基于Skyline技术的油藏管理三维可视化应用研究
|
摘要
目前,全球面临资源紧缺问题,石油资源表现尤为突出。随着油气开发难度越来越大,油田企业高投入、高消耗使得开发成本难以控制,这就迫使油田企业苦练内功,加大管理力度,向“边、老、贫、深、难”油藏进军。二维模式下的油藏管理,不能直观、形象化地展示和描述地形、油井、地层之间的空间分布关系,这就不能为加密井的布设、寻找剩余油等提供便捷、科学的参考依据。
论文以吴起采油厂柳沟油田作为研究区块,利用GIS、3D GIS技术思想,借助全球领先的Skyline技术平台,在收集地形数据、油井数据、钻井资料、地质资料、地层数据以及其他一些辅助说明资料的基础上,完成了地形、油井、地层等建模,通过程序编写将模型及相关信息集成在Skyline软件平台里,最终完成柳沟油田三维可视化油藏管理的研究目标,使得柳沟油田油藏管理立体化、形象化、三维可视化。主要成果有：
(1)构建地形、油井空间轨迹和地层模型
通过构建DEM的思想,融合卫星遥感影像,完成了柳沟油田的三维地形模型；结合油井的井斜数据、井深数据、测井解释资料等信息,完成了油井的三维空间轨迹模拟成果；根据地层的古海拔、井钻遇地层信息,通过四边形网格构模方法完成了地层模型的建立。
(2)油藏管理多源信息的集成表达
Skyline三维可视化技术平台,借助其优势特点,完成油藏管理涉及到的多源、异构数据的集成与三维可视化展示工作,实现了将离散的数据集成起来,更好地服务于油藏管理。
(3)完成地上地下一体化研究成果的三维可视化展示
通过油井的井口坐标和地下油井模拟,把油井地表分布状况和地下空间展布结合在一起。在三维可视化平台里,将两者一体化地展示出来,便于油藏管理技术人员建立整体认识,提高管理效率。
At the present time,the world is facing the problem of resources shortage,which is the oil in especial.As the oil development are tending more and more difficult.High input and high consumption of oil companies make it difficult to control development costs.So that,it has forced the oil companies have enough skills and enhance its management to carry forward into the "edge, old, poor, dark, difficult" reservoir. Two-dimensional model of reservoir management, which can not offer intuitive, visualization display and description of the topography, wells, stratigraphic relationship and the spatial distribution,can not conducive to provide convenient, scientific basis for encrypting well,looking for the remaining oil,and so on.
The paper, which chooses Wuqi oil production Liugou oilfield as a research district,uses the ideas ofGIS、3D GIS technology,the worldwide leading technology platform—Skyline,includes many contents,such as collection of terrain,well, drilling,geological data and stratigraphic data. On the basis of these data,the paper has finished the terrain,oil wells and stratigraphic modeling.Models are integrated in the Skyline by programming.Full use of the Skyline's Top-quality technology,the paper has completed three-dimensional visualization of the liugou oilfield reservoir management,it can make reservoir management three-dimensional,visual and specific. Main achievements are as follows:
(1) Constructed the terrain, well trajectory and formation models
With the idea of construction of DEM, merged remote sensing images,the paper completed the three-dimensional terrain model of Liugou oilfield;Combination of the well deviation data,depth data,log interpretation data and other information,the paper completed a three-dimensional trajectory simulation of the well results;Under formation ancient sea level,drill drilled strata information,through the quadrilateral grid modeling method,the paper completed formation model.
(2) Integratd the multi-source information of reservoir management
Skyline's 3D visualization technology platform, with its characteristic advantages, completes reservoir management,which involves in multi-source, heterogeneous data integration and visualization present their realized,integrates the discrete data.It can offer a better serve to reservoir management.
(3) Completed three-dimensional visual display of above and below ground results
Through wellhead coordinates and underground wells simulation,the paper links distribution of oil well surface and underground distribution together. In the three-dimensional visualization platform,the paper integrated of the two display,it is easy for reservoir management technical staff to know overall understanding of the establishment,and improve management efficiency.
