归化与异化：《西游记》英译研究
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摘要
本文基于归化、异化、读者反应论和文化翻译观等理论,对詹纳尔、余国藩、蒂莫西·理查德及阿瑟·韦理所译的中国古典名著《西游记》进行比较研究,分类阐述译本中有关下列范畴的译法:礼仪文化(敬语和谦语)、科技文化(古代历法和度量衡制度)、习语文化(成语等)、封建官制文化以及宗教文化,旨在探讨中国古典著作中文化负载项的处理与译法。
詹纳尔主要采用归化为主异化为辅的翻译策略,吸引了目标读者且尊重原著文化。而余国藩以异化为主要手段,大量加注使读者易于理解并传扬了中国文化。但过度异化难免会让西方读者失去耐心。理查德与韦理则主要采用归化翻译。然而由于对中国文化认识的局限性,纰误在所难免,但无论理查德译本的明显误译、还是韦理译本中有欠妥当的大量删减,都不能抹煞他们为中西方文化交流做出的贡献。翻译目的的本质是文化交流,译者应尽可能地理解源语言文化并要考虑目标读者可能产生的反应。在某种程度上,归化与异化是相辅相成的。
In the light of the translation theories related with domestication, foreignization, reader' response, and culture, this thesis probes into the translation of Xi You Ji, a Chinese classic containing plenty of traditional Chinese cultural messages.
Translation involves not only linguistic but also cultural transference. The strategies that a translator uses in translation are related with his or her consideration or expectation of readers' cultural consciousness or knowledge. In order to explore the ways to deal with culture-loaded elements for translating Chinese classics, the author analyzes and illustrates Jenner's English version of Journey to the West mainly, with three other English versions of Xi You Ji for comparative purpose. The second chapter deals with translations concerned with the culture of courtesy, mainly honorific expressions and self-depreciatory expressions. The third chapter explores the technical aspect of culture and related translations, including the ancient Chinese calendar and the system of measurement. The fourth chapter is concentrated on the idiomatic aspect of culture and related translations, covering idioms and colloquialism. The fifth chapter focuses on the culture of officialdom, analyzing translations of feudal official titles. The sixth chapter illustrates translations concerned with religious culture.
Jenner mainly adopted the strategy of domestication with that of foreignization as an auxiliary strategy. Jenner's approach can not only attract the TL readers' interest but also make known traditional Chinese cultural messages. In Anthony C. Yu's version, the Monkey and the Monk, foreignization is adopted as his main translation strategy, with lots of endnotes which makes the readers' understanding easier, which facilitates the dissemination of Chinese cultures abroad, but the overuse of foreignization may, to an extent, deprive the readers of the joy of reading the translated works. Domestication is the main strategy used by Timothy Richard and Arthur Waley. The four translators all contributed a lot to the dissemination of Chinese culture. However, because of the translators' limitations about some Chinese specific cultural phenomena, there are some mistranslations in the four English versions of Xi You Ji more or less, especially the earliest English version, Timothy Richard's A Mission to Heaven. And there are numerous omissions in Arthur Waley's Monkey, which does not seem reasonable and may cause readers' incomplete view of the work.
From a higher stand point, the essence of the outcome of translation is cultural communication. Thus the translator is expected to understand the culture of the SL as much as possible and to take TL reader's possible response into consideration. And the strategies of domestication and foreignization must be used in a way to supplement each other.
詹纳尔主要采用归化为主异化为辅的翻译策略,吸引了目标读者且尊重原著文化。而余国藩以异化为主要手段,大量加注使读者易于理解并传扬了中国文化。但过度异化难免会让西方读者失去耐心。理查德与韦理则主要采用归化翻译。然而由于对中国文化认识的局限性,纰误在所难免,但无论理查德译本的明显误译、还是韦理译本中有欠妥当的大量删减,都不能抹煞他们为中西方文化交流做出的贡献。翻译目的的本质是文化交流,译者应尽可能地理解源语言文化并要考虑目标读者可能产生的反应。在某种程度上,归化与异化是相辅相成的。
In the light of the translation theories related with domestication, foreignization, reader' response, and culture, this thesis probes into the translation of Xi You Ji, a Chinese classic containing plenty of traditional Chinese cultural messages.
