基于ETO的固态断路器及控制系统的研究与设计
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摘要
随着现代化工业的深入发展,用户对配电系统的要求不断提高,尤其是一些新型电力敏感负荷对电能暂态质量的可靠性、可控性提出了更高的要求。而现有配电网中大量使用的机械式断路器因受其自身物理结构的制约,其操动机构动作时不仅伴随着噪声和弧光,而且开断时间长,难以满足一些电力用户对电流开断的速动性要求。因此,基于电力电子开关器件的固态断路器(SSCB)因其卓越的电流关断性能使其自问世以来便引起广泛的关注。
由于其开断速度快,一般都在几个微秒的时间范围之内完成开断。具有高速的开关特性和极为方便的控制能力,瞬时、高频、低损耗和高安全性的特性,尤其是应用在电力系统中时,能够保证重要用户供电电源的迅速投切、限制合闸电流等,有效解决冲击性负荷给电力系统带来的冲击,提高了配电网的可靠性和安全性。而且由于不存在开关断口,从根本上消除了由断口电弧带来的一系列问题,无触点,无电弧,只要使用得当其寿命几乎是“无限”的。
发射极关断晶闸管(ETO)是美国乔治那技术学院电力电子系统中心2003年研制的,是世界上容量最大的MOS控制型电力电子器件。它可看成是GTO的改良版,由GTO和MOSFET混合而成,因此既秉承了GTO的大功率特性,也改善了其开关能力和控制特性,是满足高性能电能变换技术要求的新型大功率电力电子器件。通过特殊结构实现的单位增益关断技术大大改善了ETO的关断特性,提高了工作频率,增大了安全工作范围,同时使它更易于串并联使用。在不久的将来,ETO有望取代晶闸管和GTO成为大功率电力电子应用领域中的主流器件。
利用发射极关断晶闸管(ETO)制作固态断路器,可以解决别的电力电子器件做固态断路器所带来的技术难点,例如,均流、均压、通态损耗,动态过载与换流等。ETO良好的性能特点能够有效的避免或者缓解上述技术难点。基于ETO的固态断路器其工作特性是关断速度快,关断大电流的能力强,通态损耗低,而且结构简单,因此,在电力系统中具有很广阔的应用前景。
本论文主要完成了以下几方面的工作：
1)在介绍GTO和功率MOSFET开关特性的基础上,分析了ETO的结构和工作原理以及ETO的等效电路模型。得出结论：ETO集合了GTO和功率MOSFET的优点,基于ETO的固态断路器性能一定优于其他的固态断路器。
2)本文根据固态断路器的应用分析,提出了新型固态断路器的整体设计方案,详细分析了主体开关的拓扑结构及其控制策略,并详细阐述了固态断路器在电能质量控制技术中的应用。
3)完成了智能控制系统的硬件和软件设计,分别对硬件关键模块和软件程序进行了论述。
With the in-depth development of modern industry, higher performance standards for electric power distribution system are continually presented by users, in particular for some novel electric power sensitive load which has the very sensitive dependence on the quality of reliability and controllability of transient power. In the existing distribution network, mechanical circuit breakers are used at a large-scale. However, mechanical circuit breakers can't meet the demand of rapid switch of current because of its operation accompanied with noise, electric arc and the longer response time for switch. On the other hand solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) based on power electronic switching devices are given widespread concern since the advent of them due to their outstanding performance of the switch current.
Because of SSCB open-breaking speed, ETO usually complete in a few microseconds within the time frame breaking. SSCB has a high-speed switching characteristics and extremely convenient control, transient, high-frequency, low loss and high-security features, especially when used in power system can ensure that important customers rapidly switching power supply to limit closing current, etc, an effective solution to the impact of load to the impact of power system, improve the distribution network reliability and security. Moreover because there is no the switch fracture, fundamentally eliminated a series of questions which brings by the fracture electric arc, the non-contact, does not have the electric arc, so long as uses the appropriate its life is nearly "infinite".
