异质文化交流下的中国形象
|
摘要
在异质文化交流史上,中国一度被西方描述成原始野蛮的异域番邦。是赛珍珠让西方重新审视中国,她在《大地》中塑造的王龙夫妇那种对土地和生命的执着感染了处在经济大萧条困境中的美国大众。另外,西方世界涌现出很多华裔作家,他们不遗余力地向西方介绍中国。谭恩美的《喜福会》通过母亲的回忆向西方展示了中国文化的神秘,引起西方世界的关注。
近年来,比较文学和海外华文文学研究都十分关注跨文化的文学研究。异质文化语境下文学的文化研究成为他们共同拓展的空间。形象学是跨文化研究领域新兴发展起来的一种理论,主要研究文学中的异国异族形象。比较文学意义上的形象学,更加注重探讨异质文化语境下文学形象间的相互影响,即“自我”和“他者”,“本土”和“异域”的互动性。根据形象学,任何形象的塑造都是自我和他者互动的结果。笔者认为,赛珍珠的中国形象塑造是自我和他者相互关照下的折中;谭恩美的中国形象塑造则是在“自我”主体混杂与困惑下的一种身份寻求。本论文运用形象学理论分析异质文化语境下的中国形象,旨在揭示“自我”和“他者”的互动对异质文化交流的影响。
本论文一共五章,第一章引言主要向读者分别介绍赛珍珠《大地》和谭恩美《喜福会》在文学史上的地位及其国内外研究现状。第二章从社会学角度针对赛珍珠和谭恩美的“边缘人”文化身份进行了分析探索,指出:为了走出这种身份尴尬的困境,边缘人试图从文学塑造中寻求出路,赛珍珠和谭恩美选择中国叙事以寻找自我价值。第三章引入形象学理论,以文本分析为主,比较赛珍珠《大地》和谭恩美《喜福会》对中国形象的塑造,指出他者眼中的中国形象塑造从根本上是对美国自我文化的关照。第四章把中国形象塑造置身于异质文化交流大语境,从文化相对主义分析中国形象塑造为什么是这样而不是那样,同时指出中国形象重塑在全球化大发展过程中的重要意义以及边缘人在这个过程中所能扮演的角色。第五章对整篇论文做了总结,进一步阐述了异质文化交流下的中国形象的研究价值,为今后异质文化交流下中国形象塑造和发展提供了可行性建议。
China was once considered as a primitive, barbarous and exotic land in heterogeneous cultural communication. It was Pearl S. Buck's vivid descriptions about Chinese peasants Wang Lung and his wife's pursuits for earth and life in The Good Earth that encouraged American people who were then in stuck of the Great Depression. On the other hand, many American Chinese writers make every effort to write Chinese stories in Western context. The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan shows a mysterious China to West through mothers' memories and arrests the eyes of Western public.
In recent years, comparative study and American Chinese literary study give more and more attention to cross-cultural elements of such literary works. Cultural study on literary works with heterogeneous cultural context becomes a new trend in this study field. Imagology is a study of the foreign images and it is concerned with the representations of Other image in historical, cultural and literary context. Imagology in comparative study gives more attention to the interactive relations between those Other images. According to Imagology, any image creation is come out under an interactive care between Self and Other. As cultural marginal persons, Pearl S. Buck creates a compromised Chinese image with a considerate care between Self and Other; while Amy Tan makes a patchwork of collected Chinese imagination with a confusing self-identification. This thesis aims to analyze literary texts written in heterogeneous cultural context from the angle of Imagology and cultural relativism, with an intention on Chinese image reinvention.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introductory part, which gives a detailed introduction to Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth and Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club as well as a review of the related researches in both works; meanwhile, it also presents the research objectives of this thesis. Chapter two makes an exploration of the identities of Pearl S. Buck and Amy Tan from the respect of Sociology and points out that, it is Chinese narration by means of literary creation that can help them out of identity confusion; meanwhile, their Chinese narrations deeply unfold their Self riddles. In the third chapter, a detailed and progressive analysis is applied to Chinese images together with Chinese traditions in Others' eyes. The theory and methodology of Imagology will be employed to interpret Buck and Tan's Chinese images creation. When it comes to the forth chapter, it mainly discusses the Chinese image reinvention in heterogeneous cultural communication context from the angle of cultural relativism. Chapter five is the concluding part, it further points out the significance of the study on Chinese image in heterogeneous cultural communication context. And meanwhile it predicts a possibility for multi-cultural co-existence and the role the marginal person may play in this process.