Translation involves not only linguistic but also cultural transference. The strategies that a translator uses in translation are related with his or her consideration or expectation of readers' cultural consciousness or knowledge. In order to explore the ways to deal with culture-loaded elements for translating Chinese classics, the author analyzes and illustrates Jenner's English version of Journey to the West mainly, with three other English versions of Xi You Ji for comparative purpose. The second chapter deals with translations concerned with the culture of courtesy, mainly honorific expressions and self-depreciatory expressions. The third chapter explores the technical aspect of culture and related translations, including the ancient Chinese calendar and the system of measurement. The fourth chapter is concentrated on the idiomatic aspect of culture and related translations, covering idioms and colloquialism. The fifth chapter focuses on the culture of officialdom, analyzing translations of feudal official titles. The sixth chapter illustrates translations concerned with religious culture.
Jenner mainly adopted the strategy of domestication with that of foreignization as an auxiliary strategy. Jenner's approach can not only attract the TL readers' interest but also make known traditional Chinese cultural messages. In Anthony C. Yu's version, the Monkey and the Monk, foreignization is adopted as his main translation strategy, with lots of endnotes which makes the readers' understanding easier, which facilitates the dissemination of Chinese cultures abroad, but the overuse of foreignization may, to an extent, deprive the readers of the joy of reading the translated works. Domestication is the main strategy used by Timothy Richard and Arthur Waley. The four translators all contributed a lot to the dissemination of Chinese culture. However, because of the translators' limitations about some Chinese specific cultural phenomena, there are some mistranslations in the four English versions of Xi You Ji more or less, especially the earliest English version, Timothy Richard's A Mission to Heaven. And there are numerous omissions in Arthur Waley's Monkey, which does not seem reasonable and may cause readers' incomplete view of the work.
From a higher stand point, the essence of the outcome of translation is cultural communication. Thus the translator is expected to understand the culture of the SL as much as possible and to take TL reader's possible response into consideration. And the strategies of domestication and foreignization must be used in a way to supplement each other.
引文
Anthony C.Yu. 1977. The Journey to the West, volume one. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Anthony C.Yu. 1983 a. Journey to the West, volume Three. The Foreign Language Press,Beijing, China.
Anthony C.Yu. 1983 b.The Journey to the West, volume four. The United States of America: The University of Chicago Press.
Anthony C.Yu. 2006. The Monkey and the Monk. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Arley Grey, Delia Summers. 1992. Longman Dictionary of American English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Arthur Waley. 1943. Monkey. New York: The John Day Company.
Bassnett, Susan& Andre Lefevere. 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York: Pinter Publishers Limited.
Bassnett, Susan& Andre Lefevere. 2001. Constructing Cultures -Essays on Literary Translation Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Christoph Gutknecht and Lutz J. Rolle. 1996. Translating by Factors. The United States of America: State University of New York Press, Albany.
Edwin Gentzler. 2004. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Published for the United Bible Societies by E.J. Brill, Leiden.
Geoffrey Samuelsson-Brown. 1998. A Practical Guide for Translators. Great Britain:WBC Book Manufactures Ltd.
Gutt, Ersnst-August. 1991. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gutt,Ersnst-August. 1989. Translation and Relevance.UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol.1.
Jenner. 2003. Journey to the West. Foreign Language Education Press.
Jenner.2002.Lu Xun Selected Poems.Beijing:Foreign Language Press.
Mona Baker Routledge.2006.Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark.2001.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education.
Nida,E.A.Language,Culture and Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
Pranati Pattanaik.1997.The Art of Translation.New Delhi:Harman Publishing House.
Timothy Richard.1913.A Mission to Heaven.The Chistlan Literature Society's Depot,Shanghai.
Venuti.L.2004.The Translators' Invisibility.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Venuti.L.1991.Translation as a Social Practice,or the Violence of Translation.Papers Pressed at Conference,Humanistic Dilemmas;Translation in the Humanities and Social Sciences.at the State University of New York,Binghamton,New York.
