基于CCD图像的三维重建技术研究
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摘要
图像的三维重建在很多领域具有重要的意义,本文研究基于CCD图像的三维重建的目的,就是利用从CCD传感器上获得的序列微观形体的图像切片,经过图像处理后提取出微观形体的轮廓线,利用合适的算法重建出形体的三维模型,这可以使微观形体能够方便的在空间坐标内进行定性或定量的分析。
具体来说,本文的三维重建系统分四个步骤来完成,一是图像的预处理及轮廓线的提取。采用基于边缘检测的方法对图像进行分割,凸显出要重建物体的边缘轮廓,然后用轮廓线跟踪法提取轮廓线的坐标点集。
二是轮廓线间的插值。为了减小轮廓线层间距离与层内像素间距离的差距,使其尽量能构造出均匀的三维数据场,就必须在每层轮廓线之间插入新的轮廓线层。按等角度对轮廓线进行取点,然后用线性插值的方法进行插值,这种方法简单易行。
三是轮廓线间的三角划分,即通过一定的算法规则,将相邻轮廓线上的点上下连接,形成互不相交的三角形,从而构成物体的三维表面。本文用最短对角线法进行三角划分。
最后是三维显示,即在二维屏幕上显示出重建后的三维体。在VC平台下结合OpenGL编写程序进行三维显示,并通过鼠标来控制图形的平移、缩放和旋转等操作。
The 3-D reconstruction of image is of great significance in various domains. We discuss the technology of the 3-D reconstruction based on the CCD image in this paper. According to the characteristics of CCD image , First of all we pretreat the images collected: smoothing of the images in order to weaken the impact of noise; detecting of the image edge and extracting the contour in order to help the 3-D reconstruction next. Then use the shortest diagonal method to triangulate the sectional image.
Specifically,The system of 3-D reconstruction is composed of four steps. The first step is getting the edge contours of object that will be reconstructed from the 2-D images. Several arithmetic operator is used to segment the images. After that the contours of prostate are very clear. Then the contours are outlines and the coordinate datasets are obtained by tracking contour method.
The second step is interpolating some new contours between two contours witch is next to each other. Because the distance of contours at z-axis is bigger than the distance of contours at x-axis and y-axis, it is needed to create serial new contours between original contours to form the symmetrical 3-D data field. It is the method that gets the contour’s points by an equal angle and then interpolates with linearity interpolation algorithm.
The third step is plotting triangles, which is the algorithm of reconstructing 3-Dobject’s surface by linking the points of two contours to become a serial of triangles without intersecting each other. Method of the shortest diagonal algorithm is used.
The last step is 3-D display in computer. We can show the 3-D object with the combination of VC platform and OpenGL. The 3-D object can be translated and rotated by mouse conveniently.
具体来说,本文的三维重建系统分四个步骤来完成,一是图像的预处理及轮廓线的提取。采用基于边缘检测的方法对图像进行分割,凸显出要重建物体的边缘轮廓,然后用轮廓线跟踪法提取轮廓线的坐标点集。
二是轮廓线间的插值。为了减小轮廓线层间距离与层内像素间距离的差距,使其尽量能构造出均匀的三维数据场,就必须在每层轮廓线之间插入新的轮廓线层。按等角度对轮廓线进行取点,然后用线性插值的方法进行插值,这种方法简单易行。
三是轮廓线间的三角划分,即通过一定的算法规则,将相邻轮廓线上的点上下连接,形成互不相交的三角形,从而构成物体的三维表面。本文用最短对角线法进行三角划分。
最后是三维显示,即在二维屏幕上显示出重建后的三维体。在VC平台下结合OpenGL编写程序进行三维显示,并通过鼠标来控制图形的平移、缩放和旋转等操作。
The 3-D reconstruction of image is of great significance in various domains. We discuss the technology of the 3-D reconstruction based on the CCD image in this paper. According to the characteristics of CCD image , First of all we pretreat the images collected: smoothing of the images in order to weaken the impact of noise; detecting of the image edge and extracting the contour in order to help the 3-D reconstruction next. Then use the shortest diagonal method to triangulate the sectional image.
Specifically,The system of 3-D reconstruction is composed of four steps. The first step is getting the edge contours of object that will be reconstructed from the 2-D images. Several arithmetic operator is used to segment the images. After that the contours of prostate are very clear. Then the contours are outlines and the coordinate datasets are obtained by tracking contour method.