近年来,比较文学和海外华文文学研究都十分关注跨文化的文学研究。异质文化语境下文学的文化研究成为他们共同拓展的空间。形象学是跨文化研究领域新兴发展起来的一种理论,主要研究文学中的异国异族形象。比较文学意义上的形象学,更加注重探讨异质文化语境下文学形象间的相互影响,即“自我”和“他者”,“本土”和“异域”的互动性。根据形象学,任何形象的塑造都是自我和他者互动的结果。笔者认为,赛珍珠的中国形象塑造是自我和他者相互关照下的折中;谭恩美的中国形象塑造则是在“自我”主体混杂与困惑下的一种身份寻求。本论文运用形象学理论分析异质文化语境下的中国形象,旨在揭示“自我”和“他者”的互动对异质文化交流的影响。
本论文一共五章,第一章引言主要向读者分别介绍赛珍珠《大地》和谭恩美《喜福会》在文学史上的地位及其国内外研究现状。第二章从社会学角度针对赛珍珠和谭恩美的“边缘人”文化身份进行了分析探索,指出:为了走出这种身份尴尬的困境,边缘人试图从文学塑造中寻求出路,赛珍珠和谭恩美选择中国叙事以寻找自我价值。第三章引入形象学理论,以文本分析为主,比较赛珍珠《大地》和谭恩美《喜福会》对中国形象的塑造,指出他者眼中的中国形象塑造从根本上是对美国自我文化的关照。第四章把中国形象塑造置身于异质文化交流大语境,从文化相对主义分析中国形象塑造为什么是这样而不是那样,同时指出中国形象重塑在全球化大发展过程中的重要意义以及边缘人在这个过程中所能扮演的角色。第五章对整篇论文做了总结,进一步阐述了异质文化交流下的中国形象的研究价值,为今后异质文化交流下中国形象塑造和发展提供了可行性建议。
China was once considered as a primitive, barbarous and exotic land in heterogeneous cultural communication. It was Pearl S. Buck's vivid descriptions about Chinese peasants Wang Lung and his wife's pursuits for earth and life in The Good Earth that encouraged American people who were then in stuck of the Great Depression. On the other hand, many American Chinese writers make every effort to write Chinese stories in Western context. The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan shows a mysterious China to West through mothers' memories and arrests the eyes of Western public.
In recent years, comparative study and American Chinese literary study give more and more attention to cross-cultural elements of such literary works. Cultural study on literary works with heterogeneous cultural context becomes a new trend in this study field. Imagology is a study of the foreign images and it is concerned with the representations of Other image in historical, cultural and literary context. Imagology in comparative study gives more attention to the interactive relations between those Other images. According to Imagology, any image creation is come out under an interactive care between Self and Other. As cultural marginal persons, Pearl S. Buck creates a compromised Chinese image with a considerate care between Self and Other; while Amy Tan makes a patchwork of collected Chinese imagination with a confusing self-identification. This thesis aims to analyze literary texts written in heterogeneous cultural context from the angle of Imagology and cultural relativism, with an intention on Chinese image reinvention.
This thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introductory part, which gives a detailed introduction to Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth and Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club as well as a review of the related researches in both works; meanwhile, it also presents the research objectives of this thesis. Chapter two makes an exploration of the identities of Pearl S. Buck and Amy Tan from the respect of Sociology and points out that, it is Chinese narration by means of literary creation that can help them out of identity confusion; meanwhile, their Chinese narrations deeply unfold their Self riddles. In the third chapter, a detailed and progressive analysis is applied to Chinese images together with Chinese traditions in Others' eyes. The theory and methodology of Imagology will be employed to interpret Buck and Tan's Chinese images creation. When it comes to the forth chapter, it mainly discusses the Chinese image reinvention in heterogeneous cultural communication context from the angle of cultural relativism. Chapter five is the concluding part, it further points out the significance of the study on Chinese image in heterogeneous cultural communication context. And meanwhile it predicts a possibility for multi-cultural co-existence and the role the marginal person may play in this process.
引文
①CD The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn originated in the United States in 1929. Historians most often use as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929. known as Black Tuesday. The end of the depression in the U.S. is associated with the onset of the war economy of World War II, beginning around 1939.
①CD qtd in Sharon R. Gunton. Ed. Contemporary Literature Criticism. Detriot Michigan: Gale Research Company. 1981.volume 18.p.76
② Sharon R. Gunton, Ed. Contemporary Literature Criticism. Detriot Michigan: Gale Research Company,1981.volume 18.p.76
③ Paul A. Doyle. Pearl S. Buck. Tvvayne Publishers. New York: Twayne. 1980. p.41
④ Peter Conn. Pearl S. Buck and American Literary Culture. Eds. Elizabeth. J. Lipscomb. Frances E. Webb, and Peter Conn. The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994, p. 112
①qtd in "the Praise for The Joy Luck Club " in Amy Tan"s The Joy Luck Club published by Penguin Books. 2006
② qtd in "the Praise for The Joy Luck Club " in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club published by Penguin Books. 2006
① Wang Wei's poem On Double Ninth Day Thinking of My Brothers at Home translated by Wang Baotong. Shanghai: Hundreds of Wang Wei's poetry, published in 2005.
② G. Simmel (March 1. 1858 - September 28. 1918) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. His studies pioneered the concept of social structure, and he was a key precursor of social network analysis. His most famous works today are The Philosophy of Money. The Stranger and so on. In The Stranger, he put forward the conception of "stranger".
① Yi Hequan movement (1898-1900). a peasants uprising in China, during which scores of westerners were murdered and was finally repressed by the Eight Power Allied Force.
②Pearl S. Buck wrote a biography for her mother named Fighting Angel (1936). in which she described her mother's whole life.
1 qtd. in Joep Leerssen. "Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology", on line, available from http://cf.hum.nl/images/info/historymethod.html
2 Ibid
1 Joep Leerssen.Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology,on line.available from http://cf.hum.nl/images/info/historymethod.html
2 Milan Kundera.Immortality,Britain:HarperCollins Publisher,1929
3 孟毕编:《比较文学形象学》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001.p.2
4 基亚:《比较文学》,颜保译,北京:北京大学出版社.1983.p.106
①孟化编：《比较文学形象学》,北京：北京大学出版社, 2001,p.4
②孟化编：《比较文学形象学》,北京：北京大学出版社, 2001. p.5
① Harold R. Isaacs, Images of Asia: American News of China and India. New York: Harper and Row; 1972, p.71.
② Steven Mosher. China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. New York: a New Republic Book,1990, p.21
① David and Peter Gries. Time Out from Bashing, quoted from www. Media.tsinghua.edu.cn/americaneye.
1.Austin,Jon.Culture and Identity:an introduction,Jon Austin edt.,Culture and Identity 2~(nd) edition,New South Wales:Pearson Australia Demand Print Centre,2005:1.
2.Buck Pearl S.The Good Earth,Oxford University Press 1993.
3.Buck,Pearl S.My Several Worlds:A Personal Record.New York:The John Day Comapany,1954
4.Bryjak,G.J.and Soroka M.P.Sociology:Cultural Diversity in a Changing World Massachusetts:Simon & Schuster,Inc.1994
5.Corm,Peter.Pearl S.Buck:A Cultural Biography.Uk:Cambridge University Press,1996.