Emitter turn-off thyristor(ETO), which the United States George Institute of Technology Center for Power Electronic Systems developed in 2003, is the world's largest capacity of the MOS-controlled power electronic devices. It may be regard as the GTO improvement version, becomes by GTO and the MOSFET mix, therefore has already received the GTO high efficiency characteristic, also improved its switch ability and the control characteristic, satisfies the high performance electrical energy converter technique request of the new high efficiency electric power electronic device. The unit gain turn-off technology which realizes through the special structure improved the ETO turn-off characteristic greatly, raised the operating frequency, has increased the secure service scope, simultaneously it causes to change in the series-parallel connection use. In the near future, the ETO hopeful substitution thyristor and GTO will become in the high efficiency electric power electron application domain the mainstream component.
Using emitter turn-off thyristor(ETO) production of solid-state circuit breakers, can solve the technical difficulties caused by solid-state switch which produces by other electric power electronic device, for example, average current, average voltage, on-state losses, dynamic overload and commutation. The good performance characteristic of ETO can effectively avoid or alleviate the above technical difficulty. The solid state circuit breaker based on the ETO is characteristic of their quick shutdown speed, strong ability to shutdown electric current, low on-state losses, and the simple structure, therefore, has the very broad application prospect in the electrical power system.
The main work in this paper is as follows:
1) In introduced that GTO and the power MOSFET switch characteristic foundation, has analyzed the ETO structure and the principle of work as well as the ETO equivalent circuit model. It can be concluded:ETO has gathered GTO and the power MOSFET merit, surpasses certainly other solid-state circuit breaker based on the ETO solid state circuit breaker performance.
2) An overall design of a novel SSB was given out by analysis the application of SSCB, coupled with the analysis of main switch topology structure and control strategy, and detailed solid-state circuit breaker in the power quality control technology applications.
3) The hardware and software design of intelligent control system was completed, and the hardware essential module and the software routine has been carried on the elaboration separately.
由于其开断速度快,一般都在几个微秒的时间范围之内完成开断。具有高速的开关特性和极为方便的控制能力,瞬时、高频、低损耗和高安全性的特性,尤其是应用在电力系统中时,能够保证重要用户供电电源的迅速投切、限制合闸电流等,有效解决冲击性负荷给电力系统带来的冲击,提高了配电网的可靠性和安全性。而且由于不存在开关断口,从根本上消除了由断口电弧带来的一系列问题,无触点,无电弧,只要使用得当其寿命几乎是“无限”的。
发射极关断晶闸管(ETO)是美国乔治那技术学院电力电子系统中心2003年研制的,是世界上容量最大的MOS控制型电力电子器件。它可看成是GTO的改良版,由GTO和MOSFET混合而成,因此既秉承了GTO的大功率特性,也改善了其开关能力和控制特性,是满足高性能电能变换技术要求的新型大功率电力电子器件。通过特殊结构实现的单位增益关断技术大大改善了ETO的关断特性,提高了工作频率,增大了安全工作范围,同时使它更易于串并联使用。在不久的将来,ETO有望取代晶闸管和GTO成为大功率电力电子应用领域中的主流器件。
利用发射极关断晶闸管(ETO)制作固态断路器,可以解决别的电力电子器件做固态断路器所带来的技术难点,例如,均流、均压、通态损耗,动态过载与换流等。ETO良好的性能特点能够有效的避免或者缓解上述技术难点。基于ETO的固态断路器其工作特性是关断速度快,关断大电流的能力强,通态损耗低,而且结构简单,因此,在电力系统中具有很广阔的应用前景。
本论文主要完成了以下几方面的工作：
1)在介绍GTO和功率MOSFET开关特性的基础上,分析了ETO的结构和工作原理以及ETO的等效电路模型。得出结论：ETO集合了GTO和功率MOSFET的优点,基于ETO的固态断路器性能一定优于其他的固态断路器。
2)本文根据固态断路器的应用分析,提出了新型固态断路器的整体设计方案,详细分析了主体开关的拓扑结构及其控制策略,并详细阐述了固态断路器在电能质量控制技术中的应用。
3)完成了智能控制系统的硬件和软件设计,分别对硬件关键模块和软件程序进行了论述。
With the in-depth development of modern industry, higher performance standards for electric power distribution system are continually presented by users, in particular for some novel electric power sensitive load which has the very sensitive dependence on the quality of reliability and controllability of transient power. In the existing distribution network, mechanical circuit breakers are used at a large-scale. However, mechanical circuit breakers can't meet the demand of rapid switch of current because of its operation accompanied with noise, electric arc and the longer response time for switch. On the other hand solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) based on power electronic switching devices are given widespread concern since the advent of them due to their outstanding performance of the switch current.
