解读欲望→绝望→死亡
摘要
死亡是关乎人类生存的最基本问题之一,长久以来,它一直是人类的一个谜团和兴趣的焦点,而且也是文学创作所青睐的永恒主题之一。但是只有极少数作家像埃德加·爱伦·坡一样使自己的作品如此广泛地充溢着死亡主题,而对死亡这一主题有如此深刻见解的作家则是更少。坡的死亡诗表达了人类面对幻灭和认识到生命的无意义以及死亡不可抗拒的威力时的剧烈痛苦和沮丧。《乌鸦》、《安娜贝尔·李》、《尤拉路姆》和《征服者爬虫》是体现坡的悲观主义人生观的最为典型的死亡诗。前三首诗歌以美女之死为焦点,描绘了诗人的欲望和幻灭,以及相因而生的绝望,最后一首诗歌则阐释了人生的无谓及其可怕而又可悲的结局—死亡。
这些诗歌中的文学元素都表达了一种悲伤和绝望的情感。诗中环境的描绘、韵律和修辞手法的运用组成了一个有机的整体,帮助传达沮丧和悲观的情感。且这四首诗也形成一个有机体,阐释了被欲望激励,因幻灭绝望,以及以恐怖的死亡为终结的人生全过程。以上述诗歌为例,本文采用新批评中的有机统一体学说来解读坡的死亡诗中的悲观主义。本文分为五个部分,第一章为导论,简要地介绍了埃德加·爱伦·坡和他的死亡诗。第二章是相关的国内外的文献综述。第三章简述了新批评中有机统一体学说的内涵意义。第四章为本文的主体部分,探究坡的死亡诗中的悲观主义。这一章进一步分为三个部分,第一部本分别分析诗歌《乌鸦》、《安娜贝尔·李》和《尤拉路姆》,阐述每首诗中,各个元素集合成为一个表达诗人痛苦和绝望的情感的有机统一体。第二部分分析诗人悲观主义的原因—对梦想的追求的徒劳和对人类生存的可悲结局的认识。第三部分分析诗歌《征服者爬虫》,阐释了人类生存的荒诞和死亡至高无上的威力。最后一章从总体上概述了坡的死亡诗,然后得出结论,坡的死亡诗通过将人生描绘为欲望—绝望—死亡的可悲过程而流露出他的悲观主义人生观。
Death is one of the most fundamental existential problems of human beings, which has long been a mystery and a focus of interest for human beings and has always been one of the most eternal and favorite topics of literary creation. But there are few writers whose works are so much permeated with the theme of death as Edgar Allan Poe's, and fewer with such a profound insight into it. Poe's poems on death express the fierce anguish and depression of human beings when they are depressed by disillusionment and realize the meaninglessness of life and the unconquerable power of death. "The Raven," "Annabel Lee," "Ulalume" and "The Conqueror Worm" are Poe's most typical poems on death, which fully reflect his pessimistic philosophy. The former three poems, focusing on the topic of death of a beauty, depict the poet's desire, disillusionment and then the consequential despair, and the last one illustrates the meaninglessness of human existence and its hideous and lamentable finale—death.
The literary elements of these poems constantly express the emotion of sorrow and despair. Forming an organic unity, the depiction of the setting and the application of rhymes and rhetoric devices assist in delivering depressive feelings and conveying a pessimistic mood. And these four poems also form an organic unity to illustrate the process of human life, which is stimulated by desire, depressed by disillusionment and ends in hideous death. Taking the poems mentioned above as examples, this thesis adopts New Criticism to interpret the pessimism in Poe's poems on death, focusing on the issue of "organic unity." The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which briefly introduces Edgar Allan Poe and his poems on death. The second chapter gives an account of the relevant literature review, which contains the international and domestic studies. The third chapter is a brief account of "organic unity" in New Criticism. The fourth chapter is the central part, which explores pessimism in Poe's poems on death. This part is further divided into three sections, "The Raven," "Annabel Lee," and "Ulalume" are respectively analyzed in the first section to illustrate that in each of these three poems, every element integrates into an organic unity to express the poet's feeling of distress and despair. The second section explains the causes of the poet's pessimism—the futility of his pursuit of dreams and the realization of the hideous finale of human existence. And in the third section, the poem "The Conqueror Worm" is analyzed to illustrate the absurdity of human existence and the sovereign power of death. The last chapter summarizes Poe's poems on death as a whole, and then concludes that through depicting human existence as the process of desire, despair, and death, his poems on death express his pessimistic philosophy.