The second step is interpolating some new contours between two contours witch is next to each other. Because the distance of contours at z-axis is bigger than the distance of contours at x-axis and y-axis, it is needed to create serial new contours between original contours to form the symmetrical 3-D data field. It is the method that gets the contour’s points by an equal angle and then interpolates with linearity interpolation algorithm.
The third step is plotting triangles, which is the algorithm of reconstructing 3-Dobject’s surface by linking the points of two contours to become a serial of triangles without intersecting each other. Method of the shortest diagonal algorithm is used.
The last step is 3-D display in computer. We can show the 3-D object with the combination of VC platform and OpenGL. The 3-D object can be translated and rotated by mouse conveniently.
引文
1 MICHAEL S F,MARTIN R. Meshless Parameterization and Surface Reconstruction. Computer Aided Geometric Design.2001,18(2): 77~92
2 HONG Wei Lin,CHIEW Lan Tai,GUO Jin Wang.A Mesh Reconstruction Algorithm Rriven by an Intrinsic Property of a Point Cloud.Computer-Aided Design.2004,36(1):1~9
3唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社,2003: 211~215
4罗述谦,周果宏.医学图象处理与分析.科学出版社, 2003
5孙家广.计算机图形学.清华大学出版社, 1998
6姜晓彤,罗立民,辜嘉等.基于链码匹配的断层间复杂轮廓线的三角片曲面重构.信号处理.2003,19(5): 479~480
7许向阳,陈琪.基于二维平行轮廓线的三维表面重建.微计算机应用. 2007, 28(6): 580~583
8 ELBRUNER H, MUECKE E P. Three-dimensional Alpha Shapes. ACM Trans.1994,13(12): 43~72
9 HOFFMAN R,JAIN A K.Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE Trans Pattern.1997,9(5): 608~620
10 Tan Jian Rong,Li Li Xin.An Algorithm for Topology Reconstruction From Unorganized Points Based on Local Flatness of Surface. Journal of Software. 2002,13(11): 2121~2126
11钟纲.曲线曲面重建方法研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.2002:47~55
12王铠,张彩明.重建自由曲面的神经网络算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学报. 1998, 10(3): 193~199
13 COPPINI G, MENNINI R. 3-D Knowledge Driven Reconstruction of Coronary Trees.Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.1997, 29(5): 535~542
14王宗彦,梁远蕾,李奇敏,张亚明.断层数据三维重构技术的研究进展.工程图学学报.2002 (1):128
15 BOEHM W. Inserting New Knots into B-spline Curve. CAD. 2000,12(4):199-201
16 H Fuchs,Z M Kedem,S P Uselton.Optimal Surface Reconstruction from Planar Contours.Communication of the ACM.1977,20(10): 693~702
17 E Keppel. Approximating Complex Surfaces by Triangulation of Contour Lines. IBM Journal Res.Develop.1975,1(11): 2~10
18 Michael S Floater,Martin Reimers. Meshless parameterization and surface reconstruction. Computer Aided Geometric Design. 2001,2(18): 77~92
19 G Macedomio, M T Pareschi.An algorithm for the triangulation of arbitrarily distributed points.applications to volume estimate and terrain fitting.1991,7(17): 859~874
20 Yong Xue,Min Sun,Ainai Ma.On the reconstruction of three-dimensiongal complex geological objects using Delaunay triangulation. Future Generation Computer Systems.2004,7(20): 1227~1234
21李智勇,沈振康,杨卫平等.动态图像分析.国防工业出版社,1999:189~266
22 D Meyers, S Skinner. Surfaces from Contours. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1992,11(3): 28~258
23 Boissonnat, J.D. Shape reconstruction from planar cross sections. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing.1988,44(1): 1~29
24潘如刚.基于断层轮廓数据的二维形体网格构造方法研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2004
25章毓晋.图像工程.清华人学出版社, 2005
26 Wu Hai-sham, Gil Joan. A biased median filtering algorithm for segmentation of intestinal cell gland images. Scientific World Jourmal.2006,(6): 200~220