Yuan & Shin,1931.Romance of the Three Kingdoms and A Mission to Heaven.Shanghai:The Peisin Book Co.,Ltd.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Cowie,Moira.2004.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Bao Huinan & Bao'ang[包惠南,包昂],2004,《中国文化与英汉翻译》。北京:外文出版社。
Chen Guansheng & Li Peirong[陈观胜,李培荣],2005,《中英佛教辞典》。北京:外语出版社。
Ding Baofu[丁福保],1984,《佛学大辞典》。北京:文物出版社。
Du Guichen & Wang Yan[杜贵晨,王艳],2006,四百年《西游记》作者问题论争综述,《泰山学院学报》。4:(19-24)。
Fang Mengzhi[方梦之],2004,《译学词典》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
Hu Sheng[胡胜],2003,《学生实用〈西游记〉辞典》。沈阳:辽海出版社。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Liangnian[金良年],1993,《中国神秘文化》。上海:上海文化出版社。
Liu Xiaoling[刘小玲],2006,巴斯内特“文化翻译观”与奈达“读者反映论”比较,《语言与翻译》。1:(57-60)。
Lu Gusun[陆谷孙],2000,《英汉大词典》。上海:上海译文出版社。
Lu Qin[陆钦],1998,《名家解读〈西游记〉》。济南:山东人民出版社。
Wang Li[王力],2005,《古汉语常用字字典》。北京:商务印书馆。
Lu Xun[鲁迅],2002,《鲁迅诗选》。北京:外文出版社。
Ru Minghua[鲁敏华],2007,《如何处理翻译中的文化因素》。硕士学位论文,首都师范大学。
Sun Yifeng[孙艺风],2004,《视角阐释文化--文学翻译与理论》。北京:清华大学出版社。
Tan Zhaixi[谭载喜],2000,《翻译学》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
Tian Huigang[田惠刚],1997,《中西人际称谓系统》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Wang Zuoliang[王佐良],1997,《翻译:思考与笔试》。大连:外语教学与研究出版社。
Wu Cheng'en[吴承恩],2003,《西游记》。上海:外文出版社。
Xu Jun[许钧],2003,《翻译论》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
Xu Yusu[许玉苏],2005,论归化异化翻译和奈达的读者反应论,《四川教育学院学报》。5:(53-57)。
Yue Feng[岳峰],2004,《架设东西方的桥梁--英国汉学家理雅各研究》。福建:福建人民出版社。
Yue Feng[岳峰],2006,《儒经西传中的翻译与文化意象的变化》。福建:福建人民出版社。
Yu Guofan[余国藩],2006,《〈红楼梦〉、〈西游记〉与其它》。上海:生活、读书、新知 三联书店。
Yuan Xingpei[袁行霈],1999,《中国文学史》。北京:高等教育出版社。
Zhang Fangjie[张芳杰],1995,《远东英汉大辞典简明本》。北京:新华出版社。
http://140.111.34.46/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?idx=dict.idx&cond=%A4%E9%A4W%A4T%AC%F1&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&imgFont=1
Anthony C.Yu. 1983 a. Journey to the West, volume Three. The Foreign Language Press,Beijing, China.
Anthony C.Yu. 1983 b.The Journey to the West, volume four. The United States of America: The University of Chicago Press.
Anthony C.Yu. 2006. The Monkey and the Monk. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Arley Grey, Delia Summers. 1992. Longman Dictionary of American English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Arthur Waley. 1943. Monkey. New York: The John Day Company.
Bassnett, Susan& Andre Lefevere. 1990. Translation, History and Culture. London and New York: Pinter Publishers Limited.
Bassnett, Susan& Andre Lefevere. 2001. Constructing Cultures -Essays on Literary Translation Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Christoph Gutknecht and Lutz J. Rolle. 1996. Translating by Factors. The United States of America: State University of New York Press, Albany.
Edwin Gentzler. 2004. Contemporary Translation Theories. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Taber. 1982. The Theory and Practice of Translation.Published for the United Bible Societies by E.J. Brill, Leiden.
Geoffrey Samuelsson-Brown. 1998. A Practical Guide for Translators. Great Britain:WBC Book Manufactures Ltd.