Because of SSCB open-breaking speed, ETO usually complete in a few microseconds within the time frame breaking. SSCB has a high-speed switching characteristics and extremely convenient control, transient, high-frequency, low loss and high-security features, especially when used in power system can ensure that important customers rapidly switching power supply to limit closing current, etc, an effective solution to the impact of load to the impact of power system, improve the distribution network reliability and security. Moreover because there is no the switch fracture, fundamentally eliminated a series of questions which brings by the fracture electric arc, the non-contact, does not have the electric arc, so long as uses the appropriate its life is nearly "infinite".
Emitter turn-off thyristor(ETO), which the United States George Institute of Technology Center for Power Electronic Systems developed in 2003, is the world's largest capacity of the MOS-controlled power electronic devices. It may be regard as the GTO improvement version, becomes by GTO and the MOSFET mix, therefore has already received the GTO high efficiency characteristic, also improved its switch ability and the control characteristic, satisfies the high performance electrical energy converter technique request of the new high efficiency electric power electronic device. The unit gain turn-off technology which realizes through the special structure improved the ETO turn-off characteristic greatly, raised the operating frequency, has increased the secure service scope, simultaneously it causes to change in the series-parallel connection use. In the near future, the ETO hopeful substitution thyristor and GTO will become in the high efficiency electric power electron application domain the mainstream component.
Using emitter turn-off thyristor(ETO) production of solid-state circuit breakers, can solve the technical difficulties caused by solid-state switch which produces by other electric power electronic device, for example, average current, average voltage, on-state losses, dynamic overload and commutation. The good performance characteristic of ETO can effectively avoid or alleviate the above technical difficulty. The solid state circuit breaker based on the ETO is characteristic of their quick shutdown speed, strong ability to shutdown electric current, low on-state losses, and the simple structure, therefore, has the very broad application prospect in the electrical power system.
The main work in this paper is as follows:
1) In introduced that GTO and the power MOSFET switch characteristic foundation, has analyzed the ETO structure and the principle of work as well as the ETO equivalent circuit model. It can be concluded:ETO has gathered GTO and the power MOSFET merit, surpasses certainly other solid-state circuit breaker based on the ETO solid state circuit breaker performance.
2) An overall design of a novel SSB was given out by analysis the application of SSCB, coupled with the analysis of main switch topology structure and control strategy, and detailed solid-state circuit breaker in the power quality control technology applications.
3) The hardware and software design of intelligent control system was completed, and the hardware essential module and the software routine has been carried on the elaboration separately.
引文
[1]陈德桂,陈勇.限流断路器的混合式灭弧室的研究[J].低压电器,1994(4)：12—17.
[2]陈刚,江道灼,吴兆麟,吕征宇.一种新型固态短路限流器拓扑及其控制策略.电力系统自动化,2004(2)：2—28.
[3]刘箐.固态开关在电能质量控制技术中的应用.港口电气.
[4]徐德鸿.现代电力电子器件原理与应用技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[5]钱杞,张培铭.低压直流断路器的限流技术.电气开关,2000(1)：14—17.
[6]黄绍平,彭晓.固态断路器的应用与仿真研究.高电压技术[J],2004(4)：2—40.
[7]梅军,郑建勇.混合式限流断路器的研究与发展.继电器,2004(10)：20—32.
[8]吴兆麟,沈琦.具有短路限流保护的固态开关.浙江大学学报,1999(7)：4—33.
[9]郑宏,朱益华,祁峰.新器件ETO的PSPICE仿真研究.微计算机信息,2006(10)：1—22.
[10]吕玉祥,张志强,袁阔.新型智能固态断路器研制.电力自动化设备,2008(9)：9—28.
[11]Xueling Li, A. Q. Huang and Yuxin Li. Analytical GTO turn-off model under snubberless turn-off condition, in COMPEL 2000.
