我国乡镇人大代表选举问题研究
摘要
乡镇人大代表选举是近年来我国学术界关注的一个重要问题,它也是我国基层民主政治发展的重要体现。我国的选举制度经历了一个由建立到发展完善的过程。从1931年在瑞金召开工农兵代表大会,选举产生大会代表,到1953年我国第一部社会主义类型的《选举法》的颁布,我国大规模的选举全面展开,人大代表的选举逐步发展完善。改革开放以后,我国乡镇人大代表选举的质量已经有了很大的提高,但也存在不少问题,主要包括:选区划分不合理、选民登记存在漏洞、代表候选人确定过程不民主、投票过程不规范、人大代表的监督流于形式等。乡镇人大代表选举出现问题有法律方面的、制度方面的、文化方面的原因,也有传统家族势力的影响。因此,要进一步完善我国的选举制度,必须完善与选举相关的法律法规建设、制度建设,加强对人大代表的监督,加强公民的民主法制教育,使乡镇人大代表的选举更能保障选民的政治权益,更能体现我国选举的民主性,把我国的民主推向一个更高的层次。
China’s People’s Congress is body that the people exercise state power. As a result of China’s large population, people have to choose persons who be trusted, have the ability of participation and willing to represent the people’s interest to exercise state power by electing. Township People’s Congress as the most grass-roots organs of state power, its staff - representative is elected directly. Elections for Township People’s Congress representative is of great significance to protect the status of the people, the superiority of socialism, it is important for promoting democratic development and the building of political civilization in China.
This paper is divided into four main sections. The first part reviews the history of the development of the election of Township People’s Congress representative. In 1931, in Ruijin, Jiangxi province, held the first worker-peasant-soldier’s Conference, the General formulated the“Election Rules”, and then formulated the“Provisional Soviet electoral law”, the election has been protected by law from then on. Anti-Japanese War, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region government formulated the“Election Ordinance”, and it allowed people vote directly in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the“Election Ordinance”promoted the development of our country’s elections. September 1949, the first CPPCC was hold in Beijing, as the object conditions were not permitting at that time, most of the CPPCC members were generated through consultation, and People’s Political Consultative Conference was organs of state power authority also. With the state power had being consolidating and economic being developing, the conditions for holding elections were permitted, early in 1953, our country worked out the first socialism“Electoral Law”, the elections started all over the country. September 1954, the meeting of First National People’s Congress was hold in Beijing, the electoral system of People’s Congress was established formally in China. After reform and opening up, because of not only economic developing rapidly but also people’s living standards and cultural quality increasing, the people’s enthusiasm of participating in the election gradually improved also, People’s Congress election had been developing gradually at all levels. In order to adapt to this situations, in July 1979, the Second Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress formulated“Electoral Law for China’s National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congress at local levels”, The“Electoral Law”was of great significance for promoting People’s Congress election. With the development of the People’s Congress elections, the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee in 1982, 1986, 1995, 2004, amended the“Electoral Law”respectively. It adapted to the development of People’s Congress elections, and it played an important role in not only protecting citizens’right to vote and stand for election but also promoting the development of democracy in our country.
The second part analyzed the main problems of the current People’s Congress of township elections: Because the“Electoral Law”provided for the delineation of constituencies is not clear, some electoral commission often divide big constituencies in order to organize the elections easier, resulting in fraud in the election process; Implementing automatic registration in the process of voter registration lead to a lot of omissions, errors and duplications in registration; in the process of identifying candidates, because the“Electoral Law”is not clear, leading to value candidates political parties and people’s organizations but belittle candidates recommended by groups of voters, as well as though discussion to“eliminate”some of candidates in the course of determining candidates; In order to protect the right of some voters who can not go to the polling station to vote because of objective reasons,“Electoral Law”allows voter voting by proxy and using mobile ballot boxes. these can be said that the voting by proxy and the mobile ballot boxes have play an important role in protecting the voters’right, because of voters and election staff don’t enforce the“Electoral Law”strictly in the process of voting, there are some phenomenon of violating“Electoral Law”; The problem of supervising and removing representative: supervising the People’s Congress representative is important to promoting representative performing their duties and protecting the interests of voters, because the law is not clear, leading to the supervision and removal is a mere formality.
The third part focused on the reasons for problems of the election in the Township People’s Congress. To sum up, there are some main reasons: First, because laws are imperfect, leading to the irregular phenomenon in delineating constituencies and the course of determining candidates, the non-standard phenomenon can not be regulated by law during the voting process, supervising the People’s Congress representative is only a mere formality; Second, the systems are unsound especial nomination system and introduced system; Third, the traditional culture affects elections. Our country is impacted by feudalism long-term, lacking democratic traditions, Citizens is lack of democratic exercise also, and there is some phenomenon which violates“Electoral Law”in the electoral process from time to time; Fourth, family influences the election. The family often influences the vote in some areas of the Township People’s Congress election process.
