之处与不同点;探索了教师信念与教学行为间的关系。通过这个研究,一些问题变得明朗。教师的信念存在可变性,信念与行为之间存在不一致性;教学信念影响教学效果。
针对上述发现,本文提供了一些可行的建议来帮助教师提高对教学信的认识,从而改变课堂教学的方式迎接即将到来新课程的挑战。
It is generally agreed that teachers' beliefs, a judgement of theories, perspectives and insights concerning instruction and study ,greatly influence educational practice and students' mental and physical development. It plays a pivotal role in teachers' perception of and response to issues and problems in classes, and also in their defining teaching task, targets and efficiency. It even determines the results of teaching reform and classroom instructions. However, teachers' beliefs need to be probed before teachers can critically reflect on their teaching practices, and in turn facilitate changes to teach more effectively.
Aiming to deepen understanding middle school English teachers' beliefs under the New English Curriculum , identifying teachers' explicit beliefs and discover what similar and different beliefs might be held by high school English teachers, this research explores the contents, the relationship and the current situations of teaching beliefs and teaching behaviors of middle school English teachers in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. A total of 18 teachers and about 300 students in our school participated in this study.
Through the research, some problems have come to light. Inconsistency between teachers' beliefs and teacing behaviors assuredly exists in classroom prcatice. Changeability of teachers' beliefs results from several factors.
为了加深理解新课程改革下的教师信念,本研究通过对云南省西双版纳傣族自治州18位教师和300位学生的调查和访谈,详细了解了中学教师目前所持有的信念,以及教师之间信念的相似之处与不同点;探索了教师信念与教学行为间的关系。通过这个研究,一些问题变得明朗。教师的信念存在可变性,信念与行为之间存在不一致性;教学信念影响教学效果。
针对上述发现,本文提供了一些可行的建议来帮助教师提高对教学信的认识,从而改变课堂教学的方式迎接即将到来新课程的挑战。
It is generally agreed that teachers' beliefs, a judgement of theories, perspectives and insights concerning instruction and study ,greatly influence educational practice and students' mental and physical development. It plays a pivotal role in teachers' perception of and response to issues and problems in classes, and also in their defining teaching task, targets and efficiency. It even determines the results of teaching reform and classroom instructions. However, teachers' beliefs need to be probed before teachers can critically reflect on their teaching practices, and in turn facilitate changes to teach more effectively.
Aiming to deepen understanding middle school English teachers' beliefs under the New English Curriculum , identifying teachers' explicit beliefs and discover what similar and different beliefs might be held by high school English teachers, this research explores the contents, the relationship and the current situations of teaching beliefs and teaching behaviors of middle school English teachers in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. A total of 18 teachers and about 300 students in our school participated in this study.
Through the research, some problems have come to light. Inconsistency between teachers' beliefs and teacing behaviors assuredly exists in classroom prcatice. Changeability of teachers' beliefs results from several factors.
引文
Ashton, P. T. & Webb, R. B. (1986). Making a difference: Teachers 'sense of efficacy and student achievement. NY: Longman. In Paneque, Oneyda, M. A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilitiea Bilingual Research Journal, Spring 2006.1-3. Retrieved February15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy Theory Definition, [on line] . Retrieved February 16, 2009, from http//:edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Self-efficacy_theory
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies.In Paneque et al, A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities. Bilingual Research Journal, Spring2006.1-3. Retrieved February15,2009, from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_nl7186142
Borg, M. (2001). Teachers' beliefs. In Fang Xie, Analysis of English Teachers' Beliefs. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology. February 2007, Vol.9, No.1.102-105
Breen, M.P et.all. (2001). .A making sense of language teaching: Teachers' principles and classroom practices. In Qin Chengqiang, The relationship between English teacher's beliefs and classroom practices. [J] Foreign Language Education 2007,5. Retrieved February 15, from http://www.ilib.com.cn/A-wyjx200705010.html.
Brownell, M. T. & Pajares, F. M. (1996). The influence of teachers' efficacy beliefs on perceived success in mainstreaming students with learning and behavior problems. In Paneque et al, A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities. Bilingual Research Journal, Spring 2006.1-3. Retrieved February 15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Burns, A. (1992). Teacher beliefs and their influence on classroom practice. In J. C.Richards, Beyond training. Cambridge: U.K Cambridge University Press. 67-68
Chen Yanqing (2006) Research on ESL/EFL Teachers' belief in China and Aboard:An Overview. Time Education,No.12 1-4
Clark, C.& Peterson, P. (1986). Teachers thought processes. In Liu Yi-Ling,Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms. Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Doyle, M. (1997). Beyond life history as a student: Pre-service teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. In Liu Yi-Ling, Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms.Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Elizabeth Murphy(2000). Strangers in a strange land: Teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning French as a second or foreign language in online learning environments [on line]. Retrieved January 23, 2009 , from http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/stranger/Chap3/pgl.html.
