真实感大场景重建的可视化技术的研究与实践
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摘要
随着计算机硬件、虚拟现实技术、可视化技术及图形学等各学科的迅猛发展,近年来发展了一个新的领域——真实感场景重建。这一技术在文物的计算机重建、虚拟展示以及破损文物的计算机重构中起着非常重要的作用,有着广泛的应用前景。针对大场景重建过程存在的数据量大存在冗余、场景信息不完备等问题,对真实感大场景的重建技术进行了深入的研究,主要研究内容如下:
1)建立地形和地物的三维模型。利用Cyra三维激光扫描系统对采集到的点云数据作简化等预处理工作。基于OpenGL对地形、地物数据分别采用规则网格、不规则网格两种建模方式,建立地形模型采用DEM数据组织方式,建立地物模型采用改进的Delaunay三角剖分方法。这样做避免了由一种建模方法带来的大量数据冗余,对模型的层次细节显示作了很好的铺垫。
2)基于层次细节(LOD)场景简化技术中的ROAM算法,给出了该算法的分块改进策略。针对三维地形数据量大,显示时不易全部显示所有模型的特点,考虑视距和地形情况,实现对ROAM算法的分块改进,应用于实现地形的实时渲染,动态的改变地形显示的层次细节,有效的节约了计算资源,提高了数据的处理速度。
3)设计并实现了真实感三维大场景可视化系统。以小雁塔场景真实感的设计与实现为例,实验验证了本文研究成果的可行性与有效性。
总之,本文提出的解决方案在一定程度上有效的解决了目前真实感场景重建中存在的问题。
With the rapid development of various technologies, such as computer hardware, virtual reality technology, visualization and graphics, a new field - Realistic scene reconstruction has developed in recent years. This technology plays a very important role in the computer reconstruction of historic relic, virtual display and the computer reconstruction of damaged relic. The scenes for the reconstruction process there exist ? large amount of data redundancy, incomplete scenes information and other issues, the realistic scene of the reconstruction carried out in-depth research, mainly on the following:
Focus on the establishment of 3D model of the terrain and building. We take pretreatment of data by Cyra 3D laser scanner. Based on OpenGL, the terrain is reconstructed on grid methods and the building is reconstructed on irregular methods. Terrain model using DEM data form and improved Delaunay Triangulation method is used in the building reconstruction.This can avoid the large number of data redundancy by using only one Modeling methods. It makes a good foreshadowing of the model level of detail shows.
Based on the level of detail (LOD) technology to simplify scenes in the ROAM algorithm, given the algorithm to improve the block strategy. For 3D terrain data, shows that when all the models show that not all the characteristics, consider distance of seeing and the terrain circumstance, the realization of the ROAM algorithm to improve the block, be used to achieve real-time rendering of the terrain, dynamic changes in topography shows that the level of details, economize the calculation resources effectively, raise the processing speed of the data.
Designing and implementing a Realistic scenes 3D visualization system. As an example small wild goose pagoda realistic scene has been has been designed and implemented, experimental verification of the results of this study on the feasibility and effectiveness.
In short, the solution proposed by this paper solves some problems of Realistic scene reconstruction in a certain degree effectively.
1)建立地形和地物的三维模型。利用Cyra三维激光扫描系统对采集到的点云数据作简化等预处理工作。基于OpenGL对地形、地物数据分别采用规则网格、不规则网格两种建模方式,建立地形模型采用DEM数据组织方式,建立地物模型采用改进的Delaunay三角剖分方法。这样做避免了由一种建模方法带来的大量数据冗余,对模型的层次细节显示作了很好的铺垫。
2)基于层次细节(LOD)场景简化技术中的ROAM算法,给出了该算法的分块改进策略。针对三维地形数据量大,显示时不易全部显示所有模型的特点,考虑视距和地形情况,实现对ROAM算法的分块改进,应用于实现地形的实时渲染,动态的改变地形显示的层次细节,有效的节约了计算资源,提高了数据的处理速度。
3)设计并实现了真实感三维大场景可视化系统。以小雁塔场景真实感的设计与实现为例,实验验证了本文研究成果的可行性与有效性。
总之,本文提出的解决方案在一定程度上有效的解决了目前真实感场景重建中存在的问题。
With the rapid development of various technologies, such as computer hardware, virtual reality technology, visualization and graphics, a new field - Realistic scene reconstruction has developed in recent years. This technology plays a very important role in the computer reconstruction of historic relic, virtual display and the computer reconstruction of damaged relic. The scenes for the reconstruction process there exist ? large amount of data redundancy, incomplete scenes information and other issues, the realistic scene of the reconstruction carried out in-depth research, mainly on the following:
Focus on the establishment of 3D model of the terrain and building. We take pretreatment of data by Cyra 3D laser scanner. Based on OpenGL, the terrain is reconstructed on grid methods and the building is reconstructed on irregular methods. Terrain model using DEM data form and improved Delaunay Triangulation method is used in the building reconstruction.This can avoid the large number of data redundancy by using only one Modeling methods. It makes a good foreshadowing of the model level of detail shows.
