基于GPS的电离层监测及延迟改正理论与方法的研究
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摘要
根据当前大地测量、地球物理、空间物理和导航等领域的科学研究和工程应用中的若干重要GPS科研项目的需要，近年来，我们系统研究了电离层延迟的高精度模拟和改正方法。本文报告的内容，是我们研究工作的部分贡献，主要涉及基于GPS的电离层监测及延迟的高精度改正的理论与方法的研究：如何通过修正静、动态单、双频用户的电离层延迟影响，进一步改善GPS测量的精度和可靠性；增强型GPS广域差分系统的电离层模拟及利用GPS监测电离层的理论和方法等方面。
本文主要包括两方面的内容：
一、研究背景的一般性描述及相关基础研究的系统总结和介绍，主要涉及：地球电离层研究意义，地球电离层探测技术与相关理论研究的内容，现代大地测量中电离层问题的由来、严重性与新课题，地球电离层的基本特性及其对电波传播的影响，GPS定位的基本理论与方法，电离层延迟对GPS测量的影响，GPS的电离层延迟改正的基本方法，基于GPS的电离层研究的基本原理与方法等。进而论述了解决GPS的电离层延迟影响的重要性和切入点。
二、具体研究工作的系统报告，主要集中在以下几方面：
①研究如何利用单台双频GPS接收机的观测信息确定电离层延迟改正模型，为小范围的单频用户服务；
②研究如何实时分离GPS观测中的仪器偏差与电离层延迟；
③研究如何建立较大区域的电离层格网模型，进而初步设想利用中国地壳运动观测网络深入研究我国领域的电离层的电子浓度变化规律；
④研究单频用户在不利条件下，如何更好地利用电离层延迟改正信息；
⑤研究利用GPS监测随机电离层扰动的基本理论和框架方案；
⑥研究如何综合顾及电离层的周日、季节和年变化，进一步提高利用GPS模拟电离层延迟的能力；
⑦研究如何实现星载单频GPS低轨卫星的精密测轨中的电离层延迟改正要求。
1．(局部)电离层延迟的高精度提取
系统论述和分析了影响利用GPS观测精确提取电离层延迟信息的各类因素。通过对有关模型和方法问题的深入研究，进一步提高了利用GPS提取电离层延迟信息的精度。主要包括：
(1)将参数固定的三角级数函数电离层模型，扩展为更适用于理论研究和实际应用的参数可调型广义形式，实现了根据电离层延迟时空变化特征，选择不同的特征参数模拟电离层延迟的影响。试算结果表明，它能较好地反映电离层活动特性，提高了局部电离层延迟模拟能力，适用于DGPS系统修正其服务区域内的单频GPS用户的电离层延迟。
(2)设计了几种不同的计算方案，用于分析仪器偏差对确定电离层延迟的影响的特点。研究表明，仪器偏差对求解电离层延迟的影响远大于观测噪声的影响，给电离层延迟观测值带来高达数米的系统误差。利用GPS观测数据求解电离层模型或直接计算斜距电离层延迟时，都须慎重处理仪器偏差，不应简单把其作为噪声处理；
(3)利用相位平滑测码数据进一步精化了仪器偏差分离方法，探讨了仪器偏差的稳定性。研究发现，新方法可有效克服噪声对分离仪器偏差的影响，而且仪器偏差相对稳定并可有效进行测段间及数日间预报。
(4)基于实时平均去噪和码、相位观测数据的加权联合处理的思想，提出了一种实时分离仪器偏差和求解电离层延迟量的新方案。算例表明，新方法通过采用平均去噪分离方法后处理相位
丞于G陀的电官唇监剥及延迟改正工论与方法的研究
平滑测码数据，求出仪器偏差并对需要实时处理仪器偏差的观测数据进行预报改止，直接利用观
测值确定电离层延迟量，待估参数少、能消除仪器偏差的大部分影响，具有较好的精度，可作为
WAAS及其他GPS网络系统确定电离层延迟的可行的参考方案。
2．一种构建大规模沤域性和全球性）高精度格网电离层模型的新方法
— —站际分区法及其在中国的初步实现
在系统深入研究了格网电离层模型建立原理与方掐的基础上，为避免基准站网的儿伺结构对
模刑精度估计的影响，充分顾及电离层延迟影响的局部特性，进一步提高格网山离层模4IJ的构建 回
精度，提出了一种新的格网电离层模型构建方法——站际分厂格网法。在以上研究的的基础上，一
估计了利川地壳过动观测网络的基准网建立格网山离层模刑的精度，初步探讨中国域内拟建立的
）”域斧分GPS增强系统，采用格网电离层模刑提供屯离层改止信息的可行性及有待进一步研究的
间题。
3．不利条件下为WAAS的单频GPS用户提供电离层延迟改正
的新方法一一APRI方案
在止常条件羽！平静电离层区域，WAAS能够满足单频用户的电离层延迟改上要求，们当川户
无法止常获取电离层延迟改上信息时，如在差分系统夹然中断信息发迭或用户步入无法止常接收
X分改止信息的位置等不利条件下，单频GPS接收机不能有效进行实时电离层延迟改止，尤其在
屯离层活动异常区域如电离层扰动条件下，实时差分改正效果将受到严重影响。这些问题在WAAS
的实际运行中是难以避免和必须解决的。而以往的研究结果，均为后处理方法，不能满足（准）实时
处理电离层扰动的要求。
计村这种状况，我们通过设计能有效结合电离
Recently,according to the requirements of some important GPS research subjects in the fields of Geodesy,Geophysics,Space-Physics and navigation in China,we studied systematically how to correcting the effects of the ionosphere on GPS,with high-precision and accuracy. As the parts of the main contributions,the research projects focus mainly on How to improve GPS surveying by reducing ionospheric delay for dual/single frequency kinematic/static users:high accuracy correction of ionospheric delay for single/dual frequency GPS users on the earth and in space,China WAAS ionospheric modeling and the theory and method of monitoring of ionosphere using GPS.
The main contents of this Ph.D paper consist of two parts:
Fisrt part-the outline of research background and the systematic introduction and summarization of the previous research results of this work.