Gutt, Ersnst-August. 1991. Translation and Relevance: Cognition and Context.Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Gutt,Ersnst-August. 1989. Translation and Relevance.UCL Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol.1.
Jenner. 2003. Journey to the West. Foreign Language Education Press.
Jenner.2002.Lu Xun Selected Poems.Beijing:Foreign Language Press.
Mona Baker Routledge.2006.Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Newmark.2001.Approaches to Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education.
Nida,E.A.Language,Culture and Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.
Pranati Pattanaik.1997.The Art of Translation.New Delhi:Harman Publishing House.
Timothy Richard.1913.A Mission to Heaven.The Chistlan Literature Society's Depot,Shanghai.
Venuti.L.2004.The Translators' Invisibility.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Venuti.L.1991.Translation as a Social Practice,or the Violence of Translation.Papers Pressed at Conference,Humanistic Dilemmas;Translation in the Humanities and Social Sciences.at the State University of New York,Binghamton,New York.
Yuan & Shin,1931.Romance of the Three Kingdoms and A Mission to Heaven.Shanghai:The Peisin Book Co.,Ltd.
Shuttleworth,Mark & Cowie,Moira.2004.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Bao Huinan & Bao'ang[包惠南,包昂],2004,《中国文化与英汉翻译》。北京:外文出版社。
Chen Guansheng & Li Peirong[陈观胜,李培荣],2005,《中英佛教辞典》。北京:外语出版社。
Ding Baofu[丁福保],1984,《佛学大辞典》。北京:文物出版社。
Du Guichen & Wang Yan[杜贵晨,王艳],2006,四百年《西游记》作者问题论争综述,《泰山学院学报》。4:(19-24)。
Fang Mengzhi[方梦之],2004,《译学词典》。上海:上海外语教育出版社。
Hu Sheng[胡胜],2003,《学生实用〈西游记〉辞典》。沈阳:辽海出版社。
Jin Huikang[金惠康],2002,《跨文化交际翻译》。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。
Jin Liangnian[金良年],1993,《中国神秘文化》。上海:上海文化出版社。
Liu Xiaoling[刘小玲],2006,巴斯内特“文化翻译观”与奈达“读者反映论”比较,《语言与翻译》。1:(57-60)。
Lu Gusun[陆谷孙],2000,《英汉大词典》。上海:上海译文出版社。
Lu Qin[陆钦],1998,《名家解读〈西游记〉》。济南:山东人民出版社。
Wang Li[王力],2005,《古汉语常用字字典》。北京:商务印书馆。
Lu Xun[鲁迅],2002,《鲁迅诗选》。北京:外文出版社。
Ru Minghua[鲁敏华],2007,《如何处理翻译中的文化因素》。硕士学位论文,首都师范大学。
Sun Yifeng[孙艺风],2004,《视角阐释文化--文学翻译与理论》。北京:清华大学出版社。
Tan Zhaixi[谭载喜],2000,《翻译学》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
Tian Huigang[田惠刚],1997,《中西人际称谓系统》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
Wang Zuoliang[王佐良],1997,《翻译:思考与笔试》。大连:外语教学与研究出版社。
Wu Cheng'en[吴承恩],2003,《西游记》。上海:外文出版社。
Xu Jun[许钧],2003,《翻译论》。武汉:湖北教育出版社。
Xu Yusu[许玉苏],2005,论归化异化翻译和奈达的读者反应论,《四川教育学院学报》。5:(53-57)。
Yue Feng[岳峰],2004,《架设东西方的桥梁--英国汉学家理雅各研究》。福建:福建人民出版社。
Yue Feng[岳峰],2006,《儒经西传中的翻译与文化意象的变化》。福建:福建人民出版社。
Yu Guofan[余国藩],2006,《〈红楼梦〉、〈西游记〉与其它》。上海:生活、读书、新知 三联书店。
Yuan Xingpei[袁行霈],1999,《中国文学史》。北京:高等教育出版社。
Zhang Fangjie[张芳杰],1995,《远东英汉大辞典简明本》。北京:新华出版社。
http://140.111.34.46/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?idx=dict.idx&cond=%A4%E9%A4W%A4T%AC%F1&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&imgFont=1