这些诗歌中的文学元素都表达了一种悲伤和绝望的情感。诗中环境的描绘、韵律和修辞手法的运用组成了一个有机的整体,帮助传达沮丧和悲观的情感。且这四首诗也形成一个有机体,阐释了被欲望激励,因幻灭绝望,以及以恐怖的死亡为终结的人生全过程。以上述诗歌为例,本文采用新批评中的有机统一体学说来解读坡的死亡诗中的悲观主义。本文分为五个部分,第一章为导论,简要地介绍了埃德加·爱伦·坡和他的死亡诗。第二章是相关的国内外的文献综述。第三章简述了新批评中有机统一体学说的内涵意义。第四章为本文的主体部分,探究坡的死亡诗中的悲观主义。这一章进一步分为三个部分,第一部本分别分析诗歌《乌鸦》、《安娜贝尔·李》和《尤拉路姆》,阐述每首诗中,各个元素集合成为一个表达诗人痛苦和绝望的情感的有机统一体。第二部分分析诗人悲观主义的原因—对梦想的追求的徒劳和对人类生存的可悲结局的认识。第三部分分析诗歌《征服者爬虫》,阐释了人类生存的荒诞和死亡至高无上的威力。最后一章从总体上概述了坡的死亡诗,然后得出结论,坡的死亡诗通过将人生描绘为欲望—绝望—死亡的可悲过程而流露出他的悲观主义人生观。
Death is one of the most fundamental existential problems of human beings, which has long been a mystery and a focus of interest for human beings and has always been one of the most eternal and favorite topics of literary creation. But there are few writers whose works are so much permeated with the theme of death as Edgar Allan Poe's, and fewer with such a profound insight into it. Poe's poems on death express the fierce anguish and depression of human beings when they are depressed by disillusionment and realize the meaninglessness of life and the unconquerable power of death. "The Raven," "Annabel Lee," "Ulalume" and "The Conqueror Worm" are Poe's most typical poems on death, which fully reflect his pessimistic philosophy. The former three poems, focusing on the topic of death of a beauty, depict the poet's desire, disillusionment and then the consequential despair, and the last one illustrates the meaninglessness of human existence and its hideous and lamentable finale—death.
The literary elements of these poems constantly express the emotion of sorrow and despair. Forming an organic unity, the depiction of the setting and the application of rhymes and rhetoric devices assist in delivering depressive feelings and conveying a pessimistic mood. And these four poems also form an organic unity to illustrate the process of human life, which is stimulated by desire, depressed by disillusionment and ends in hideous death. Taking the poems mentioned above as examples, this thesis adopts New Criticism to interpret the pessimism in Poe's poems on death, focusing on the issue of "organic unity." The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which briefly introduces Edgar Allan Poe and his poems on death. The second chapter gives an account of the relevant literature review, which contains the international and domestic studies. The third chapter is a brief account of "organic unity" in New Criticism. The fourth chapter is the central part, which explores pessimism in Poe's poems on death. This part is further divided into three sections, "The Raven," "Annabel Lee," and "Ulalume" are respectively analyzed in the first section to illustrate that in each of these three poems, every element integrates into an organic unity to express the poet's feeling of distress and despair. The second section explains the causes of the poet's pessimism—the futility of his pursuit of dreams and the realization of the hideous finale of human existence. And in the third section, the poem "The Conqueror Worm" is analyzed to illustrate the absurdity of human existence and the sovereign power of death. The last chapter summarizes Poe's poems on death as a whole, and then concludes that through depicting human existence as the process of desire, despair, and death, his poems on death express his pessimistic philosophy.
引文
Abrams, M. H. (2004). A Glossary of Literary Terms. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Auden, W.H. ed. (1950). Selected Prose, Poetry, and "Eureka" by Edgar Allan Poe. Rinehart Press.
Beatty, J. et al. (2001). The Norton Introduction to Literature. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Booke, M. K. (1996). A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism. New York:Longman.
Brooks, C.,& R. P. Warrant. (2006). Understanding Poetry. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chadwick, C. (1971). Symbolism, London & New York:Methuen Co. Ltd.
Clarke, G.(1991). Edgar Allan Poe:critical assessments. Helm Information.
Cunliffe, M. (1985). The Literature of the United States.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司.
Curry, D. (1985). Highlights of American Literature. Washington, D. C.:United States Information Agency, Educational and Cultural Affairs, English Language Programs Division.
Davison, E. H. (1957). Poe:A critical Study. Cambridge, Mass.:Belknap Press.
Eliot, T. S. (1948). "From Poe to Valery" in his To Criticize the Critic and Other Writings. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Gelpi, A. (1957). "Edgar Allan Poe:The Hand of the Maker" in his The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
Guerin, W. L. et al. (2004). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature.4th ed. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hammond, J.R., (1981). An Edgar Allan Poe Companion title page. Hong Kong:the Macmillan Press Ltd.
Hayes, K. J. ed. (2004).The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Kaufmann, W. (1960). From Shakespeare to Existentialism. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Magistrale, T. (2001). Student Company to Edgar Allan Poe. Westport, Connecticut London:Greenwood Press.
