基于DSP的土工三轴仪数据采集系统的研制
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摘要
三轴仪是为研究土的应力—应变关系而设计开发出的一种基础科学试验仪器。随着土工试验的日益发展，需要处理的数据量越来越大，对实时性和精度的要求越来越高，原有的三轴仪系统已经远远不能满足土工试验的要求。
本文针对以上问题，分析了目前土工试验对三轴仪数据采集系统的技术要求以及数字信号处理器(DSP)在数据采集、信号处理等方面的应用，研制了以数字信号处理器(TMS320LF2407A)为核心的多通道、高精度三轴仪数据采集系统，实现了数据的采集、滤波和处理。以下是研究的主要工作：
硬件设计方面：根据三轴仪系统中数据采集和处理的实际特点以及前期机械部分的研究工作，设计了以TMS320LF2407、AD7660为核心，SPI总线为基础的多通道、高精度数据采集卡，重点叙述了模拟信号处理模块、DSP模块和液晶扩展模块的设计方法和电路设计方面的内容。
软件设计方面：
1．详细介绍了数据采集系统各模块的软件设计，分析了A／D部分的逻辑时序并给出了其程序流程图。
2．深入研究了信号的采集和处理，在信号的的处理过程中应用了过采样、数字滤波等技术，使得系统在同样模数转换器的条件下，从软件上提高了其采样分辨率，同时还降低了硬件设计中对模拟滤波器的要求。
3．研究了快速傅立叶变换(FFT)在定点DSP中的实现和算法，使得采集的压力信号能够在频域中得到更为全面的分析。
通过三轴仪数据采集系统实现了对土样的压力信号采集和处理，从而验证了土的本构关系(即：土的应力、应变、强度和时间这四个变量之间的内在关系)以及土与结构物相互作用的规律，建立了土的强度-变形理论，满足了三轴仪试验的要求
Triaxial instrument is one kind of basic science research apparatuses. It aims at studying earth stress-strain analysis. With the development of triaxial instrument experimentation, more and more data is required to be processed, as well as real-time and precision is desired to be enhanced .So initial triaxical instrument can't meet the demand of soil test.
Considering above-mentioned problems, the technique requirements of triaxial instrument in soil test and the applications of DSP in data acquiring and signal processing are analyzed. A muti-channel, high-precise data acquisition system based on DSP techniques has been designed for implementing data acquiring, filtering and processing .The main work of this paper is showed as follows:
In the aspect of hardware, According to the actual conditions of data-acquiring and processing in triaxical instruments and previous research on mechanism, a multi-channel, high-precision data acquisition card based on SPI-BUS, TMS320LF2407 and AD7660 is successfully designed .The circuit design and the design method about analog signal processing, DSP and LCD extended module are emphasized.
In the aspect of software, main achievements include:
First, software design for each module of data acquisition systems and analysis on logic timing of A/D are elaborated and the software program flowcharts are also given
Second, the acquisition and processes of signal is further studied. Due to application of the oversampling and digital filter techniques during the signal processing, sample resolution is improved from the aspect of software under the same bit of ADC; simultaneously the demand of hardware for analog filter is reduced.
Third, the implementation and algorithm of FFT in fixed-point DSP are studied, so that the acquired stress signal can be completely analysed in the frequency domain.
By using of the triaxial instrument data acquisition system, the acquisition and processing of soil pressure signal are accomplished. The soil structure relationship that is an internal relation between the soil stress, strain, intensity and time and the interaction rule between soil and structures are validated .The soil theory of intensity -distortion is established. Results show that the designed triaxial instrument data acquisition system can meet the demand of triaxial experimentation.
本文针对以上问题，分析了目前土工试验对三轴仪数据采集系统的技术要求以及数字信号处理器(DSP)在数据采集、信号处理等方面的应用，研制了以数字信号处理器(TMS320LF2407A)为核心的多通道、高精度三轴仪数据采集系统，实现了数据的采集、滤波和处理。以下是研究的主要工作：
硬件设计方面：根据三轴仪系统中数据采集和处理的实际特点以及前期机械部分的研究工作，设计了以TMS320LF2407、AD7660为核心，SPI总线为基础的多通道、高精度数据采集卡，重点叙述了模拟信号处理模块、DSP模块和液晶扩展模块的设计方法和电路设计方面的内容。
软件设计方面：
1．详细介绍了数据采集系统各模块的软件设计，分析了A／D部分的逻辑时序并给出了其程序流程图。
2．深入研究了信号的采集和处理，在信号的的处理过程中应用了过采样、数字滤波等技术，使得系统在同样模数转换器的条件下，从软件上提高了其采样分辨率，同时还降低了硬件设计中对模拟滤波器的要求。
3．研究了快速傅立叶变换(FFT)在定点DSP中的实现和算法，使得采集的压力信号能够在频域中得到更为全面的分析。
通过三轴仪数据采集系统实现了对土样的压力信号采集和处理，从而验证了土的本构关系(即：土的应力、应变、强度和时间这四个变量之间的内在关系)以及土与结构物相互作用的规律，建立了土的强度-变形理论，满足了三轴仪试验的要求
Triaxial instrument is one kind of basic science research apparatuses. It aims at studying earth stress-strain analysis. With the development of triaxial instrument experimentation, more and more data is required to be processed, as well as real-time and precision is desired to be enhanced .So initial triaxical instrument can't meet the demand of soil test.