27王曹,鲁巍.子波变换在红外目标图像边缘提取中的应用.系统工程与电子技术.2002,4(4): 76~79
28 J C Bezdek, R Chandrasekhar, and Y Attikiouzel. A new fuzzy model for edge detection. In Applications of Fuzzy Logic Technology, Proc. SPIE Bellingham, WA.1996,27: 11~28
29 K Muramoto, T Yamauchi. Classification of polar satellite data using image features and decision tree classifier. Proc. NIPR SYMP.Polar Meteoric. Glacial.1996(10): 127~137
30 R C Hardie, C G Boncelet. Gradient-based edge detection using nonlinear edgeenhancing filters. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.1995(4): 1572~1577
31 Roberts L. G Machine Perception of Three-Dimension Solids. Optical and Electro-Optimal Information Processing,J.t.Tippett, et al, Ed.Cambridge,MA: MIT Press. 1965: 99~159~197
32何斌,马天予,王运坚等.数字图像处理.第二版.人民邮电出版社,2002:394~443
33 Aboutanos G.B., Nikanne J., Watkins N., et al., Model creation and deformation for the automatic segmentation of the brain in MR Images, IEEE Transactions on Biology Medical.1999,46(11): 1346~1356
34郭钧锋,蔡元龙,王玉平.医学图像三维重建的插值方法研究. CT理论与应用研究.1994,3(2): 7~11
35李将云,杨勋年,汪国昭.分割图像插值的一种局部算法.浙江大学学报.2002,29(1):55~62
36 S Y Chen, W C Lin,C C Liang. Improvement on dynamic elastic interpolation technique for reconstruction 3-D objects from serial cross sections[biomedical application]. Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on.1990,1(9): 71~83
37 G Adrian Bors, Lefteris Kechagias, Ioannis Pitas. Virtual Drilling in 3-D Objects Reconstructed by Shape-Based Interpolation.in:Computer Science Proceeding of the 4th International Workshop on Visual Form. London: Springer-Verlag. 2001: 729~738
38 Herman G T, Zheng J, Bucholtz G A. Shape-based interpolation. IEEE Computer Graphics Appli.1992,112(3): 69~79
39 W S V Shin, W C Lin, C T Chen. Morphologic field morphing: contour model-guided image interpolation. International J of Imaging Systems and Technology. 1999,8(5): 480~490
40鲍苏苏,林斌.基于轮廓插值加权算法的研究.重庆师范学院学报.2003,3(20): 29~32
41姚富光.医用CT图像三维重建技术研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004: 35~47
42孙家广.计算机图形学.清华大学出版社,2002: 366~398
43 S.Dave, W.Masoon, N.Jakie. OpenGL Programming Guide. 5th Edition. California: Addison-Wesley Press.2006:13~35
44陈传波,陆枫.计算机图形学基础.电子工业出版社, 2002:189~201
45黄永丽.基于断层数据的三维重建理论与技术的研究.郑州大学硕士论文. 2004: 7~10
46李冠峰,杨光.体可视化的快速光线投射算法.工程图学学报. 2003(3): 97~102
47许录平.数字图像处理.科学出版社, 2007
48余松煜,周源华,张瑞.数字图像处理.上海交通大学出版社,2000
2 HONG Wei Lin,CHIEW Lan Tai,GUO Jin Wang.A Mesh Reconstruction Algorithm Rriven by an Intrinsic Property of a Point Cloud.Computer-Aided Design.2004,36(1):1~9
3唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化.清华大学出版社,2003: 211~215
4罗述谦,周果宏.医学图象处理与分析.科学出版社, 2003
5孙家广.计算机图形学.清华大学出版社, 1998
6姜晓彤,罗立民,辜嘉等.基于链码匹配的断层间复杂轮廓线的三角片曲面重构.信号处理.2003,19(5): 479~480
7许向阳,陈琪.基于二维平行轮廓线的三维表面重建.微计算机应用. 2007, 28(6): 580~583
8 ELBRUNER H, MUECKE E P. Three-dimensional Alpha Shapes. ACM Trans.1994,13(12): 43~72
9 HOFFMAN R,JAIN A K.Segmentation and Classification of Range Images. IEEE Trans Pattern.1997,9(5): 608~620
10 Tan Jian Rong,Li Li Xin.An Algorithm for Topology Reconstruction From Unorganized Points Based on Local Flatness of Surface. Journal of Software. 2002,13(11): 2121~2126
11钟纲.曲线曲面重建方法研究.浙江大学博士学位论文.2002:47~55
12王铠,张彩明.重建自由曲面的神经网络算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学报. 1998, 10(3): 193~199
13 COPPINI G, MENNINI R. 3-D Knowledge Driven Reconstruction of Coronary Trees.Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.1997, 29(5): 535~542
14王宗彦,梁远蕾,李奇敏,张亚明.断层数据三维重构技术的研究进展.工程图学学报.2002 (1):128
15 BOEHM W. Inserting New Knots into B-spline Curve. CAD. 2000,12(4):199-201