Mednick, F. (1988). An Introduction to American Literature from Newcomers to Naturalists. Henna University Press.
Meyers, J. (1992). Edgar Allan Poe:His Life and Legacy. London:John Murray Ltd.
Ostrom, J. W. ed. (1966). The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe.1948. reprinted, with supplement.2 vols. Yew York:Gordian Press.
Poe, E. A. (1948). The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,
Powys, J. C. (1981). "Edgar Allan Poe," in Harris, Laurie Lanzen ed. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism (Vol.503). Detroit:Gale Research Company.
Quinn, P. F. (1957). The French Face of Edgar Poe. Illinois:Southern Illinois University Press.
Ransom, J. C. (1979). The New Criticism. Westport:Green-wood P.
Rubinstein, A. T. (1998). American Literature Root and Flower. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Saintsbury, G. (1927). "Edgar Allan Poe," in The Dial, Vol.83, No.6, December.
Silverman, K. (1991). Edgar A. Poe:Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York:Harper Collins Publishers.
Snyder, F. B.&, D. S. Edward. (1947). A Book of American Literature, New York: The Macmillan Company.
Tate, A. ed. (1981). The Complete Poetry and Selected Criticism of Edgar Allan Poe. New York:The New American Library, Inc.
Thompson, G. R. ed. (1984). Edgar Allan Poe:Essays and Reviews. New York: Library of America.
Thompson, G. R. ed. (2004). The Selected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Walker, I. M. ed. (1986). Edgar Allan Poe:The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Walker, M. (1988). The Literature of the United States of America. Macmillan Education Ltd.
Williams, W. C. (1925). "Edgar Allan Poe", in his In the American Grain. New Directions Publishing Corporation.
Willingham, J. R. (1989). "The New Criticism:Then and Now." Contemporary Literary Theory. Eds., G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Winters, Y. (1938). "Edgar Allan Poe:A Crisis in the History of American Obscurantism" in his In Defense of Reason. The Swallow Press.
曹曼.(Cao Man). (2000).爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵解读.华中师范大学学报.第39卷,第2期.
曹曼.(Cao Man). (2005).从“效果说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架.外国文学研究.第3期.
常耀信.(Chang Yaoxin). (2000).《美国文学史》天津：南开大学出版社.
刘保安.(Liu Baoan). (2007).爱伦·坡诗歌中的哥特风格.绵阳师范学院学报.Vol.26.No.6.
刘守兰.(Liu Shoulan). (2003).《英美名诗解读》.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
任翔.(Ren Xiang). (2004).爱伦·坡的诗歌：书写与死亡的生命沉思[J],外国文学研究.第2期.
上官秋实.(Shang Guan Qiushi). (2003).人类心灵隐秘的探究者—爱伦·坡创作及诗论一瞥.吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版).第二期.
熊荣斌,彭贵菊.(Xiong Rongbin & Peng Guiju). (2007).《爱伦.坡作品导读》,武汉大学出版社.
姚乃强.(Yao Naiqiang). (2003).《西方经典文论选读》,上海外语教育出版社.
袁荻涌.(Yuan Diyong). (1999).《鲁迅与爱伦.坡》,Journal of Guizhou University No.l.
曾庆强.(Zeng Qingqiang). (1996).鬼神情节与喜剧意识—爱伦·坡与罗伯特·布朗宁之比较[J],外国文学研究,第四期.
周子伦.(Zhou Zilun). (2007).爱伦·坡Annabel Lee一诗的问题分析[J],广西教育学院学报,总第91卷,第5期.
朱刚.(Zhu Gang). (2005).《二十世纪西方文艺批评》,上海外语教育出版社.
朱通伯.(Zhu Tongbai).(2003).《劳伦斯文论精选》,上海外语教育出版社.
朱晓宁.(Zhu Xiaoning). (2001).试论埃德加·爱伦·坡的死亡观.沈阳师范大学学报.vol.25.No.1.
Auden, W.H. ed. (1950). Selected Prose, Poetry, and "Eureka" by Edgar Allan Poe. Rinehart Press.
Beatty, J. et al. (2001). The Norton Introduction to Literature. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Booke, M. K. (1996). A Practical Introduction to Literary Theory and Criticism. New York:Longman.
Brooks, C.,& R. P. Warrant. (2006). Understanding Poetry. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Chadwick, C. (1971). Symbolism, London & New York:Methuen Co. Ltd.
Clarke, G.(1991). Edgar Allan Poe:critical assessments. Helm Information.
Cunliffe, M. (1985). The Literature of the United States.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司.
Curry, D. (1985). Highlights of American Literature. Washington, D. C.:United States Information Agency, Educational and Cultural Affairs, English Language Programs Division.