Based on the level of detail (LOD) technology to simplify scenes in the ROAM algorithm, given the algorithm to improve the block strategy. For 3D terrain data, shows that when all the models show that not all the characteristics, consider distance of seeing and the terrain circumstance, the realization of the ROAM algorithm to improve the block, be used to achieve real-time rendering of the terrain, dynamic changes in topography shows that the level of details, economize the calculation resources effectively, raise the processing speed of the data.
Designing and implementing a Realistic scenes 3D visualization system. As an example small wild goose pagoda realistic scene has been has been designed and implemented, experimental verification of the results of this study on the feasibility and effectiveness.
In short, the solution proposed by this paper solves some problems of Realistic scene reconstruction in a certain degree effectively.
引文
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[3]韩晓玲.虚拟现实技术发展趋向浅析.电脑知识与技术(学术交流).2007.
[4]A.K.Turner.Three-Dimensional Modeling With Geoscientific Information System,Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1991.
[5]M.Kavouras,S.Masry.An Information System for Geosciences:Design Considerations.Auto-Carto 8:Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposiumon Computer-Assisted Cartography,VA,1989:282-291.
[6]M.Kofler,H.Rehatschek,M.Gruber.A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photo realistic Visualization.International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing.Vienna,1996,31(B2):198-202.
[7]Gurminder Singh et al.Brick Net:sharing object behaviors on the Net.In:Proc VirtualReality Annual International Symposium,North Carolina,1995.19-25.
[8]Lee Adams.Visualization and Virtual Reality.McGraw-Hill Publishing 1993.
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[11]Witkin A,Kass M.,Spacetime constraints.Computer Graphics,1998.22(4),159-168.
[12]朱英浩、张祖勋.城市景观实时三维动画的实现.测绘信息与工程,2000,25(1):12-15.
[13]秦建新、张青年.地图可视化研究.地理研究2000,19(1):15-21.
[14]李清泉、李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究.测绘学报,1998,27(4):325-330.
[15]张茂军.虚拟现实系统.科学出版社.2001年.
[16]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社.1999.
[17]李云华.虚拟现实技术综述.重型机械科技.2004,(4).
[18]谢晶妮、张茂军.虚拟现实发展趋势展望.计算机工程.2002,(7).
[19]张占龙,罗辞勇,何为.虚拟现实技术概述.计算机仿真,2005,3:22.
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[21]乔林、费广正等.程序设计OpenGL.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[22]Richard S Wright(美),Michael Sweet(美),潇湘工作室译.OpenGL超级宝典(第二版).人民邮电出版社,2001.
[23]OpenGL architecture review board.OpenGL Reference Manual.Addison Wesly,1992.
[24]Neider J,Davis T,Woo M.OpenGL programming guide.Addison Wesly,1993.
[25]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis,and Dave Shreiner.OpenGL 编程权威指南.中国电力出版社,北京,第三版,2003.
[26]Edward Angel.OpenGL程序设计指南.李桂琼,张文祥,译.2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[27]尚游、陈岩涛.OpenGL图形程序设计指南.中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[28]白燕斌.OpenGL三维图形库编程指南.机械工业出版社,1998.
[29]Dave shreiner主编,OpenGL参考手册,机械工业出版社,2001.1
[30]和平鸽工作室,OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[31]李颖等,OpenGL技术应用实例精粹,国防工业出版社,2001.1.
[32]和平鸽工作室,OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术(实用技术篇),清华大学出版社、重庆大学出版社,2003,8.
[33]杨克俭、,刘舒燕、陈定方.虚拟现实中的建模方法.武汉理工大学学报,2001.23(6):47-50
[34]O'Callaghan J F.The Extraction of Drainage Networks from Digital Elevation Data.Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image processing,1984(28):323-344.
[35]王源.数字勘测技术.南京:理工大学工程兵工程学院,2001.
[36]邬伦、刘瑜、马修军、等.地理信息系统原理方法和应用.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[37]朱红春.数字高程模型DEM空间数据挖掘研究,西安:西北大学,2003.
[38]TSAI V J D.Delaunay Triangulations in TIN Creation:Overview and a Linear-time Algorithm.International journal of GIS,1993,7(6):501-524.