Second part-the main contribution and research results of this paper are focused on as follows:
(1) How to use the measurements of a dual frequency GPS receiver to determine the ionospheric delay correction model for single frequency GPS of a local range;
(2) How to separate the instrumental biases with the ionospheric delays in GPS observation;
(3) How to establish a large range grid ionosphere model and use the GPS data of Chinese crust movement observation network to investigate the change law of ionospheric TEC of China area;
(4) How to improve the effectiveness of correcting ionospheric delays for WAAS's users under adverse conditions.
(5) How to establish the basic theory and the corresponding framework of monitoring the stochastic ionospheric disturbance using GPS
(6) How to improve the modelling ability of ionospheric delay according to its diurnal,seasonal,annual variations based on GPS;
(7) How to meet the demand of correcting the ionospheric delay of high-precision orbit determination for low-earth satellite using a single frequency GPS receiver
1 Extracting (local) ionospheric information from GPS data with high-precision
The factors are systematically described and analyzed which limit the precision of using GPS data to extract ionospheric delays. The precision of determining ionospheric delay using GPS is improved based on the further research of the related models and methods. The main achievements of this work include the some aspects as follows:
(1) Based on a simple model with constant number of parameters,which consists of a set of trigonometric series functions,a generalized ionospheric model is constructed whose parameters can be adjusted. Due to the property of selecting the different parameters according to the change law of ionospheric delay,the new model has better availability in the field of the related theoretic research and engineering application. The experimental results show that the model can indicate the characteristic of ionospheric actions,improves further the modeling ability of local ionosphere and may be used to correct efficiently ionospheric delay of the single frequency GPS uses serviced by DGPS.
(2) Different calculating schemes are designed which are used to analyze in detail the characteristics of the effect from instrumental bias (IB) in GPS observations on determining ionospheric delays. IB is different from noise in GPS observations. The experimental results show that the effect of IB is much larger than that of the noise on estimating ionospheic delay,and IB can cause ionospheric delay
measurements to include systematic errors of the order of several meters. Therefore,one must significantly take notice of IB and remove its negative effect,and should not casually consider IB as part of noise whenever GPS data are used to fit ionospheric model or to directly calculate ionospheric delay.