Davison, E. H. (1957). Poe:A critical Study. Cambridge, Mass.:Belknap Press.
Eliot, T. S. (1948). "From Poe to Valery" in his To Criticize the Critic and Other Writings. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
Gelpi, A. (1957). "Edgar Allan Poe:The Hand of the Maker" in his The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press.
Guerin, W. L. et al. (2004). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature.4th ed. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Hammond, J.R., (1981). An Edgar Allan Poe Companion title page. Hong Kong:the Macmillan Press Ltd.
Hayes, K. J. ed. (2004).The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Kaufmann, W. (1960). From Shakespeare to Existentialism. Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Magistrale, T. (2001). Student Company to Edgar Allan Poe. Westport, Connecticut London:Greenwood Press.
Mednick, F. (1988). An Introduction to American Literature from Newcomers to Naturalists. Henna University Press.
Meyers, J. (1992). Edgar Allan Poe:His Life and Legacy. London:John Murray Ltd.
Ostrom, J. W. ed. (1966). The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe.1948. reprinted, with supplement.2 vols. Yew York:Gordian Press.
Poe, E. A. (1948). The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe. Cambridge:Harvard University Press,
Powys, J. C. (1981). "Edgar Allan Poe," in Harris, Laurie Lanzen ed. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism (Vol.503). Detroit:Gale Research Company.
Quinn, P. F. (1957). The French Face of Edgar Poe. Illinois:Southern Illinois University Press.
Ransom, J. C. (1979). The New Criticism. Westport:Green-wood P.
Rubinstein, A. T. (1998). American Literature Root and Flower. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Saintsbury, G. (1927). "Edgar Allan Poe," in The Dial, Vol.83, No.6, December.
Silverman, K. (1991). Edgar A. Poe:Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York:Harper Collins Publishers.
Snyder, F. B.&, D. S. Edward. (1947). A Book of American Literature, New York: The Macmillan Company.
Tate, A. ed. (1981). The Complete Poetry and Selected Criticism of Edgar Allan Poe. New York:The New American Library, Inc.
Thompson, G. R. ed. (1984). Edgar Allan Poe:Essays and Reviews. New York: Library of America.
Thompson, G. R. ed. (2004). The Selected Writings of Edgar Allan Poe. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Walker, I. M. ed. (1986). Edgar Allan Poe:The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Walker, M. (1988). The Literature of the United States of America. Macmillan Education Ltd.
Williams, W. C. (1925). "Edgar Allan Poe", in his In the American Grain. New Directions Publishing Corporation.
Willingham, J. R. (1989). "The New Criticism:Then and Now." Contemporary Literary Theory. Eds., G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Winters, Y. (1938). "Edgar Allan Poe:A Crisis in the History of American Obscurantism" in his In Defense of Reason. The Swallow Press.
曹曼.(Cao Man). (2000).爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵解读.华中师范大学学报.第39卷,第2期.
曹曼.(Cao Man). (2005).从“效果说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架.外国文学研究.第3期.
常耀信.(Chang Yaoxin). (2000).《美国文学史》天津：南开大学出版社.
刘保安.(Liu Baoan). (2007).爱伦·坡诗歌中的哥特风格.绵阳师范学院学报.Vol.26.No.6.
刘守兰.(Liu Shoulan). (2003).《英美名诗解读》.上海：上海外语教育出版社.
任翔.(Ren Xiang). (2004).爱伦·坡的诗歌：书写与死亡的生命沉思[J],外国文学研究.第2期.
上官秋实.(Shang Guan Qiushi). (2003).人类心灵隐秘的探究者—爱伦·坡创作及诗论一瞥.吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版).第二期.
熊荣斌,彭贵菊.(Xiong Rongbin & Peng Guiju). (2007).《爱伦.坡作品导读》,武汉大学出版社.
姚乃强.(Yao Naiqiang). (2003).《西方经典文论选读》,上海外语教育出版社.
袁荻涌.(Yuan Diyong). (1999).《鲁迅与爱伦.坡》,Journal of Guizhou University No.l.
曾庆强.(Zeng Qingqiang). (1996).鬼神情节与喜剧意识—爱伦·坡与罗伯特·布朗宁之比较[J],外国文学研究,第四期.
周子伦.(Zhou Zilun). (2007).爱伦·坡Annabel Lee一诗的问题分析[J],广西教育学院学报,总第91卷,第5期.
朱刚.(Zhu Gang). (2005).《二十世纪西方文艺批评》,上海外语教育出版社.
朱通伯.(Zhu Tongbai).(2003).《劳伦斯文论精选》,上海外语教育出版社.
朱晓宁.(Zhu Xiaoning). (2001).试论埃德加·爱伦·坡的死亡观.沈阳师范大学学报.vol.25.No.1.