论文以吴起采油厂柳沟油田作为研究区块,利用GIS、3D GIS技术思想,借助全球领先的Skyline技术平台,在收集地形数据、油井数据、钻井资料、地质资料、地层数据以及其他一些辅助说明资料的基础上,完成了地形、油井、地层等建模,通过程序编写将模型及相关信息集成在Skyline软件平台里,最终完成柳沟油田三维可视化油藏管理的研究目标,使得柳沟油田油藏管理立体化、形象化、三维可视化。主要成果有：
(1)构建地形、油井空间轨迹和地层模型
通过构建DEM的思想,融合卫星遥感影像,完成了柳沟油田的三维地形模型；结合油井的井斜数据、井深数据、测井解释资料等信息,完成了油井的三维空间轨迹模拟成果；根据地层的古海拔、井钻遇地层信息,通过四边形网格构模方法完成了地层模型的建立。
(2)油藏管理多源信息的集成表达
Skyline三维可视化技术平台,借助其优势特点,完成油藏管理涉及到的多源、异构数据的集成与三维可视化展示工作,实现了将离散的数据集成起来,更好地服务于油藏管理。
(3)完成地上地下一体化研究成果的三维可视化展示
通过油井的井口坐标和地下油井模拟,把油井地表分布状况和地下空间展布结合在一起。在三维可视化平台里,将两者一体化地展示出来,便于油藏管理技术人员建立整体认识,提高管理效率。
At the present time,the world is facing the problem of resources shortage,which is the oil in especial.As the oil development are tending more and more difficult.High input and high consumption of oil companies make it difficult to control development costs.So that,it has forced the oil companies have enough skills and enhance its management to carry forward into the "edge, old, poor, dark, difficult" reservoir. Two-dimensional model of reservoir management, which can not offer intuitive, visualization display and description of the topography, wells, stratigraphic relationship and the spatial distribution,can not conducive to provide convenient, scientific basis for encrypting well,looking for the remaining oil,and so on.
The paper, which chooses Wuqi oil production Liugou oilfield as a research district,uses the ideas ofGIS、3D GIS technology,the worldwide leading technology platform—Skyline,includes many contents,such as collection of terrain,well, drilling,geological data and stratigraphic data. On the basis of these data,the paper has finished the terrain,oil wells and stratigraphic modeling.Models are integrated in the Skyline by programming.Full use of the Skyline's Top-quality technology,the paper has completed three-dimensional visualization of the liugou oilfield reservoir management,it can make reservoir management three-dimensional,visual and specific. Main achievements are as follows:
(1) Constructed the terrain, well trajectory and formation models
With the idea of construction of DEM, merged remote sensing images,the paper completed the three-dimensional terrain model of Liugou oilfield;Combination of the well deviation data,depth data,log interpretation data and other information,the paper completed a three-dimensional trajectory simulation of the well results;Under formation ancient sea level,drill drilled strata information,through the quadrilateral grid modeling method,the paper completed formation model.
(2) Integratd the multi-source information of reservoir management
Skyline's 3D visualization technology platform, with its characteristic advantages, completes reservoir management,which involves in multi-source, heterogeneous data integration and visualization present their realized,integrates the discrete data.It can offer a better serve to reservoir management.
(3) Completed three-dimensional visual display of above and below ground results
Through wellhead coordinates and underground wells simulation,the paper links distribution of oil well surface and underground distribution together. In the three-dimensional visualization platform,the paper integrated of the two display,it is easy for reservoir management technical staff to know overall understanding of the establishment,and improve management efficiency.
