南海西沙群岛晚全新世高分辨率气候环境变化

详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文

英文题名：High Resolution Climatic and Environmental Changes in Xisha Islands of South China Sea during the Late Holocene 作者：晏宏 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：环境科学 中文关键词：南海 ; 西沙群岛 ; 湖泊沉积物 ; 砗磲 ; 晚全新世 ; 气候 ; 厄尔尼诺-南方涛动 ; 重金属 ; 人类排放 英文关键词：South China Sea ; Xisha Islands ; Lake sediment ; Tridacna ; Late 英文关键词：Holocene ; Climate ; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ; Heavy metal ; Anthropogenic 英文关键词：emission 学位年度：2012 导师：孙立广 学科代码：083001 学位授予单位：中国科学技术大学 论文提交日期：2012-08-01

摘要

热带地区气候环境变化对全球气候系统有着非常重要的影响,本研究从湖泊沉积物、砗磲碳酸盐壳体等高分辨率载体入手,分析南海西沙地区晚全新世气候环境特征及其变化机制。论文主要从以下几点进行讨论：
     1.南海西沙现代气象资料的分析
     利用1958—2005年有关南海西沙群岛的气象资料与ENSO观测资料,从气温、降雨、台风3个方面分析南海西沙群岛气候异常与ENSO事件之间的关系。结果表明,南海西沙群岛季节和年际气候异常与ENSO事件存在非常密切的关系,具体表现如下：南海西沙群岛逐月气温距平百分率与月ENSO指数存在显著的统计正相关关系,在厄尔尼诺期间一般表现为气温偏高,拉尼娜期间则相反；年平均降雨量与ENSO指数存在显著的负相关关系,典型拉尼娜年的降雨量比厄尔尼诺年多约50%；此外,在厄尔尼诺期间,到达南海西沙地区的热带气旋频次比拉尼娜期间明显要少。
     2.南海西沙过去千年降雨变化
     在准确定年的基础上,对采自南海西沙东岛的湖泊沉积物粒度、介形类壳体碳氧同位素进行分析,重建了东岛过去千年干湿变化。结果显示,东岛在较为温暖的1000-1400年和1850-2000年表现出相对干旱,而在1400-1850年的小冰期期间则表现为湿润。考虑到东岛的地理位置,这样的干湿变化很难被目前的ITCZ小冰期南移理论所解释。结合太平洋地区已有的一些干湿记录的综合分析,我们认为虽然ITCZ的摆动可能在太平洋水循环的长期变化中起到了重要作用,但沃克环流的长期变化可能也影响了太平洋地区,尤其是太平洋东西两岸沃克环流的上升支和下沉支区域。
     3.过去2000年南方涛动指数的重建
     南方涛动及其伴随的太平洋沃克环流变化,是当前热带太平洋地区甚至全球气候年际异常的主要影响因素,因此研究南方涛动指数的变化历史对理解气候变化机制以及预测未来气候变化有重要意义。通过综合热带太平洋地区已有的降雨记录,利用合理的数学方法,我们重建了过去2000年的南方涛动指数变化。结果显示,在温暖的罗马暖期、中世纪暖期和现代温暖期,南方涛动指数偏负,指示一种偏厄尔尼诺的状态；而在寒冷的小冰期,南方涛动指数偏正,指示一种偏拉尼娜的状态。此外,我们还发现南方涛动指数过去2000年的变化与太阳活动以及北半球的一些气候系统如东亚季风、北大西洋涛动等之间存在明显的关联。
     4.南海西沙现代大砗磲高分辨率δ180和Sr/Ca研究及其气候意义
     对采自南海西沙永兴岛的现代大砗磲YX1进行高分辨率的δ180和Sr/Ca比值测试。5180的测试序列显示出很好的年周期变化,并与周围海水达成氧同位素分馏平衡。利用ICP-OES测试得到的Sr/Ca序列同样显示出很好的年周期变化,并与SST变化有很好的相关性,可以作为SST重建的替代性指标.但是,利用LA-ICP-MS测试得到的Sr/Ca序列则没有显示出很好的年周期变化,这可能与砗磲碳酸盐中夹杂的有机质杂质有关,这些有机质杂质与碳酸盐晶体的Sr/Ca比值存在显著差别,在ICP-OES测试中,这些有机质大多无法被溶解,因此不会对测试结果产生显著影响,而在LA-ICP-MS的测试中,这些有机质杂质会进入样品中,从而对测试结果产生影响。
     5.南海西沙3种现代砗磲Sr/Ca比值的差异
     对采自南海西沙群岛的三种砗磲(库氏砗磲,无鳞砗磲和砗蚝,其中库式砗磲3个,无鳞砗磲和砗蚝各两个)进行了高分辨率的St/Ca比值分析。结果表明,库氏砗磲和无鳞砗磲的Sr/Ca比值呈现出清晰的年周期变化并与实测的海表面温度(SST)形成了较好的对应,可以作为SST重建的替代性指标；而砗蚝的St/Ca比值基本上没有年周期信号,不适合作为SST重建的替代性指标。此外,在Sr/Ca比值的平均值上,三种砗磲之间相差较大,因此利用砗磲St/Ca比值进行历史时期SST重建之前应先对砗磲进行种属鉴定,不同种砗磲之间的温度计不能随意混用。
     6.晚全新世温暖期南海西沙高温的砗磲记录
     对采自南海西沙群岛的两个砗磲(AMS14C定年显示分别存活于中世纪暖期早期(公元914年左右)和罗马暖期(公元前10年左右))进行高分辨率的5180和Sr/Ca分析,结合前期现代砗磲温度计的研究结果,恢复了公元914年(共11年)和公元前10年(共20年)左右的南海西沙月分辨率的SST变化。结果显示,在中世纪暖期和罗马暖期,南海西沙的海表面温度比1994-2005年分别高0.88度和1.64度。由此推断,最近50年的全球变暖至少在南海西沙地区没有全面超过晚全新世的自然温暖期。