Part IV points out the solution to the Township People’s Congress elections according to the problems in the Township People’s Congress elections: First, it is necessary to perfect“Electoral Law”further.“Electoral Law”should confirm the demarcation of constituencies and the procedures of official candidates clearly in order to ensure the fairness of the election; Second, we should perfect the system of election-related. To improve the voter registration system further so as to ensure the voters have an equal right to vote and to stand for election. Perfect the system of introduced and nomination of the candidates so that voters can understand candidates completely and elects the competent members of Township People’s Congress. Strengthen the competitive electoral system so as to raise candidate’s sense of responsibility and awareness of their duties. Standardize the voting by proxy and the using mobile ballot box system further so that these can protect the voters’right to vote and to stand for election. We should perfect the household registration system, making sure the rights to vote and to stand for election separate from the residence so that the floating population vote and stand for election; Third, we should strengthen the supervision of representative, and perfect the reporting system and recall system. It is important not only to enhance the representative’s awareness of performing their duties but also to ensure the political rights of citizens; Fourth, strengthening civic education. Through civic education make sure every citizen can realize the significance of protecting citizen’s political rights in the election of Township People’s Congress, make sure citizen understand how to resolve election problems by law. We should make people realized that the representative is a responsibility through publicity and education, he is a qualified representative only if he represent the people’s interests. People shouldn’t take being a representative as a means for personal gains by abusing power, as a rope in the relationships between superior and themselves, or as protection of irregularities.
China’s People’s Congress is body that the people exercise state power. As a result of China’s large population, people have to choose persons who be trusted, have the ability of participation and willing to represent the people’s interest to exercise state power by electing. Township People’s Congress as the most grass-roots organs of state power, its staff - representative is elected directly. Elections for Township People’s Congress representative is of great significance to protect the status of the people, the superiority of socialism, it is important for promoting democratic development and the building of political civilization in China.
This paper is divided into four main sections. The first part reviews the history of the development of the election of Township People’s Congress representative. In 1931, in Ruijin, Jiangxi province, held the first worker-peasant-soldier’s Conference, the General formulated the“Election Rules”, and then formulated the“Provisional Soviet electoral law”, the election has been protected by law from then on. Anti-Japanese War, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region government formulated the“Election Ordinance”, and it allowed people vote directly in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the“Election Ordinance”promoted the development of our country’s elections. September 1949, the first CPPCC was hold in Beijing, as the object conditions were not permitting at that time, most of the CPPCC members were generated through consultation, and People’s Political Consultative Conference was organs of state power authority also. With the state power had being consolidating and economic being developing, the conditions for holding elections were permitted, early in 1953, our country worked out the first socialism“Electoral Law”, the elections started all over the country. September 1954, the meeting of First National People’s Congress was hold in Beijing, the electoral system of People’s Congress was established formally in China. After reform and opening up, because of not only economic developing rapidly but also people’s living standards and cultural quality increasing, the people’s enthusiasm of participating in the election gradually improved also, People’s Congress election had been developing gradually at all levels. In order to adapt to this situations, in July 1979, the Second Session of the Fifth National People’s Congress formulated“Electoral Law for China’s National People’s Congress and Local People’s Congress at local levels”, The“Electoral Law”was of great significance for promoting People’s Congress election. With the development of the People’s Congress elections, the National People’s Congress and the National People’s Congress Standing Committee in 1982, 1986, 1995, 2004, amended the“Electoral Law”respectively. It adapted to the development of People’s Congress elections, and it played an important role in not only protecting citizens’right to vote and stand for election but also promoting the development of democracy in our country.
The second part analyzed the main problems of the current People’s Congress of township elections: Because the“Electoral Law”provided for the delineation of constituencies is not clear, some electoral commission often divide big constituencies in order to organize the elections easier, resulting in fraud in the election process; Implementing automatic registration in the process of voter registration lead to a lot of omissions, errors and duplications in registration; in the process of identifying candidates, because the“Electoral Law”is not clear, leading to value candidates political parties and people’s organizations but belittle candidates recommended by groups of voters, as well as though discussion to“eliminate”some of candidates in the course of determining candidates; In order to protect the right of some voters who can not go to the polling station to vote because of objective reasons,“Electoral Law”allows voter voting by proxy and using mobile ballot boxes. these can be said that the voting by proxy and the mobile ballot boxes have play an important role in protecting the voters’right, because of voters and election staff don’t enforce the“Electoral Law”strictly in the process of voting, there are some phenomenon of violating“Electoral Law”; The problem of supervising and removing representative: supervising the People’s Congress representative is important to promoting representative performing their duties and protecting the interests of voters, because the law is not clear, leading to the supervision and removal is a mere formality.
The third part focused on the reasons for problems of the election in the Township People’s Congress. To sum up, there are some main reasons: First, because laws are imperfect, leading to the irregular phenomenon in delineating constituencies and the course of determining candidates, the non-standard phenomenon can not be regulated by law during the voting process, supervising the People’s Congress representative is only a mere formality; Second, the systems are unsound especial nomination system and introduced system; Third, the traditional culture affects elections. Our country is impacted by feudalism long-term, lacking democratic traditions, Citizens is lack of democratic exercise also, and there is some phenomenon which violates“Electoral Law”in the electoral process from time to time; Fourth, family influences the election. The family often influences the vote in some areas of the Township People’s Congress election process.