6.Gordon,Mathews.Global Culture/Individual Identity:Searching for home in the cultural supermarket,London:Routledge,2000
7.Harris Michael Bond.Beyond the Chinese Face:Insights from Psychology Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991
8.Henderson,G.Cultural Diversity in the Workplace:Issues and Strategies Westport,CT:Praeger Publishers.1994
9.Isaacs,Harold R.Images of Asia:American Views of China and India.New York:Harper and Row,1972.
10.Jones,David Martin.The Image of China in Western Social and Political Thought.New York:Palgrave,2001
11.Kundera,Milan.Immortality,New York:HarperCollins Publisher,1929.
12.Leerssen,Joep.Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology.On-line.Available from http://cf.hum.uva.nl/images/info/historymethod.html.
13.Lin Dajin.Revisiting Cultural Relativism in Our Global Village.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching,1999
14.Mackeras,Colin.Western Images of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1999
15.Miscevic,Dusanka,and Peter Kwong.Chinese Americans:The Immigrant Experience.Southport,Conn.:Hugh Lauter Levin Associates.2000
16.Mosher Steven,China Misperceived:American Illusions and Chinese Reality.New York:a New Republic Book,1990
17.Nietzsche "Second Essay" on memory,http://peemet.lbpc.ca/Philosophy/essayl.htm
18.Park Robert E.Human Migration and the Marginal Man The American Journal of Sociology,1928.
19.Samovar,L.A.,Porter,R.E.and Jain,N.C.(eds).Understanding Intercultural Communication Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,Inc.1981
20.Saliba Wendy J."Food and Ethnic Identity".The Asian Pacific American Heritage." A Companion to Literature and Arts.Ed.George J.Leonard.New York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1999.
21.Shi,Pingping.The Mother-Daughter Relationship and the Politics of Gender and Race:A Study of Chinese American Women's Writings.Kaifeng:Henan University Press,2004
22.Simmel G.The Stranger,Cited from Yu Wei-hua,Readings in Intercultural Studies,Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2006:336,340.
23.Skinner,Stephen.The Living Earth Manual of Feng-shui.London:Rosstledge,1982.
24.Song Li.Gateway to Intercultural Communication Harbin University of Industry Press.2004
25.Tan Amy The Joy Luck Club,New York:Putman's,1989.
26.Wang Zong-yan.Some Snags in English-Chinese Communication Foreign Language Teaching and Researching,1991
27.Zhao Wenshu.Positioning Contemporary Chinese American Literaure in Contested Terrains.Nanjing:Naniing University Press,2004.
28.爱德华W·萨义德著:东方学,北京:生活读书新知三联书店,1997年
29.高鸿 跨文化的中国叙事:以赛珍珠、林语堂、汤亭亭为中心的讨论——学术新视野,上海:三联出版社,2005
30.郭英剑 赛珍珠评论集,桂林:漓江出版社,1999
31.贺晓星 仲鑫 异乡人的写作——对赛珍珠作品的一种社会学解释,南京大学学报(人文社科版),2003年第1期
32.哈罗德·伊萨克斯著,于殿利,陆日译:美国的中国形象,北京:时事出版社,1999年。
33.乐黛云 中国比较文学发展透视《东方丛刊》1998年2期
34.李希光,“美国人眼中的中国政治形象”,《华盛顿观察》,2003年7月30日
35.李希光“美国媒体为什么总是消极报道中国?”,《环球时报》,2000年10月4 日。
36.鲁勤《时代周刊》关于中国报道的跨文化研究北京:北京第二外国语学院硕士学位论文2004
37.孟华 比较文学形象学北京:北京大学出版社,2001
38.赛珍珠,尚营林等译,《我的中国世界》,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1991
39.王光林 错位与超越——美澳华裔作家的文化认同天津:南开大学出版社,2004
40.卫景宜 西方语境的中国故事北京:中国美术学院出版,2002
41.肖薇 异质文化语境下的女性书写成都:四川出版集团巴蜀书社,2004
42.姚君伟 文化相对丰义:赛珍珠的中西文化观 南京:南京大学出版社,2001
43.张平 论《喜福会》中的东方主义及反东方主义元素 湖南师范大学,2006年5月
44.周亚萍 反思美国东方主义——赛珍珠《大地》研究南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2007