(3) Stability of IB is studied with a refined method for separating it from ionospheric delay using multi-day GPS phase-smoothed code data. The experimental results show that,by using averaging of noise with phase-smoothed code observation,the effect of noise on separating IB from ION can be effic
本文主要包括两方面的内容：
一、研究背景的一般性描述及相关基础研究的系统总结和介绍，主要涉及：地球电离层研究意义，地球电离层探测技术与相关理论研究的内容，现代大地测量中电离层问题的由来、严重性与新课题，地球电离层的基本特性及其对电波传播的影响，GPS定位的基本理论与方法，电离层延迟对GPS测量的影响，GPS的电离层延迟改正的基本方法，基于GPS的电离层研究的基本原理与方法等。进而论述了解决GPS的电离层延迟影响的重要性和切入点。
二、具体研究工作的系统报告，主要集中在以下几方面：
①研究如何利用单台双频GPS接收机的观测信息确定电离层延迟改正模型，为小范围的单频用户服务；
②研究如何实时分离GPS观测中的仪器偏差与电离层延迟；
③研究如何建立较大区域的电离层格网模型，进而初步设想利用中国地壳运动观测网络深入研究我国领域的电离层的电子浓度变化规律；
④研究单频用户在不利条件下，如何更好地利用电离层延迟改正信息；
⑤研究利用GPS监测随机电离层扰动的基本理论和框架方案；
⑥研究如何综合顾及电离层的周日、季节和年变化，进一步提高利用GPS模拟电离层延迟的能力；
⑦研究如何实现星载单频GPS低轨卫星的精密测轨中的电离层延迟改正要求。
1．(局部)电离层延迟的高精度提取
系统论述和分析了影响利用GPS观测精确提取电离层延迟信息的各类因素。通过对有关模型和方法问题的深入研究，进一步提高了利用GPS提取电离层延迟信息的精度。主要包括：
(1)将参数固定的三角级数函数电离层模型，扩展为更适用于理论研究和实际应用的参数可调型广义形式，实现了根据电离层延迟时空变化特征，选择不同的特征参数模拟电离层延迟的影响。试算结果表明，它能较好地反映电离层活动特性，提高了局部电离层延迟模拟能力，适用于DGPS系统修正其服务区域内的单频GPS用户的电离层延迟。
(2)设计了几种不同的计算方案，用于分析仪器偏差对确定电离层延迟的影响的特点。研究表明，仪器偏差对求解电离层延迟的影响远大于观测噪声的影响，给电离层延迟观测值带来高达数米的系统误差。利用GPS观测数据求解电离层模型或直接计算斜距电离层延迟时，都须慎重处理仪器偏差，不应简单把其作为噪声处理；
(3)利用相位平滑测码数据进一步精化了仪器偏差分离方法，探讨了仪器偏差的稳定性。研究发现，新方法可有效克服噪声对分离仪器偏差的影响，而且仪器偏差相对稳定并可有效进行测段间及数日间预报。
(4)基于实时平均去噪和码、相位观测数据的加权联合处理的思想，提出了一种实时分离仪器偏差和求解电离层延迟量的新方案。算例表明，新方法通过采用平均去噪分离方法后处理相位
丞于G陀的电官唇监剥及延迟改正工论与方法的研究
平滑测码数据，求出仪器偏差并对需要实时处理仪器偏差的观测数据进行预报改止，直接利用观
测值确定电离层延迟量，待估参数少、能消除仪器偏差的大部分影响，具有较好的精度，可作为
WAAS及其他GPS网络系统确定电离层延迟的可行的参考方案。
2．一种构建大规模沤域性和全球性）高精度格网电离层模型的新方法
— —站际分区法及其在中国的初步实现
在系统深入研究了格网电离层模型建立原理与方掐的基础上，为避免基准站网的儿伺结构对
模刑精度估计的影响，充分顾及电离层延迟影响的局部特性，进一步提高格网山离层模4IJ的构建 回
精度，提出了一种新的格网电离层模型构建方法——站际分厂格网法。在以上研究的的基础上，一
估计了利川地壳过动观测网络的基准网建立格网山离层模刑的精度，初步探讨中国域内拟建立的
）”域斧分GPS增强系统，采用格网电离层模刑提供屯离层改止信息的可行性及有待进一步研究的
间题。
3．不利条件下为WAAS的单频GPS用户提供电离层延迟改正
的新方法一一APRI方案
在止常条件羽！平静电离层区域，WAAS能够满足单频用户的电离层延迟改上要求，们当川户
无法止常获取电离层延迟改上信息时，如在差分系统夹然中断信息发迭或用户步入无法止常接收
X分改止信息的位置等不利条件下，单频GPS接收机不能有效进行实时电离层延迟改止，尤其在
屯离层活动异常区域如电离层扰动条件下，实时差分改正效果将受到严重影响。这些问题在WAAS
的实际运行中是难以避免和必须解决的。而以往的研究结果，均为后处理方法，不能满足（准）实时
处理电离层扰动的要求。
计村这种状况，我们通过设计能有效结合电离
Recently,according to the requirements of some important GPS research subjects in the fields of Geodesy,Geophysics,Space-Physics and navigation in China,we studied systematically how to correcting the effects of the ionosphere on GPS,with high-precision and accuracy. As the parts of the main contributions,the research projects focus mainly on How to improve GPS surveying by reducing ionospheric delay for dual/single frequency kinematic/static users:high accuracy correction of ionospheric delay for single/dual frequency GPS users on the earth and in space,China WAAS ionospheric modeling and the theory and method of monitoring of ionosphere using GPS.
The main contents of this Ph.D paper consist of two parts:
Fisrt part-the outline of research background and the systematic introduction and summarization of the previous research results of this work.
Second part-the main contribution and research results of this paper are focused on as follows:
(1) How to use the measurements of a dual frequency GPS receiver to determine the ionospheric delay correction model for single frequency GPS of a local range;
(2) How to separate the instrumental biases with the ionospheric delays in GPS observation;
(3) How to establish a large range grid ionosphere model and use the GPS data of Chinese crust movement observation network to investigate the change law of ionospheric TEC of China area;
(4) How to improve the effectiveness of correcting ionospheric delays for WAAS's users under adverse conditions.
(5) How to establish the basic theory and the corresponding framework of monitoring the stochastic ionospheric disturbance using GPS
(6) How to improve the modelling ability of ionospheric delay according to its diurnal,seasonal,annual variations based on GPS;
(7) How to meet the demand of correcting the ionospheric delay of high-precision orbit determination for low-earth satellite using a single frequency GPS receiver
1 Extracting (local) ionospheric information from GPS data with high-precision
The factors are systematically described and analyzed which limit the precision of using GPS data to extract ionospheric delays. The precision of determining ionospheric delay using GPS is improved based on the further research of the related models and methods. The main achievements of this work include the some aspects as follows:
(1) Based on a simple model with constant number of parameters,which consists of a set of trigonometric series functions,a generalized ionospheric model is constructed whose parameters can be adjusted. Due to the property of selecting the different parameters according to the change law of ionospheric delay,the new model has better availability in the field of the related theoretic research and engineering application. The experimental results show that the model can indicate the characteristic of ionospheric actions,improves further the modeling ability of local ionosphere and may be used to correct efficiently ionospheric delay of the single frequency GPS uses serviced by DGPS.
(2) Different calculating schemes are designed which are used to analyze in detail the characteristics of the effect from instrumental bias (IB) in GPS observations on determining ionospheric delays. IB is different from noise in GPS observations. The experimental results show that the effect of IB is much larger than that of the noise on estimating ionospheic delay,and IB can cause ionospheric delay
measurements to include systematic errors of the order of several meters. Therefore,one must significantly take notice of IB and remove its negative effect,and should not casually consider IB as part of noise whenever GPS data are used to fit ionospheric model or to directly calculate ionospheric delay.
(3) Stability of IB is studied with a refined method for separating it from ionospheric delay using multi-day GPS phase-smoothed code data. The experimental results show that,by using averaging of noise with phase-smoothed code observation,the effect of noise on separating IB from ION can be effic
引文
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