引文
[1]地理信息系统专业介绍http://www.uzz.edu.cn/lzx/zhuanye/dxjj.htm
[2]朱庆.3维地理信息系统技术综述[J].地理信息世界,2004,2(3)：8-12
[3]龚健雅.地理信息系统基础.北京：科学出版社,2005
[4]张大伟.我国油气资源发展战略若干问题.资源·产业,2002,6
[5]中国油气能源的形势与对策http://blog.china.com.cn/cdkp/art/280692.html
[6]http://trend.cnki.net/trendshow.php?searchword=%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E5 %8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96
[7]高志亮.数字油田理论再认识——从信息化到智能油田[EB/OL]
[8]刘树臣.《中国发展观察》,2005.08.29,澳大利亚玻璃地球计划及其启示http://www.lrn.cn/figures/expertpaper/200508/t20050829_94774.htm
[9]宋跃滨,孙晓生.石油行业GIS技术应用现状与展望.测绘与空间地理信息,2007,30(1)
[10]http://www.stone-mti.com/include/gis.htm
[11]GIS发展简史http://www.xici.net/main.asp?url=/u11025692/d42981798.htm
[12]江文全编译.综合油藏管理.国外油田工程,1995
[13]何刚.论油藏管理现代化.石油规划设计,2002,13(2)
[14]可视化http://baike.baidu.com/view/69230.htm?fr=ala0
[15]李汇军,孔玉寿,阮鲤等.三维地形的可视化研究[J],2001,2(6)：90-95
[16]K.W.Brodlie,L.A.Carpenter et al.Seientific Visualization techniques and applications [M],Springer Verlag Press,1991
[17]王维江,张俊霞.数据可视化技术研究的新进展[J].计算机时代,2002,5：4～6
[18]刘勇奎,周晓敏.虚拟现实技术和科学计算可视化[J].中国图像图形学报,2000,5(9)：794-798
[19]黎华.地形与地质体三维可视化的研究与应用.中国科学院研究生院[D],2006
[20]M.A. Theodoropoulou,V.Karoutsos,C.Kaspiris,et al. A New Visualization Technique for the Study of Solute Dispersion in Model Porous Media[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2003,274(3):176-197
[21]Harold P.Santo.Graphics and visualization for finite element modeling [J].Finitel Elements in Analysis and Design,1995,19 (4):225-227
[22]Tomi Heinonen,Kari Visala,Mikko Blomqvist et al.3D visualization library of multimodal medical images[J]. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics,1998,22(4):267-273
[23]M.Haggerty.3D mathematics in wood and stone[J]. IEEE CG&A,1991,11(5):7-10
[24]Giuseppe Zito. New visualization tool to operate high energy Physics detectors[J] Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,1994,349(1):112-117
[25]Eric A.de Kemp.3-D visualization of structural field data:examples from the Archean Caopatina Formation,Abitibi greenstone belt,Quebec,Canada[J].Computers&Geoscienees, 2000,26(5):509-530
[26]Qiang Wu,Hua Xu. An approach to computer modeling and visualization of geological faults in 3D[J]. Computers&Geoseiences,2003,29(4):503-509
[27]T.V Papathomas,J.A.Schiavone,B.Julesz.Applications of computer GraPhics tothe Visualization of Meteorological Data[J]. Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):327-334
[28]M.Bajura,H.Fuchs and R.Ohbuchi. Merging virtual objects with the real world:seeing ultrasound imaging within the Patient[J]. Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):203-210
[29]Talbert N.Toward Human Centered Systems.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1997,17(4):21-28
[30]M.Jarke,De O'Leary, R Studer.Knowledge Management:An Inter-disciplinary Approach.IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):24-25
[31]黄忠.地质三维建模与可视化技术的研究与应用.合肥工业大学[D],2008
[32]张瑾玉.三维地质可视化关键技术研究.华中科技大学[D],2005.5：10-11
[33]花向红.测量数据可视化技术研究[J].测绘土程,1999.8(3)：30-33