[39]吴焕萍、潘愚.规则格网DTM快速构建算法研究.计算机应用研究2004(6):26-28.
[40]张海峰、吴福初、张晓明.虚拟现实系统中三维视觉几何建模.海军航空工程学院学报,2005(5):362-364.
[41]Dinesh M,Ryosuke S.Auto-extraction of Urban Features from Vehicle-Borne Laser Data.Symposium on Geospatial Theory,Processing and Applications,Ottawa,2002.
[42]Cyra Technologies Inc.Cyclone 5.5 User's Manual,2005.
[43]Yaghmour K.Building Embedded Linux Systems.USA:O'Reilly,2003.54-64.
[44]Lee D T,Schachter B J.Two algorithms for constructing a delaunay triangulation,Int.J.of Computer and Information Sciences,1980,9(3):162-168.
[45]凌海滨、吴兵.改进的自连接Deluanay三角网生成算法.计算机应用.1999-12,第19卷第12期.
[46]武晓波、王世新、肖春生.Deluanay三角网的生成算法研究.测绘学报.1999-2,第28卷第1期.
[47]吴晓宇、张登荣.生成Deluanay三角网的快速合成算法.浙江大学学报(理学报).2004-5,第31卷第3期.
[48]Lee D.T.and Schachter B.J.Two algorithms for constructing a Delaunay Triangulation [J].Journal of Computer and Information Science.1995,9(3):P219-242.
[49]Green PJ.Sibson R.Computing Dirichlet Tesselations in the Plane.The Computer Journal,1998.21(2):P168-173.
[50]廖朵朵、张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计.北京:星球地图出版社,1996.
[51]张国宣、韦穗.虚拟现实中的LOD技术.微机发展变化.2001(1)13-15.
[52]M.deBegrandK..T.GDobrindt.Onlevelsofdetailinterrains.TechnicalReportUU-CS-1995-12,Department of Computer science,UtreehtUniversity.1995.
[53]Mark Duchaineau,LLNL,Murray Wolinsky,et al.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes.In:Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization'97,1997,81-88.
[54]王光营.基于JAVA3D的网络三维实景可视化技术的研究与实践.西安:西北大学,2007.
[55]周宏伟、杨平、陈琦.实时地形可视化ROAM算法的分块改进.测绘通报,2003(8).
[56]Kraak Menno-Jan.Geo visualization-the role of 3D computer graphics and software engineering.Geo Informatics,2002(12):8-20.
[2]汪成为、高文、王行仁.灵境(虚拟现实)技术的理论、实现及应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1996.
[3]韩晓玲.虚拟现实技术发展趋向浅析.电脑知识与技术(学术交流).2007.
[4]A.K.Turner.Three-Dimensional Modeling With Geoscientific Information System,Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1991.
[5]M.Kavouras,S.Masry.An Information System for Geosciences:Design Considerations.Auto-Carto 8:Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposiumon Computer-Assisted Cartography,VA,1989:282-291.
[6]M.Kofler,H.Rehatschek,M.Gruber.A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photo realistic Visualization.International Archives of Photogrammetry and remote Sensing.Vienna,1996,31(B2):198-202.
[7]Gurminder Singh et al.Brick Net:sharing object behaviors on the Net.In:Proc VirtualReality Annual International Symposium,North Carolina,1995.19-25.
[8]Lee Adams.Visualization and Virtual Reality.McGraw-Hill Publishing 1993.
[9]De Haemerjr,Michael J,Michael J.Zyda.Simplification of objects Rendered by Polygonal APProximations·ComPuter&GraPhies.1991,15(2):175-184.
[10]Rossignac,JarekR,Paul Borrel Multi-resolution3D APProximations for Rendering ComPlex Scenes.Technical ReportRC.17697.
[11]Witkin A,Kass M.,Spacetime constraints.Computer Graphics,1998.22(4),159-168.
[12]朱英浩、张祖勋.城市景观实时三维动画的实现.测绘信息与工程,2000,25(1):12-15.
[13]秦建新、张青年.地图可视化研究.地理研究2000,19(1):15-21.
[14]李清泉、李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究.测绘学报,1998,27(4):325-330.
[15]张茂军.虚拟现实系统.科学出版社.2001年.
[16]唐泽圣等.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社.1999.
[17]李云华.虚拟现实技术综述.重型机械科技.2004,(4).
[18]谢晶妮、张茂军.虚拟现实发展趋势展望.计算机工程.2002,(7).
[19]张占龙,罗辞勇,何为.虚拟现实技术概述.计算机仿真,2005,3:22.