Furinghetti, F. & Pehkonen, E. (2002). Beliefs: a hidden variable in mathematics education? In Yi-gang Lin, Research on teachers' belief: A Review. [J] Journal of Zhejiang Normal University (Social Sciences) No. 3, 2008, General No. 156,Vol.33.
Gibson, S. B. & Dembo, M. H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. In Ginns et al.Changes in pre-service elementary teachers' sense of efficacy in teaching science.School Science & Mathematics,Dec 1995[J].Retrieved January23,2009,fromHttp://findarticles.corn/p/articles/mi_qa3667/is_199512/ai_n8711664
Ghaith,G.& Yaghi,H.(1997).Relationships among experience,teacher efficacy,and attitudes toward the implementation of instructional innovation.In Paneque et al.A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities.Bilingual Research Journal,Spring 2006.1-3.Retrieved February15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Grave,K.(2000).Designing language courses:A guide for teachers.In Liu Yi-Ling Exploring EFL teachers' beliefs and classroom practices of using pictures in elementary classrooms.Retrieved January.10,2009,from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Grossman et al.(1989).Teachers of substance:subject matter knowledge for teaching.In Chen Yanqing,Research on ESL/EFL Teachers' Beliefs in China and Aboard:An Overview.Time Education,No.12,2006,1-4.
Guskey,T.R.& Passaro,P.D.(1994).Teacher efficacy:A study,of construct dimensions.In Paneque et al.A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities.Bilingual Research Journal,Spring 2006.1-3.Retrieved February 15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Hu DeYing(2007).Trilingual Education of Members from Ethnic Minority Nationalities in Yunnan.Kunming:Yunnan University Press.
Isenberg,J.P.(1990).Teachers' thinking and beliefs and classroom practices.In Liu
Yi-Ling, Exploring EFL teachers' beliefs and classroom practices of using pictures in elementary classrooms. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Johnson, K. E. (1992). The relationship between teacher's beliefs and practices during literacy instruction for non native speaking. In Qin Chengqiang, The relationship between English teacher's beliefs and classroom practices. [J] Foreign Language Education 2007,5. Retrieved February 15, from http://www.wanfangdata. com.cn/periodicalwyjx200705010.aspx
Kloosterman. P. (2002). Beliefs about Mathematics and Mathematics Learning in the Secondary School. In Breiteig et al. Beliefs and attitudes in mathematics teaching and learning. Retrieved February 12,2009, from http://fag.hiano/lcm/papers/TB_BG_KK_beliefs_rev.dof
Leder, G. C. & Forgasz, H. J. (2002). Measuring Mathematics Beliefs and their Impact on the Learning of Mathematics. In Breiteig et al. Beliefs and attitudes in mathematics teaching and learning.Retrieved February 12,2009from http://fag.hiano/lcm/papers/TB_BG_KK_beliefs_rev.dof
LinYigang (2008). Research on teachers' belief: A review.[J] Journal of Zhejiang normal university (social science) No. 3,2008,General No.156, Vol, 33.
LiuYiling (2007). Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms.. Retrieved February 15,2009 from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Moon, J. (2000). Children learning English. In Posen Liao, Exploring Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching English to Elementary School Children .[J] English Teaching & Learning .Spring , 2007. 43-76.Retrived February 15, 2009, from http://www.dafl.ntpu.edu.tw/download.php?
Pajares, M. F. (1992a). Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. In Lin Yigang, Research on teachers' belief: A review. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University (Social Science) No. 3 , 2008, General No.156,Vol, 33.
Pajares, M. F. (1992b). Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 62, No. 3, 307-332.Retrieved February 12,2009, from http://www.teachersmind.com
Posen Liao (2007). Exploring Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching English to Elementary School Children .[J] English Teaching & Learning .Spring , 2007.43-76.Retrived February 15, 2009, from http://www.dafl.ntpu.edu.tw/download.php?
Richards, J.C.(1998). Beyond training .Cambridge: U.K Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J.C. & Lockhart, C. (1996). Reflecting Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Cambridge University Press.
Sharp, R., & Green, A. (1975). Education and social control. In LiuYiling, Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms. Retrieved February 15,2009 from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Shavelson,R & Stern,P.(1981). Research on teachers' pedagogical thoughts, judgements, decisions and behavior. In Xie Fang, Analysis of English Teachers'Beliefs. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology. No.l 2007, Vol,9.