Considering above-mentioned problems, the technique requirements of triaxial instrument in soil test and the applications of DSP in data acquiring and signal processing are analyzed. A muti-channel, high-precise data acquisition system based on DSP techniques has been designed for implementing data acquiring, filtering and processing .The main work of this paper is showed as follows:
In the aspect of hardware, According to the actual conditions of data-acquiring and processing in triaxical instruments and previous research on mechanism, a multi-channel, high-precision data acquisition card based on SPI-BUS, TMS320LF2407 and AD7660 is successfully designed .The circuit design and the design method about analog signal processing, DSP and LCD extended module are emphasized.
In the aspect of software, main achievements include:
First, software design for each module of data acquisition systems and analysis on logic timing of A/D are elaborated and the software program flowcharts are also given
Second, the acquisition and processes of signal is further studied. Due to application of the oversampling and digital filter techniques during the signal processing, sample resolution is improved from the aspect of software under the same bit of ADC; simultaneously the demand of hardware for analog filter is reduced.
Third, the implementation and algorithm of FFT in fixed-point DSP are studied, so that the acquired stress signal can be completely analysed in the frequency domain.
By using of the triaxial instrument data acquisition system, the acquisition and processing of soil pressure signal are accomplished. The soil structure relationship that is an internal relation between the soil stress, strain, intensity and time and the interaction rule between soil and structures are validated .The soil theory of intensity -distortion is established. Results show that the designed triaxial instrument data acquisition system can meet the demand of triaxial experimentation.
引文
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[25] Wang, Bingsen; Cathey, Jimmie J. DSP-controlled, space-vector PWM, current source converter for STATCOM application Electric Power Systems Research Volume: 67, Issue: 2, November, 2003, pp. 123-131
[26] Farzad Nekoogar, Gene Moriarty. Digital control using digital signal processing=:应用数字信号处理进行数字控制．科学出版社，2002．
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[28] 何素勤．TMS320C2000系列 DSP 原理及实用技术(DSP应用丛书)．电子工业出版社，2003．203-204
[29] 于万霞，张建民．基于TMS320LF2407 的高速数据采集系统．天津职业技术师范学院，2003．3Vol13 No 1 33-35
[30] 邓云庆，赵长德．DSP数字处理器在快速数据采集系统中的应用．仪器仪表学报．2001．6第三期增刊：394-395
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[39] 曹家胜．基于DSP的高精度高速数据采集系统．自控与测量．2001．10B：50-52
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[42] 崔文进，高耀．基于DSP的数据采集系统．电工技术，2000．000(011)：18-19
[43] 马小玲，黄恩．多通道数据采集仪硬件设计．试验技术与管理，Vol．17 No．4 2000：37-40
[44] 刘焕淋，陈勇．用DSP芯片开发实时数据采集与处理系统．微型电脑应用．2001．017(010)：53-54
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[48] Switches, Multiplexers and References September. Texas Instruments. 1999
[49] 翁绍捷．开关量采样的干扰与抗干扰电路设计．机电工程技术．2002 Vol31 No5：28-29
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[2] 杨熙章．土工试验与原理．上海：同济大学出版社，1993：73-77，82-97，167-180
[3] 南京水利电力仪器工程公司．土工试验仪器产品介绍．2000，9
[4] http://www.gdsinstruments, com/labrary.asp
[5] http://www.geocomp.com/products_level_2. asp