[34]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[35]吴立新,史文中.Christopher G.M.3D GIS与3D GMS中的空间构模技术[J],地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1)：5-11。
[36]洪雄.基于似三棱柱的三维地学空间构模技术研究.中国地质大学[D],2005
[37]曾怀恩,黄声享.基于Kriging方法的空间数据插值研究.测绘工程,2007,5(16)
[38]刘全明,王耀强.基于地质统计学的DTM空间插值技术研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2005,26(4)：67-69
[39]侯景儒,黄竞先.地质统计学的理论与方法[M].北京：地质出版社,1990
[40]苏姝,林爱文,刘庆华.普通Kriging法在空间内插中的运用[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(1):18-21
[41]王靖波,潘懋,张绪定.基于Kriging方法的空间散乱点插值[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,1999,11(6)：525-529
[42]颜辉武,祝国瑞,徐智勇,等.基于Kriging水文地质层的三维建模与体视化[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(7)：611-614
[43]包世态,廖衍旋,胡月明等.基于Kriging的地形高程插值.地理与地理信息科学,2007,3(23)
[44]WACKERNA GEL H. Multivariate Geostatistics (3rd Edition) [M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,2003.416-429
[45]吴小竹,樊明辉.站点观测数据的连续空间化模型的研究[J],计算机工程与应用,2005(11)：199-201
[46]Simon W H.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M]. Springer-Verlag,1994
[47]赵树贤.煤矿床可视化构模技术[D].中国矿业大学(北京校区),1999
[48]Joe B. Construction of 3D Delaunay Triangulations Using Local Transformations [J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1991,8:123-142
[49]Morackot P,Tempfli K, Molenaar M.A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation [A].In:Advanced Geographic Data Modelling (Ed., Molenaar M) Sylvia De Hoop:Geodesy Press,1994.129-140
[50]Pilout M,Tempfli K, Molenaar M. A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation[J]. Advanced GeographicData Modelling,1994 (40):129-140
[51]Victor J D,Alan P. Delaunay tetrahedral Data Modeling for 3D GIS Application[C].Proc. GIS/L IS'93.1993.671-678
[52]李清泉.基于混合结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学,1998
[53]孙敏,陈军.基于几何元素的三维景观实体建模研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(3)：233-237
[54]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2)：128-133
[55]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(4)：325-330
[56]M.Molenaar,1990.A formal data structure for 3D vector maps.In:Proeeedings of EGIS'90,Vol.2.Amsterdam,The Netherlands
[57]Simon W.Houlding.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994
[58]数字高程模型http://baike.baidu.com/view/125881.htm
[59]王淼,陈晨,张丽玲.基于钻孔数据和GMS的地层三维建模和可视化的研究.基础工程设计,2007
[60]陈石,高志亮,张怀,等.海量地学数据的并行可视化实现[C].中国地球物理学会第22届年会论文集,2006年
[61]符海芳,朱建军,崔伟,宏.3DGIS数据模型的研究[J].地球信息科学,2002,2：45-49
[62]朱庆,高玉荣,危拥军,等.GIS中三维模型的设计[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2003.6,28(3)：283-287
[63]马智民,俞全宏,姜作勤.应用地理信息系统设计与实现[M].西安：西安地图出版社,1996(2)
[64]高志亮.鄂尔多斯盆地吴旗地区中生界油气聚集与勘探[M].西安：西安地图出版社,2001
[65]龚健雅,朱欣焰,朱庆等.面向对象集成化空间数据管理系统的设计和实现[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(4)：289-293
[66]GONGJ Y,CHENG P G, WANG YD. Three dimensional modeling and application in geological exploration engineering. Computers & Geosciences,2004,30 (4):391-404
[67]兰德马克公司推出新一代油藏管理系统.石油科技论坛,2004,(2)：54-56
[68]吴立新,车德福,郭甲腾.面向地上下无缝集成建模的新一代三维地理信息系统,测绘工程,2006,15 (5)
[69]焦养泉,朱培民等,地学空间信息三维建模与可视化——鄂尔多斯盆地及相关领域的实践,2006,北京：科学出版社