[12]于飞,张晓峰.新型大功率器件ETO及其应用.电力电子技术[J],第38卷第一期,2004(2)
[13]陈刚,江道灼,吴兆麟.固态短路限流器的研究与发展.电力系统自动化,2003(5)：10—27.
[14]张立,赵永健.现代电力电子技术.北京：科学出版社,1992.
[15]杨钦慧.高低压混合晶闸管断路器的开发和应用[J].电气开关,2000,38(1)：31—-34.
[16]Xigen Zhou, Zhenxue Xu and Alex Q. Huang. Parallel Operation of Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO). The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111.
[17]谭凌云,吴兆麟.一种配电网用固态三相短路限流器的研究.浙江大学学报,2002,36(1)：101—104.
[18]石晶,邹积岩,何俊佳.电力系统的限流串联补偿原理与实现.华中理工大学学报,1999,20(8)：75—77.
[19]陈金祥,董恩源,邹积岩.具有串联补偿作用的新型故障限流器(FCL)的研究.电工技术学报,2001,16(1)：48—51.
[20]Li Y X, Huang A Q, Motto K. Experimental and Numerical Study of the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO) [J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electric,2000, (15):561-574.
[21]程健,冯士芬,许成金.新一代无触点开关—电子断路器.中国科学院等离子体物理研 究所.
[22]钱杞,张培铭.低压交流断路器的限流技术.低压电器,2000(3)：3—8.
[23]张超,夏立.独立电力系统中固态断路器的开发与应用.电工技术,2003,(12)：66—67.
[24]陈德桂.低压断路器中的限流新技术[J].低压电器,1990(1)：11—17.
[25]郑敏,李兴源,刘俊勇.具有串联补偿作用的新型故障限流器的拓扑结构和仿真.中国电机工程学报,1999,19(6)：52—55.
[26]张超,夏立.独立电力系统中固态断路器的开发与应用.电工技术,2003,(12)：66—67.
[27]Li Y, Huang A Q, Lee F C. Introducing the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO)[A]. IEEE Industry Applications Society 33th. Annual Meeting[C].1998:860-864.
[28]Li Y X, Huang A Q, Motto K. Analysis of the Snubberless Operation of the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor ETO[A]. IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems[C]. Hong Kong,1999:238-245.
[29]周颖.串联补偿故障电流限制器的原理及特性[J].浙江电力,2002,21(2)：63—66.
[30]Smith R K, Slade P G, Sarkozi M, et al. Solid State Distribution Current Limiter and Circuit Breaker:Application Requirements and Control Strategies. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1993,8(3):1155-1162.
[31]Reed. G., Takeda. M, Yamamoto. H, Aritsu2 ka. T, K-amiyama, I. "Development of a Novel Hybrid Switch Device and Application to a Solid-State Transfer Switch "accepted for Conference Proceedings, IEEE/PES 1999 W intermeeting, New York,NY.
[32]谭东现.固态断路器和电流限制器用发射极可关断晶体管的运行特性.电力电子.
[33]Bin Zhang, Alex Huang, Yunfeng Liu, and Stanley Atcitty, "Performance of the New Generation Emitter Turn-off (ETO) Thyristor" 2002 IEEE IAS Annu. Meet., Conf. Rec, 2002.
[34]Steurer M, Frohlich K, Holaus W, et al. A Novel Hybrid Current21imiting Circuit Breaker for Medium Voltage:Principle and Test Results [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 2003:460-467.
[35]冯源,郭忠文.固态断路器技术的应用.电力自动化设备,2007(10)：10—27.
[36]李网生,夏贤江,蒋云彬,徐功潜.固态开关技术的串联技术.电力电子技术,2004(12)：6—38
[37]许志红,张培铭.断路器新型限流电路的探讨.继电器,2001,29(6)：23—25.
[38]Bin Zhang, Alex Q.Huang, Xigen Zhou, Yun feng, Liu. The Built-in Current Sensor and Over-Current Protection of the Emitter Turn-off (ETO) Thyristor. Center for Power Electronics Systems The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA.
[39]Gelder P, Ferreira J A. Zero Volt Switching Hybrid DC Circuit Breakers[A]. IEEE IAS Conference.2000.