Part IV points out the solution to the Township People’s Congress elections according to the problems in the Township People’s Congress elections: First, it is necessary to perfect“Electoral Law”further.“Electoral Law”should confirm the demarcation of constituencies and the procedures of official candidates clearly in order to ensure the fairness of the election; Second, we should perfect the system of election-related. To improve the voter registration system further so as to ensure the voters have an equal right to vote and to stand for election. Perfect the system of introduced and nomination of the candidates so that voters can understand candidates completely and elects the competent members of Township People’s Congress. Strengthen the competitive electoral system so as to raise candidate’s sense of responsibility and awareness of their duties. Standardize the voting by proxy and the using mobile ballot box system further so that these can protect the voters’right to vote and to stand for election. We should perfect the household registration system, making sure the rights to vote and to stand for election separate from the residence so that the floating population vote and stand for election; Third, we should strengthen the supervision of representative, and perfect the reporting system and recall system. It is important not only to enhance the representative’s awareness of performing their duties but also to ensure the political rights of citizens; Fourth, strengthening civic education. Through civic education make sure every citizen can realize the significance of protecting citizen’s political rights in the election of Township People’s Congress, make sure citizen understand how to resolve election problems by law. We should make people realized that the representative is a responsibility through publicity and education, he is a qualified representative only if he represent the people’s interests. People shouldn’t take being a representative as a means for personal gains by abusing power, as a rope in the relationships between superior and themselves, or as protection of irregularities.
引文
①袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第111页
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②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第119页
③胡盛仪,陈小京,田穗生:《中外选举制度比较》,商务印书馆,2000年第1版,第187页
④袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第153页
①许安标:《保障流动人口的选举权利》,中国人大,2006年第22期
②梁统锋:《新时期城市农民工选举权保障问题探析》,人大研究,2008年第3期
①谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第141页
①袁明圣:《委托投票制度的法理分析》,人大研究,2003年第6期;王宜峻:《委托投票与流动票箱使用失范及对策分析》,人大研究,2006年第11期
①蔡定剑:《国家监督制度》,中国法制出版社,1991年第1版,第7页
①任映红:《农村人情礼俗文化对选举公正的影响》,探索与争鸣,2008年第12期
①何健华,郭爱红:《论我国人大代表直接选举中程序的完善》,山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005年第3期
①彭宗超:《公民授权与代议民主》,河南人民出版社,2002年第1版,第133-134页
②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第119页
①谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
②谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
③谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
①赖其潮:《代表选举制度的改革和对代表的监督》,人大研究,1995年第9期
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③谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
①邹树彬:《关于义乌外来工当选镇人大代表改革探索的调查报告》,人大研究,2002年第9期
①袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第296页
②周梅燕:《试论我国直选制度中的选民登记程序》,人大研究,2003年第11期
③蔡定剑:《国家监督制度》,中国法制出版社,1991年第1版,前言第1页
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①袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第78页
②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第119页
③胡盛仪,陈小京,田穗生:《中外选举制度比较》,商务印书馆,2000年第1版,第187页
④袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第153页
①许安标:《保障流动人口的选举权利》,中国人大,2006年第22期
②梁统锋:《新时期城市农民工选举权保障问题探析》,人大研究,2008年第3期
①谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第141页
①袁明圣:《委托投票制度的法理分析》,人大研究,2003年第6期;王宜峻:《委托投票与流动票箱使用失范及对策分析》,人大研究,2006年第11期
①蔡定剑:《国家监督制度》,中国法制出版社,1991年第1版,第7页
①任映红:《农村人情礼俗文化对选举公正的影响》,探索与争鸣,2008年第12期
①何健华,郭爱红:《论我国人大代表直接选举中程序的完善》,山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005年第3期
①彭宗超:《公民授权与代议民主》,河南人民出版社,2002年第1版,第133-134页
②李凡:《中国选举制度改革》,上海交通大学出版社,2005年第1版,第119页
①谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
②谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
③谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
①赖其潮:《代表选举制度的改革和对代表的监督》,人大研究,1995年第9期
②周小梅:《关于人大代表制度的反思与重构》,人大研究,2003年第2期
③谢蒲定:《直接选举人大代表提名确定候选人的几个问题》,人大研究,2003年第11期
①邹树彬:《关于义乌外来工当选镇人大代表改革探索的调查报告》,人大研究,2002年第9期
①袁达毅,余敏,李欣:《乡级人大代表选举研究》,中国社会出版社,2008年第1版,第296页
②周梅燕:《试论我国直选制度中的选民登记程序》,人大研究,2003年第11期
③蔡定剑:《国家监督制度》,中国法制出版社,1991年第1版,前言第1页
①刘志鹏:《论村委会选举中的村民选举权》,中国农村观察,2002年第3期,转引自胡健:《村民自治中罢免制度的立法完善》,法治论坛,2007第1期
①吴江:《资产阶级政治民主评析(下)》,炎黄春秋,2003年第6期,转引自张敬武:《从代表构成看公民的政治参与》,人大研究,2005年第1期
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