[70]郭花利,高志亮,陈石等,GIS技术在油田地层三维可视化油气研究中的应用,2008GIS年会
[2]朱庆.3维地理信息系统技术综述[J].地理信息世界,2004,2(3)：8-12
[3]龚健雅.地理信息系统基础.北京：科学出版社,2005
[4]张大伟.我国油气资源发展战略若干问题.资源·产业,2002,6
[5]中国油气能源的形势与对策http://blog.china.com.cn/cdkp/art/280692.html
[6]http://trend.cnki.net/trendshow.php?searchword=%E4%B8%89%E7%BB%B4%E5 %8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96
[7]高志亮.数字油田理论再认识——从信息化到智能油田[EB/OL]
[8]刘树臣.《中国发展观察》,2005.08.29,澳大利亚玻璃地球计划及其启示http://www.lrn.cn/figures/expertpaper/200508/t20050829_94774.htm
[9]宋跃滨,孙晓生.石油行业GIS技术应用现状与展望.测绘与空间地理信息,2007,30(1)
[10]http://www.stone-mti.com/include/gis.htm
[11]GIS发展简史http://www.xici.net/main.asp?url=/u11025692/d42981798.htm
[12]江文全编译.综合油藏管理.国外油田工程,1995
[13]何刚.论油藏管理现代化.石油规划设计,2002,13(2)
[14]可视化http://baike.baidu.com/view/69230.htm?fr=ala0
[15]李汇军,孔玉寿,阮鲤等.三维地形的可视化研究[J],2001,2(6)：90-95
[16]K.W.Brodlie,L.A.Carpenter et al.Seientific Visualization techniques and applications [M],Springer Verlag Press,1991
[17]王维江,张俊霞.数据可视化技术研究的新进展[J].计算机时代,2002,5：4～6
[18]刘勇奎,周晓敏.虚拟现实技术和科学计算可视化[J].中国图像图形学报,2000,5(9)：794-798
[19]黎华.地形与地质体三维可视化的研究与应用.中国科学院研究生院[D],2006
[20]M.A. Theodoropoulou,V.Karoutsos,C.Kaspiris,et al. A New Visualization Technique for the Study of Solute Dispersion in Model Porous Media[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2003,274(3):176-197
[21]Harold P.Santo.Graphics and visualization for finite element modeling [J].Finitel Elements in Analysis and Design,1995,19 (4):225-227
[22]Tomi Heinonen,Kari Visala,Mikko Blomqvist et al.3D visualization library of multimodal medical images[J]. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics,1998,22(4):267-273
[23]M.Haggerty.3D mathematics in wood and stone[J]. IEEE CG&A,1991,11(5):7-10
[24]Giuseppe Zito. New visualization tool to operate high energy Physics detectors[J] Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research,1994,349(1):112-117
[25]Eric A.de Kemp.3-D visualization of structural field data:examples from the Archean Caopatina Formation,Abitibi greenstone belt,Quebec,Canada[J].Computers&Geoscienees, 2000,26(5):509-530
[26]Qiang Wu,Hua Xu. An approach to computer modeling and visualization of geological faults in 3D[J]. Computers&Geoseiences,2003,29(4):503-509
[27]T.V Papathomas,J.A.Schiavone,B.Julesz.Applications of computer GraPhics tothe Visualization of Meteorological Data[J]. Computer Graphics,1988,22(4):327-334
[28]M.Bajura,H.Fuchs and R.Ohbuchi. Merging virtual objects with the real world:seeing ultrasound imaging within the Patient[J]. Computer Graphics,1992,26(2):203-210
[29]Talbert N.Toward Human Centered Systems.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1997,17(4):21-28
[30]M.Jarke,De O'Leary, R Studer.Knowledge Management:An Inter-disciplinary Approach.IEEE Intelligent Systems,2001,16(1):24-25
[31]黄忠.地质三维建模与可视化技术的研究与应用.合肥工业大学[D],2008
[32]张瑾玉.三维地质可视化关键技术研究.华中科技大学[D],2005.5：10-11
[33]花向红.测量数据可视化技术研究[J].测绘土程,1999.8(3)：30-33
[34]吴立新,史文中.地理信息系统原理与算法[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[35]吴立新,史文中.Christopher G.M.3D GIS与3D GMS中的空间构模技术[J],地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1)：5-11。