Woods, E. & Bennett, N.(2000). Changing theories, changing practice: Exploring early childhood teachers' professional learning. In Xie Fang, Analysis of English Teachers' Beliefs Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology .No. 1,2007,Vol,9.
Woods,D.(1991).Teachers' interpretations of second language teaching curricula.In J.C.Richards.Beyond training.Cambridge:U.K Cambridge University Press 68-69.
高亚斌(2005).教师言行对学生状态的影响系探讨.www.86qb.com/Article/ma infei/yingyu/5165_p4.html.
黄志红.新课程背景下英语教师教学理念与教学行为吻合程度研究[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇)2009第1期.
郑新民,蒋群英.大学英语教学改革中“教师信念”问题研究[J].外语界2005第6期(总110期).
林一钢.教师信念研究述评[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)No 3.2008General No 156 vol.33.
李拉,侯秀杰.教师信念的实质及意义[J].中学校长 研究生论丛2007第2期.
覃成强.论英语教师的教学信念与课堂教学实践的关系[J].外语教学2007第5期.
解芳,王红艳,马永刚.大学英语教师信念研究-优秀教师个案研究[J].山东外语教学2006年第5期(总第114期).
解芳.英语教师信念探析.辽宁工学院学报[J].No.1 Feb.2007,Vol 9.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy Theory Definition, [on line] . Retrieved February 16, 2009, from http//:edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Self-efficacy_theory
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies.In Paneque et al, A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities. Bilingual Research Journal, Spring2006.1-3. Retrieved February15,2009, from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_nl7186142
Borg, M. (2001). Teachers' beliefs. In Fang Xie, Analysis of English Teachers' Beliefs. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology. February 2007, Vol.9, No.1.102-105
Breen, M.P et.all. (2001). .A making sense of language teaching: Teachers' principles and classroom practices. In Qin Chengqiang, The relationship between English teacher's beliefs and classroom practices. [J] Foreign Language Education 2007,5. Retrieved February 15, from http://www.ilib.com.cn/A-wyjx200705010.html.
Brownell, M. T. & Pajares, F. M. (1996). The influence of teachers' efficacy beliefs on perceived success in mainstreaming students with learning and behavior problems. In Paneque et al, A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities. Bilingual Research Journal, Spring 2006.1-3. Retrieved February 15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Burns, A. (1992). Teacher beliefs and their influence on classroom practice. In J. C.Richards, Beyond training. Cambridge: U.K Cambridge University Press. 67-68
Chen Yanqing (2006) Research on ESL/EFL Teachers' belief in China and Aboard:An Overview. Time Education,No.12 1-4
Clark, C.& Peterson, P. (1986). Teachers thought processes. In Liu Yi-Ling,Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms. Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Doyle, M. (1997). Beyond life history as a student: Pre-service teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning. In Liu Yi-Ling, Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms.Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Elizabeth Murphy(2000). Strangers in a strange land: Teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning French as a second or foreign language in online learning environments [on line]. Retrieved January 23, 2009 , from http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/stranger/Chap3/pgl.html.
Furinghetti, F. & Pehkonen, E. (2002). Beliefs: a hidden variable in mathematics education? In Yi-gang Lin, Research on teachers' belief: A Review. [J] Journal of Zhejiang Normal University (Social Sciences) No. 3, 2008, General No. 156,Vol.33.
Gibson, S. B. & Dembo, M. H. (1984). Teacher efficacy: A construct validation. In Ginns et al.Changes in pre-service elementary teachers' sense of efficacy in teaching science.School Science & Mathematics,Dec 1995[J].Retrieved January23,2009,fromHttp://findarticles.corn/p/articles/mi_qa3667/is_199512/ai_n8711664
Ghaith,G.& Yaghi,H.(1997).Relationships among experience,teacher efficacy,and attitudes toward the implementation of instructional innovation.In Paneque et al.A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities.Bilingual Research Journal,Spring 2006.1-3.Retrieved February15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Grave,K.(2000).Designing language courses:A guide for teachers.In Liu Yi-Ling Exploring EFL teachers' beliefs and classroom practices of using pictures in elementary classrooms.Retrieved January.10,2009,from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Grossman et al.(1989).Teachers of substance:subject matter knowledge for teaching.In Chen Yanqing,Research on ESL/EFL Teachers' Beliefs in China and Aboard:An Overview.Time Education,No.12,2006,1-4.