①CD qtd in Sharon R. Gunton. Ed. Contemporary Literature Criticism. Detriot Michigan: Gale Research Company. 1981.volume 18.p.76
② Sharon R. Gunton, Ed. Contemporary Literature Criticism. Detriot Michigan: Gale Research Company,1981.volume 18.p.76
③ Paul A. Doyle. Pearl S. Buck. Tvvayne Publishers. New York: Twayne. 1980. p.41
④ Peter Conn. Pearl S. Buck and American Literary Culture. Eds. Elizabeth. J. Lipscomb. Frances E. Webb, and Peter Conn. The Several Worlds of Pearl S. Buck Westport. CT: Greenwood Press, 1994, p. 112
①qtd in "the Praise for The Joy Luck Club " in Amy Tan"s The Joy Luck Club published by Penguin Books. 2006
② qtd in "the Praise for The Joy Luck Club " in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club published by Penguin Books. 2006
① Wang Wei's poem On Double Ninth Day Thinking of My Brothers at Home translated by Wang Baotong. Shanghai: Hundreds of Wang Wei's poetry, published in 2005.
② G. Simmel (March 1. 1858 - September 28. 1918) was one of the first generation of German sociologists. His studies pioneered the concept of social structure, and he was a key precursor of social network analysis. His most famous works today are The Philosophy of Money. The Stranger and so on. In The Stranger, he put forward the conception of "stranger".
① Yi Hequan movement (1898-1900). a peasants uprising in China, during which scores of westerners were murdered and was finally repressed by the Eight Power Allied Force.
②Pearl S. Buck wrote a biography for her mother named Fighting Angel (1936). in which she described her mother's whole life.
1 qtd. in Joep Leerssen. "Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology", on line, available from http://cf.hum.nl/images/info/historymethod.html
2 Ibid
1 Joep Leerssen.Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology,on line.available from http://cf.hum.nl/images/info/historymethod.html
2 Milan Kundera.Immortality,Britain:HarperCollins Publisher,1929
3 孟毕编:《比较文学形象学》,北京:北京大学出版社,2001.p.2
4 基亚:《比较文学》,颜保译,北京:北京大学出版社.1983.p.106
①孟化编：《比较文学形象学》,北京：北京大学出版社, 2001,p.4
②孟化编：《比较文学形象学》,北京：北京大学出版社, 2001. p.5
① Harold R. Isaacs, Images of Asia: American News of China and India. New York: Harper and Row; 1972, p.71.
② Steven Mosher. China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. New York: a New Republic Book,1990, p.21
① David and Peter Gries. Time Out from Bashing, quoted from www. Media.tsinghua.edu.cn/americaneye.
1.Austin,Jon.Culture and Identity:an introduction,Jon Austin edt.,Culture and Identity 2~(nd) edition,New South Wales:Pearson Australia Demand Print Centre,2005:1.
2.Buck Pearl S.The Good Earth,Oxford University Press 1993.
3.Buck,Pearl S.My Several Worlds:A Personal Record.New York:The John Day Comapany,1954
4.Bryjak,G.J.and Soroka M.P.Sociology:Cultural Diversity in a Changing World Massachusetts:Simon & Schuster,Inc.1994
5.Corm,Peter.Pearl S.Buck:A Cultural Biography.Uk:Cambridge University Press,1996.
6.Gordon,Mathews.Global Culture/Individual Identity:Searching for home in the cultural supermarket,London:Routledge,2000
7.Harris Michael Bond.Beyond the Chinese Face:Insights from Psychology Oxford:Oxford University Press,1991
8.Henderson,G.Cultural Diversity in the Workplace:Issues and Strategies Westport,CT:Praeger Publishers.1994
9.Isaacs,Harold R.Images of Asia:American Views of China and India.New York:Harper and Row,1972.