[2]陈刚,江道灼,吴兆麟,吕征宇.一种新型固态短路限流器拓扑及其控制策略.电力系统自动化,2004(2)：2—28.
[3]刘箐.固态开关在电能质量控制技术中的应用.港口电气.
[4]徐德鸿.现代电力电子器件原理与应用技术.北京：机械工业出版社,2008.
[5]钱杞,张培铭.低压直流断路器的限流技术.电气开关,2000(1)：14—17.
[6]黄绍平,彭晓.固态断路器的应用与仿真研究.高电压技术[J],2004(4)：2—40.
[7]梅军,郑建勇.混合式限流断路器的研究与发展.继电器,2004(10)：20—32.
[8]吴兆麟,沈琦.具有短路限流保护的固态开关.浙江大学学报,1999(7)：4—33.
[9]郑宏,朱益华,祁峰.新器件ETO的PSPICE仿真研究.微计算机信息,2006(10)：1—22.
[10]吕玉祥,张志强,袁阔.新型智能固态断路器研制.电力自动化设备,2008(9)：9—28.
[11]Xueling Li, A. Q. Huang and Yuxin Li. Analytical GTO turn-off model under snubberless turn-off condition, in COMPEL 2000.
[12]于飞,张晓峰.新型大功率器件ETO及其应用.电力电子技术[J],第38卷第一期,2004(2)
[13]陈刚,江道灼,吴兆麟.固态短路限流器的研究与发展.电力系统自动化,2003(5)：10—27.
[14]张立,赵永健.现代电力电子技术.北京：科学出版社,1992.
[15]杨钦慧.高低压混合晶闸管断路器的开发和应用[J].电气开关,2000,38(1)：31—-34.
[16]Xigen Zhou, Zhenxue Xu and Alex Q. Huang. Parallel Operation of Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO). The Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0111.
[17]谭凌云,吴兆麟.一种配电网用固态三相短路限流器的研究.浙江大学学报,2002,36(1)：101—104.
[18]石晶,邹积岩,何俊佳.电力系统的限流串联补偿原理与实现.华中理工大学学报,1999,20(8)：75—77.
[19]陈金祥,董恩源,邹积岩.具有串联补偿作用的新型故障限流器(FCL)的研究.电工技术学报,2001,16(1)：48—51.
[20]Li Y X, Huang A Q, Motto K. Experimental and Numerical Study of the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO) [J]. IEEE Trans. on Power Electric,2000, (15):561-574.
[21]程健,冯士芬,许成金.新一代无触点开关—电子断路器.中国科学院等离子体物理研 究所.
[22]钱杞,张培铭.低压交流断路器的限流技术.低压电器,2000(3)：3—8.
[23]张超,夏立.独立电力系统中固态断路器的开发与应用.电工技术,2003,(12)：66—67.
[24]陈德桂.低压断路器中的限流新技术[J].低压电器,1990(1)：11—17.
[25]郑敏,李兴源,刘俊勇.具有串联补偿作用的新型故障限流器的拓扑结构和仿真.中国电机工程学报,1999,19(6)：52—55.
[26]张超,夏立.独立电力系统中固态断路器的开发与应用.电工技术,2003,(12)：66—67.
[27]Li Y, Huang A Q, Lee F C. Introducing the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor (ETO)[A]. IEEE Industry Applications Society 33th. Annual Meeting[C].1998:860-864.
[28]Li Y X, Huang A Q, Motto K. Analysis of the Snubberless Operation of the Emitter Turn-off Thyristor ETO[A]. IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems[C]. Hong Kong,1999:238-245.
[29]周颖.串联补偿故障电流限制器的原理及特性[J].浙江电力,2002,21(2)：63—66.
[30]Smith R K, Slade P G, Sarkozi M, et al. Solid State Distribution Current Limiter and Circuit Breaker:Application Requirements and Control Strategies. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1993,8(3):1155-1162.
[31]Reed. G., Takeda. M, Yamamoto. H, Aritsu2 ka. T, K-amiyama, I. "Development of a Novel Hybrid Switch Device and Application to a Solid-State Transfer Switch "accepted for Conference Proceedings, IEEE/PES 1999 W intermeeting, New York,NY.
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