Guskey,T.R.& Passaro,P.D.(1994).Teacher efficacy:A study,of construct dimensions.In Paneque et al.A Study of Teacher Efficacy of Special Education Teachers of English Language Learners with Disabilities.Bilingual Research Journal,Spring 2006.1-3.Retrieved February 15,2009,from Http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3722/is_200604/ai_n1718614
Hu DeYing(2007).Trilingual Education of Members from Ethnic Minority Nationalities in Yunnan.Kunming:Yunnan University Press.
Isenberg,J.P.(1990).Teachers' thinking and beliefs and classroom practices.In Liu
Yi-Ling, Exploring EFL teachers' beliefs and classroom practices of using pictures in elementary classrooms. Retrieved January 10, 2009, from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search-c/view
Johnson, K. E. (1992). The relationship between teacher's beliefs and practices during literacy instruction for non native speaking. In Qin Chengqiang, The relationship between English teacher's beliefs and classroom practices. [J] Foreign Language Education 2007,5. Retrieved February 15, from http://www.wanfangdata. com.cn/periodicalwyjx200705010.aspx
Kloosterman. P. (2002). Beliefs about Mathematics and Mathematics Learning in the Secondary School. In Breiteig et al. Beliefs and attitudes in mathematics teaching and learning. Retrieved February 12,2009, from http://fag.hiano/lcm/papers/TB_BG_KK_beliefs_rev.dof
Leder, G. C. & Forgasz, H. J. (2002). Measuring Mathematics Beliefs and their Impact on the Learning of Mathematics. In Breiteig et al. Beliefs and attitudes in mathematics teaching and learning.Retrieved February 12,2009from http://fag.hiano/lcm/papers/TB_BG_KK_beliefs_rev.dof
LinYigang (2008). Research on teachers' belief: A review.[J] Journal of Zhejiang normal university (social science) No. 3,2008,General No.156, Vol, 33.
LiuYiling (2007). Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms.. Retrieved February 15,2009 from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Moon, J. (2000). Children learning English. In Posen Liao, Exploring Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching English to Elementary School Children .[J] English Teaching & Learning .Spring , 2007. 43-76.Retrived February 15, 2009, from http://www.dafl.ntpu.edu.tw/download.php?
Pajares, M. F. (1992a). Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. In Lin Yigang, Research on teachers' belief: A review. Journal of Zhejiang Normal University (Social Science) No. 3 , 2008, General No.156,Vol, 33.
Pajares, M. F. (1992b). Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct. Review of Educational Research, Vol. 62, No. 3, 307-332.Retrieved February 12,2009, from http://www.teachersmind.com
Posen Liao (2007). Exploring Teachers' Beliefs About Teaching English to Elementary School Children .[J] English Teaching & Learning .Spring , 2007.43-76.Retrived February 15, 2009, from http://www.dafl.ntpu.edu.tw/download.php?
Richards, J.C.(1998). Beyond training .Cambridge: U.K Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J.C. & Lockhart, C. (1996). Reflecting Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Cambridge University Press.
Sharp, R., & Green, A. (1975). Education and social control. In LiuYiling, Exploring EFL Teachers' Beliefs and Classroom Practices of Using Pictures in Elementary Classrooms. Retrieved February 15,2009 from http://ethesys.lib.pu.edu.com
Shavelson,R & Stern,P.(1981). Research on teachers' pedagogical thoughts, judgements, decisions and behavior. In Xie Fang, Analysis of English Teachers'Beliefs. Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology. No.l 2007, Vol,9.
Woods, E. & Bennett, N.(2000). Changing theories, changing practice: Exploring early childhood teachers' professional learning. In Xie Fang, Analysis of English Teachers' Beliefs Journal of Liaoning Institute of Technology .No. 1,2007,Vol,9.
Woods,D.(1991).Teachers' interpretations of second language teaching curricula.In J.C.Richards.Beyond training.Cambridge:U.K Cambridge University Press 68-69.
高亚斌(2005).教师言行对学生状态的影响系探讨.www.86qb.com/Article/ma infei/yingyu/5165_p4.html.
黄志红.新课程背景下英语教师教学理念与教学行为吻合程度研究[J].中小学外语教学(中学篇)2009第1期.
郑新民,蒋群英.大学英语教学改革中“教师信念”问题研究[J].外语界2005第6期(总110期).
林一钢.教师信念研究述评[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)No 3.2008General No 156 vol.33.
李拉,侯秀杰.教师信念的实质及意义[J].中学校长 研究生论丛2007第2期.
覃成强.论英语教师的教学信念与课堂教学实践的关系[J].外语教学2007第5期.
解芳,王红艳,马永刚.大学英语教师信念研究-优秀教师个案研究[J].山东外语教学2006年第5期(总第114期).
解芳.英语教师信念探析.辽宁工学院学报[J].No.1 Feb.2007,Vol 9.