10.Jones,David Martin.The Image of China in Western Social and Political Thought.New York:Palgrave,2001
11.Kundera,Milan.Immortality,New York:HarperCollins Publisher,1929.
12.Leerssen,Joep.Images-Information-History-History and Method of Imagology.On-line.Available from http://cf.hum.uva.nl/images/info/historymethod.html.
13.Lin Dajin.Revisiting Cultural Relativism in Our Global Village.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching,1999
14.Mackeras,Colin.Western Images of China.New York:Oxford University Press,1999
15.Miscevic,Dusanka,and Peter Kwong.Chinese Americans:The Immigrant Experience.Southport,Conn.:Hugh Lauter Levin Associates.2000
16.Mosher Steven,China Misperceived:American Illusions and Chinese Reality.New York:a New Republic Book,1990
17.Nietzsche "Second Essay" on memory,http://peemet.lbpc.ca/Philosophy/essayl.htm
18.Park Robert E.Human Migration and the Marginal Man The American Journal of Sociology,1928.
19.Samovar,L.A.,Porter,R.E.and Jain,N.C.(eds).Understanding Intercultural Communication Belmont,CA:Wadsworth,Inc.1981
20.Saliba Wendy J."Food and Ethnic Identity".The Asian Pacific American Heritage." A Companion to Literature and Arts.Ed.George J.Leonard.New York:Garland Publishing,Inc.,1999.
21.Shi,Pingping.The Mother-Daughter Relationship and the Politics of Gender and Race:A Study of Chinese American Women's Writings.Kaifeng:Henan University Press,2004
22.Simmel G.The Stranger,Cited from Yu Wei-hua,Readings in Intercultural Studies,Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2006:336,340.
23.Skinner,Stephen.The Living Earth Manual of Feng-shui.London:Rosstledge,1982.
24.Song Li.Gateway to Intercultural Communication Harbin University of Industry Press.2004
25.Tan Amy The Joy Luck Club,New York:Putman's,1989.
26.Wang Zong-yan.Some Snags in English-Chinese Communication Foreign Language Teaching and Researching,1991
27.Zhao Wenshu.Positioning Contemporary Chinese American Literaure in Contested Terrains.Nanjing:Naniing University Press,2004.
28.爱德华W·萨义德著:东方学,北京:生活读书新知三联书店,1997年
29.高鸿 跨文化的中国叙事:以赛珍珠、林语堂、汤亭亭为中心的讨论——学术新视野,上海:三联出版社,2005
30.郭英剑 赛珍珠评论集,桂林:漓江出版社,1999
31.贺晓星 仲鑫 异乡人的写作——对赛珍珠作品的一种社会学解释,南京大学学报(人文社科版),2003年第1期
32.哈罗德·伊萨克斯著,于殿利,陆日译:美国的中国形象,北京:时事出版社,1999年。
33.乐黛云 中国比较文学发展透视《东方丛刊》1998年2期
34.李希光,“美国人眼中的中国政治形象”,《华盛顿观察》,2003年7月30日
35.李希光“美国媒体为什么总是消极报道中国?”,《环球时报》,2000年10月4 日。
36.鲁勤《时代周刊》关于中国报道的跨文化研究北京:北京第二外国语学院硕士学位论文2004
37.孟华 比较文学形象学北京:北京大学出版社,2001
38.赛珍珠,尚营林等译,《我的中国世界》,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1991
39.王光林 错位与超越——美澳华裔作家的文化认同天津:南开大学出版社,2004
40.卫景宜 西方语境的中国故事北京:中国美术学院出版,2002
41.肖薇 异质文化语境下的女性书写成都:四川出版集团巴蜀书社,2004
42.姚君伟 文化相对丰义:赛珍珠的中西文化观 南京:南京大学出版社,2001
43.张平 论《喜福会》中的东方主义及反东方主义元素 湖南师范大学,2006年5月
44.周亚萍 反思美国东方主义——赛珍珠《大地》研究南京师范大学硕士学位论文,2007