     7.南海西沙沉积物重金属变化与人类冶金历史的关联
     通过对南海西沙鸟粪沉积物中重金属Cu的测定与校正,我们获得了过去2000年来鸟粪中Cu含量的变化,结果发现鸟粪中Cu含量与中国古代的铜产量以及中国大陆封建文明的盛衰存在密切的联系。在社会政治稳定、经济繁荣的朝代之中时,鸟粪中铜含量相对较高；而在朝代更替、战乱频繁、社会经济退步的时段,鸟粪中铜含量一般都处于低谷状态。根据历史文献中部分时段铜产量记录与鸟粪中铜含量的对应关系,建立起转换函数并以此恢复出了两千年来中国的铜产量。
     通过对南海西沙东岛两个沉积柱中总汞含量的测定和校准,我们获得了海鸟粪中汞含量在过去千年的变化情况。结果表明,在公元1600年左右,鸟粪中汞含量开始快速增加,这可能与美洲金矿开采,人类大规模利用汞进行金属冶炼有关。在工业革命之后,由于煤的大量使用以及氯碱、炼油等工业活动的兴起,大量Hg被排放到环境中,鸟粪中的Hg再次出现快速增加。从西沙Hg记录与欧洲、格陵兰、南极等地Hg记录对比的情况来看,工业革命后,北半球的Hg污染要比南极严重的多。
Knowledge of past climate changes in tropics during the late Holocene provides perspective for understanding and modeling current and future global climate. In the present dissertation, lake sediments and Tridacna samples from Xisha Islands were used to reconstruct the detailed climatic information in the South China Sea during the last2,000years.
     Main conclusions of this dissertation are outlined as follows:
     1. The impact of ENSO activity on the climate of Xisha Islands
     The relationships between ENSO activity and regional climate anomalies in the Xisha Islands during the last50years were investigated. The results suggested that there is a significant positive correlation between ENSO index (EMI) and air temperature anomalies in the Xisha Islands. The precipitation and typhoon activity are also influenced by ENSO conditions. During a La Nina event, when Pacific Walker Circulation is strengthened, and the ascending limb in the western Pacific enhances, leading to more precipitation and more tropical cyclones in the South China Sea.
     2. South China Sea hydrological changes over the last millennium
     We reconstructed hydrological changes over the last millennium from Dongdao Island (～16°40'N,112°44'E), South China Sea, using multiple proxies as hydrology indicators. Our multiple records consistently suggest that this region received less precipitation during the relatively warm period, AD1000-1400and AD1850-2000, and more rainfall during the cool period (AD1400-1850). Due to the locality of our records, the temporal precipitation pattern could be hardly explained by the southward movement of the ITCZ during the cool period. We suggest that while ITCZ might have indeed played an important role in controlling tropical Pacific hydrology, changes in Pacific Walker Circulation could have also influenced the hydrology over the last millennium, based on our records and some existing hydrological records.