[6] http://humboldmfg.com/soil, html
[7] http://www.eleusa.com
[8] http://www.mts.com/menusyystem, asp
[9] 孙强，张发存等．新一代动三轴仪计算机数据采集与处理系统．吉林工业大学学报，1998，4：105-109
[10] 赵凌，陈涛．土高压三轴仪数据采集和处理系统的改进．岩土力学，1995，3：89-95
[11] 李彰明，杨文龙．土工试验数字控制及数据采集系统的研制与应用．建筑技术开发，1996，1：29-32
[12] 李彰明，杨文龙 土工试验数字控制及数据采集系统研制与应用．建筑技术开发，2002，1：21-22
[13] 邵龙潭，王助贫等．三轴试验土样径向变形的计算机图像装置．岩土工程学报，2001，5：337-341
[14] 中华人民共和国水利部．土工试验方法标准．北京：中国计划出版社，1999
[15] 高光天．模数转换器应用技术．北京：科学出版社 2001．33-34
[16] 肖忠祥．数据采集原理．西安：西北工业大学出版社，2001．31-33
[17] 高光天．ADI产品技术指南．北京：科学出版社，1997．11-13
[18] 胡泓，姚伯威．机电一体化原理及应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999．103-106
[19] 李华．MCS—51系列单片机实用接口技术．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1993．384-388
[20] 陈光东．单片微型计算机原理与接口技术．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999
[21] 刘和平．TMS320LF240x DSP C语言开发应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002
[22] 刘和平．TMS320LF240x DSP 结构、原理及应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2002
[23] 胡剑凌，徐盛．数字信号处理系统的应用和设计．上海：上海交通大学出版社，2002
[24] 章玮，姚维．数字信号处理器(DSP)在电机控制中的应用．中小型电机，2001，28(4)：32-34
[25] Wang, Bingsen; Cathey, Jimmie J. DSP-controlled, space-vector PWM, current source converter for STATCOM application Electric Power Systems Research Volume: 67, Issue: 2, November, 2003, pp. 123-131
[26] Farzad Nekoogar, Gene Moriarty. Digital control using digital signal processing=:应用数字信号处理进行数字控制．科学出版社，2002．
[27] Masten, M. K.: Panahi, I. Digital signal processors for modern control systems Control Engineering Practice Volume: 5, Issue: 4, April, 1997, pp. 449-458
[28] 何素勤．TMS320C2000系列 DSP 原理及实用技术(DSP应用丛书)．电子工业出版社，2003．203-204
[29] 于万霞，张建民．基于TMS320LF2407 的高速数据采集系统．天津职业技术师范学院，2003．3Vol13 No 1 33-35
[30] 邓云庆，赵长德．DSP数字处理器在快速数据采集系统中的应用．仪器仪表学报．2001．6第三期增刊：394-395
[31] 朱铭诰，赵勇，甘泉．DSP应用系统设计．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[32] 王之芳．传感器应用技术．西安：西北工业大学出版社，1996，36-68
[33] Load Cell Test Data Sheet. Beijing Tedea-Huntleigh Electronics CO. LTD
[34] LAU 73.1 Installation and Operation Guide. Hauch&Bach Aps
[35] http://www.senex.com.cn
[36] 赵宝经等．A／D和D／A转换手册[M]，上海：上海科学普及出版社 1995
[37] 史晓锋，李铮．基于DSP的高速数据采集与处理系统．电子技术应用．2001．027(006)：78-80
[38] Feminò, S.; Cavallaro, S.; Geraci, M.; Giustolisi, F.; Lanzalone, G.; Lo Nigro, S.; Politi, G.; et. Al Data acquisition and real-time computing by a DSP-based system Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms Volume: 136-138, March, 1998, pp. 1172-1176
[39] 曹家胜．基于DSP的高精度高速数据采集系统．自控与测量．2001．10B：50-52
[40] TMS320LF_LC240xA DSP Controllers Reference Guide—System and Peripherals Texas Instruments. 1997
[41] TMS320C24x DSP Controller-CPU, System and Instruction Set-Reference Set. Texas Instruments. 1997
[42] 崔文进，高耀．基于DSP的数据采集系统．电工技术，2000．000(011)：18-19
[43] 马小玲，黄恩．多通道数据采集仪硬件设计．试验技术与管理，Vol．17 No．4 2000：37-40
[44] 刘焕淋，陈勇．用DSP芯片开发实时数据采集与处理系统．微型电脑应用．2001．017(010)：53-54
[45] Low-Power, Serial 16-Bit Sampling Analog-to-Digital Converter AD7660. Analog Devices, Inc., 2002
[46] Oversampling Techniques using the TMS320C24x Family June. Texas Instruments 1998
[47] A simple approach to digital signal processing, Craig Marven & GillianEwers. TI Mentors. Texas Instruments. 1993.
[48] Switches, Multiplexers and References September. Texas Instruments. 1999
[49] 翁绍捷．开关量采样的干扰与抗干扰电路设计．机电工程技术．2002 Vol31 No5：28-29
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