[36]洪雄.基于似三棱柱的三维地学空间构模技术研究.中国地质大学[D],2005
[37]曾怀恩,黄声享.基于Kriging方法的空间数据插值研究.测绘工程,2007,5(16)
[38]刘全明,王耀强.基于地质统计学的DTM空间插值技术研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2005,26(4)：67-69
[39]侯景儒,黄竞先.地质统计学的理论与方法[M].北京：地质出版社,1990
[40]苏姝,林爱文,刘庆华.普通Kriging法在空间内插中的运用[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2004,3(1):18-21
[41]王靖波,潘懋,张绪定.基于Kriging方法的空间散乱点插值[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,1999,11(6)：525-529
[42]颜辉武,祝国瑞,徐智勇,等.基于Kriging水文地质层的三维建模与体视化[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2004,29(7)：611-614
[43]包世态,廖衍旋,胡月明等.基于Kriging的地形高程插值.地理与地理信息科学,2007,3(23)
[44]WACKERNA GEL H. Multivariate Geostatistics (3rd Edition) [M].Berlin:Springer Verlag,2003.416-429
[45]吴小竹,樊明辉.站点观测数据的连续空间化模型的研究[J],计算机工程与应用,2005(11)：199-201
[46]Simon W H.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M]. Springer-Verlag,1994
[47]赵树贤.煤矿床可视化构模技术[D].中国矿业大学(北京校区),1999
[48]Joe B. Construction of 3D Delaunay Triangulations Using Local Transformations [J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design,1991,8:123-142
[49]Morackot P,Tempfli K, Molenaar M.A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation [A].In:Advanced Geographic Data Modelling (Ed., Molenaar M) Sylvia De Hoop:Geodesy Press,1994.129-140
[50]Pilout M,Tempfli K, Molenaar M. A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation[J]. Advanced GeographicData Modelling,1994 (40):129-140
[51]Victor J D,Alan P. Delaunay tetrahedral Data Modeling for 3D GIS Application[C].Proc. GIS/L IS'93.1993.671-678
[52]李清泉.基于混合结构的三维GIS数据模型与空间分析研究[D].武汉测绘科技大学,1998
[53]孙敏,陈军.基于几何元素的三维景观实体建模研究[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(3)：233-237
[54]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2)：128-133
[55]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(4)：325-330
[56]M.Molenaar,1990.A formal data structure for 3D vector maps.In:Proeeedings of EGIS'90,Vol.2.Amsterdam,The Netherlands
[57]Simon W.Houlding.3D Geoscience Modeling:Computer Techniques for Geological Characterization[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994
[58]数字高程模型http://baike.baidu.com/view/125881.htm
[59]王淼,陈晨,张丽玲.基于钻孔数据和GMS的地层三维建模和可视化的研究.基础工程设计,2007
[60]陈石,高志亮,张怀,等.海量地学数据的并行可视化实现[C].中国地球物理学会第22届年会论文集,2006年
[61]符海芳,朱建军,崔伟,宏.3DGIS数据模型的研究[J].地球信息科学,2002,2：45-49
[62]朱庆,高玉荣,危拥军,等.GIS中三维模型的设计[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2003.6,28(3)：283-287
[63]马智民,俞全宏,姜作勤.应用地理信息系统设计与实现[M].西安：西安地图出版社,1996(2)
[64]高志亮.鄂尔多斯盆地吴旗地区中生界油气聚集与勘探[M].西安：西安地图出版社,2001
[65]龚健雅,朱欣焰,朱庆等.面向对象集成化空间数据管理系统的设计和实现[J].武汉测绘科技大学学报,2000,25(4)：289-293
[66]GONGJ Y,CHENG P G, WANG YD. Three dimensional modeling and application in geological exploration engineering. Computers & Geosciences,2004,30 (4):391-404
[67]兰德马克公司推出新一代油藏管理系统.石油科技论坛,2004,(2)：54-56
[68]吴立新,车德福,郭甲腾.面向地上下无缝集成建模的新一代三维地理信息系统,测绘工程,2006,15 (5)
[69]焦养泉,朱培民等,地学空间信息三维建模与可视化——鄂尔多斯盆地及相关领域的实践,2006,北京：科学出版社
[70]郭花利,高志亮,陈石等,GIS技术在油田地层三维可视化油气研究中的应用,2008GIS年会