[20]周红军、王选科.虚拟现实系统概述.航空计算技术,2005,(1).
[21]乔林、费广正等.程序设计OpenGL.北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
[22]Richard S Wright(美),Michael Sweet(美),潇湘工作室译.OpenGL超级宝典(第二版).人民邮电出版社,2001.
[23]OpenGL architecture review board.OpenGL Reference Manual.Addison Wesly,1992.
[24]Neider J,Davis T,Woo M.OpenGL programming guide.Addison Wesly,1993.
[25]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider,Tom Davis,and Dave Shreiner.OpenGL 编程权威指南.中国电力出版社,北京,第三版,2003.
[26]Edward Angel.OpenGL程序设计指南.李桂琼,张文祥,译.2版.北京:清华大学出版社,2005.
[27]尚游、陈岩涛.OpenGL图形程序设计指南.中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[28]白燕斌.OpenGL三维图形库编程指南.机械工业出版社,1998.
[29]Dave shreiner主编,OpenGL参考手册,机械工业出版社,2001.1
[30]和平鸽工作室,OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发(高级编程篇),中国水利水电出版社,2002.
[31]李颖等,OpenGL技术应用实例精粹,国防工业出版社,2001.1.
[32]和平鸽工作室,OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实用技术(实用技术篇),清华大学出版社、重庆大学出版社,2003,8.
[33]杨克俭、,刘舒燕、陈定方.虚拟现实中的建模方法.武汉理工大学学报,2001.23(6):47-50
[34]O'Callaghan J F.The Extraction of Drainage Networks from Digital Elevation Data.Computer Vision,Graphics,and Image processing,1984(28):323-344.
[35]王源.数字勘测技术.南京:理工大学工程兵工程学院,2001.
[36]邬伦、刘瑜、马修军、等.地理信息系统原理方法和应用.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[37]朱红春.数字高程模型DEM空间数据挖掘研究,西安:西北大学,2003.
[38]TSAI V J D.Delaunay Triangulations in TIN Creation:Overview and a Linear-time Algorithm.International journal of GIS,1993,7(6):501-524.
[39]吴焕萍、潘愚.规则格网DTM快速构建算法研究.计算机应用研究2004(6):26-28.
[40]张海峰、吴福初、张晓明.虚拟现实系统中三维视觉几何建模.海军航空工程学院学报,2005(5):362-364.
[41]Dinesh M,Ryosuke S.Auto-extraction of Urban Features from Vehicle-Borne Laser Data.Symposium on Geospatial Theory,Processing and Applications,Ottawa,2002.
[42]Cyra Technologies Inc.Cyclone 5.5 User's Manual,2005.
[43]Yaghmour K.Building Embedded Linux Systems.USA:O'Reilly,2003.54-64.
[44]Lee D T,Schachter B J.Two algorithms for constructing a delaunay triangulation,Int.J.of Computer and Information Sciences,1980,9(3):162-168.
[45]凌海滨、吴兵.改进的自连接Deluanay三角网生成算法.计算机应用.1999-12,第19卷第12期.
[46]武晓波、王世新、肖春生.Deluanay三角网的生成算法研究.测绘学报.1999-2,第28卷第1期.
[47]吴晓宇、张登荣.生成Deluanay三角网的快速合成算法.浙江大学学报(理学报).2004-5,第31卷第3期.
[48]Lee D.T.and Schachter B.J.Two algorithms for constructing a Delaunay Triangulation [J].Journal of Computer and Information Science.1995,9(3):P219-242.
[49]Green PJ.Sibson R.Computing Dirichlet Tesselations in the Plane.The Computer Journal,1998.21(2):P168-173.
[50]廖朵朵、张华军.OpenGL三维图形程序设计.北京:星球地图出版社,1996.
[51]张国宣、韦穗.虚拟现实中的LOD技术.微机发展变化.2001(1)13-15.
[52]M.deBegrandK..T.GDobrindt.Onlevelsofdetailinterrains.TechnicalReportUU-CS-1995-12,Department of Computer science,UtreehtUniversity.1995.
[53]Mark Duchaineau,LLNL,Murray Wolinsky,et al.ROAMing Terrain:Real-time Optimally Adapting Meshes.In:Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization'97,1997,81-88.
[54]王光营.基于JAVA3D的网络三维实景可视化技术的研究与实践.西安:西北大学,2007.
[55]周宏伟、杨平、陈琦.实时地形可视化ROAM算法的分块改进.测绘通报,2003(8).
[56]Kraak Menno-Jan.Geo visualization-the role of 3D computer graphics and software engineering.Geo Informatics,2002(12):8-20.