16 H Fuchs,Z M Kedem,S P Uselton.Optimal Surface Reconstruction from Planar Contours.Communication of the ACM.1977,20(10): 693~702
17 E Keppel. Approximating Complex Surfaces by Triangulation of Contour Lines. IBM Journal Res.Develop.1975,1(11): 2~10
18 Michael S Floater,Martin Reimers. Meshless parameterization and surface reconstruction. Computer Aided Geometric Design. 2001,2(18): 77~92
19 G Macedomio, M T Pareschi.An algorithm for the triangulation of arbitrarily distributed points.applications to volume estimate and terrain fitting.1991,7(17): 859~874
20 Yong Xue,Min Sun,Ainai Ma.On the reconstruction of three-dimensiongal complex geological objects using Delaunay triangulation. Future Generation Computer Systems.2004,7(20): 1227~1234
21李智勇,沈振康,杨卫平等.动态图像分析.国防工业出版社,1999:189~266
22 D Meyers, S Skinner. Surfaces from Contours. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1992,11(3): 28~258
23 Boissonnat, J.D. Shape reconstruction from planar cross sections. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing.1988,44(1): 1~29
24潘如刚.基于断层轮廓数据的二维形体网格构造方法研究.浙江大学硕士学位论文.2004
25章毓晋.图像工程.清华人学出版社, 2005
26 Wu Hai-sham, Gil Joan. A biased median filtering algorithm for segmentation of intestinal cell gland images. Scientific World Jourmal.2006,(6): 200~220
27王曹,鲁巍.子波变换在红外目标图像边缘提取中的应用.系统工程与电子技术.2002,4(4): 76~79
28 J C Bezdek, R Chandrasekhar, and Y Attikiouzel. A new fuzzy model for edge detection. In Applications of Fuzzy Logic Technology, Proc. SPIE Bellingham, WA.1996,27: 11~28
29 K Muramoto, T Yamauchi. Classification of polar satellite data using image features and decision tree classifier. Proc. NIPR SYMP.Polar Meteoric. Glacial.1996(10): 127~137
30 R C Hardie, C G Boncelet. Gradient-based edge detection using nonlinear edgeenhancing filters. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.1995(4): 1572~1577
31 Roberts L. G Machine Perception of Three-Dimension Solids. Optical and Electro-Optimal Information Processing,J.t.Tippett, et al, Ed.Cambridge,MA: MIT Press. 1965: 99~159~197
32何斌,马天予,王运坚等.数字图像处理.第二版.人民邮电出版社,2002:394~443
33 Aboutanos G.B., Nikanne J., Watkins N., et al., Model creation and deformation for the automatic segmentation of the brain in MR Images, IEEE Transactions on Biology Medical.1999,46(11): 1346~1356
34郭钧锋,蔡元龙,王玉平.医学图像三维重建的插值方法研究. CT理论与应用研究.1994,3(2): 7~11
35李将云,杨勋年,汪国昭.分割图像插值的一种局部算法.浙江大学学报.2002,29(1):55~62
36 S Y Chen, W C Lin,C C Liang. Improvement on dynamic elastic interpolation technique for reconstruction 3-D objects from serial cross sections[biomedical application]. Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on.1990,1(9): 71~83
37 G Adrian Bors, Lefteris Kechagias, Ioannis Pitas. Virtual Drilling in 3-D Objects Reconstructed by Shape-Based Interpolation.in:Computer Science Proceeding of the 4th International Workshop on Visual Form. London: Springer-Verlag. 2001: 729~738
38 Herman G T, Zheng J, Bucholtz G A. Shape-based interpolation. IEEE Computer Graphics Appli.1992,112(3): 69~79
39 W S V Shin, W C Lin, C T Chen. Morphologic field morphing: contour model-guided image interpolation. International J of Imaging Systems and Technology. 1999,8(5): 480~490
40鲍苏苏,林斌.基于轮廓插值加权算法的研究.重庆师范学院学报.2003,3(20): 29~32
41姚富光.医用CT图像三维重建技术研究.重庆大学硕士论文. 2004: 35~47
42孙家广.计算机图形学.清华大学出版社,2002: 366~398
43 S.Dave, W.Masoon, N.Jakie. OpenGL Programming Guide. 5th Edition. California: Addison-Wesley Press.2006:13~35
44陈传波,陆枫.计算机图形学基础.电子工业出版社, 2002:189~201
45黄永丽.基于断层数据的三维重建理论与技术的研究.郑州大学硕士论文. 2004: 7~10
46李冠峰,杨光.体可视化的快速光线投射算法.工程图学学报. 2003(3): 97~102
47许录平.数字图像处理.科学出版社, 2007
48余松煜,周源华,张瑞.数字图像处理.上海交通大学出版社,2000