     3. Reconstruction of Southern Oscillation index over the last2,000years
     Here we attempt to extend the multi-decadal scale Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) to2,000years ago using paleo-precipitation records. The reconstructed SOI proxy has five distinct phases over the past2,000years:persistent negative values during AD50-450, AD1000-1400, and AD1850-1955interrupted by positive values during AD500-1000and AD1400-1850. Importantly, the reconstructed SOI proxy is significantly linked to the solar irradiance and Northern Hemisphere climate over the past1,000years.
     4. High resolution δ18O and Sr/Ca ratio of a modern T. gigas specimen and its paleoclimate implication
     High-resolution δ18O and Sr/Ca ratio profiles of a modern (live-caught) giant bivalve shell (Tridacna gigas) from northern South China Sea were analyzed. The high-resolution δ18O profiles, as documented in most of previous studies, showed pronounced seasonal cycles and recorded the combined influence of seawater δ18O and sea surface temperature. Two Sr/Ca profiles of modern T. gigas shell were determined by ICP-OES and LA-ICP-MS, respectively. The Sr/Ca profile derived from ICP-OES had well-defined annual cycles and significantly, negatively correlated with sea surface temperature. Similar correlations were not found in this study and in previous studies with Sr/Ca ratios of T. gigas determined by LA-ICP-MS. The difference is likely caused by the organics content in T. gigas shells; the organics, having a chemical composition different than CaCO3crystals and a heterogeneous distribution across the shell, can significantly influence the estimates of trace metal concentration when using LA-ICP-MS; and the influence could be reduced by using the wet chemical method such as ICP-OES.
     5. The difference of Sr/Ca ratios among three Tridacna species
     Seven Tridacna specimens of three different species (Tridacna gigas, Tridacna derasa and Hippopus hippopus) were collected from Xisha Islands of South China Sea and the high-resolution Sr/Ca ratios of their inner shells were analyzed by ICP-OES. The Sr/Ca profiles of Tridacna gigas and Tridacna derasa display regular annual cycles linking to the seasonal sea surface temperature (SST) variation of the studied area, but the Sr/Ca profiles of Hippopus hippopus didn't show clear annual cycles. Moreover, the results also showed some big interspecific differences in mean Sr/Ca values between the three Tridacna species, indicating that species identification was necessary before using Tridacna Sr/Ca as paleoclimate recorders.
     6. High sea surface temperature in the South China Sea during the natural warm periods of late Holocene
     High resolution sea surface temperatures in the South China Sea during the late Holocene natural warm periods were reconstructed by the Sr/Ca and δ18O of Tradacna gigas specimens from the Xisha Islands. The results suggested that the mean sea surface temperature during the AD914-925and BC10-AD10were0.88℃and1.64℃higher than AD1994-2005, respectively. Hence an inference can be drawn from these results that the temperatures during the second half of the20th century were lower than that during the late Holocene natural warm periods in at least the South China Sea.
     7. Millennial Cu and Hg records derived from ornithogenic sediment on Dongdao Isand and its relationship with the anthropogenic Cu and Hg emission
     A2000-year record of copper concentration in red-footed booby excrement was derived from the sediment core on Dongdao Island and the result showed a striking correlation between the copper content of seabird excrements and the ancient copper production in China over the past two millennia. The increased Cu content corresponds to the flourishing times of dynasties, such as the Tang and Sung Dynasties, and declines in Cu content correspond with dynastic declines. We established an approximate function to model the quantitative relationship between the copper content in the seabird excrement and the ancient copper production. We estimate that a total of～14million tons of copper was produced during the past two millennia in China. Among the14million tons of copper, about0.65million tons was released into the atmosphere.
     Two ornithogenic sediment cores, which have a time span of1,000years and are influenced by red-footed booby (Sula sula), were collected from Dongdao Islands, South China Sea. The determined mercury concentrations of the two cores show similar and substantial fluctuations during the past millennium, and the fluctuations are most likely caused by the changes in mercury level of the ocean environment and in anthropogenic Hg emission. The mercury concentration increased rapidly after AD1600in corresponding to beginning of the unparalleled gold and silver mining in South Central America that left a large volume of anthropogenic mercury pollution. Since the Industrial Revolution, the mercury level has increased at a fast pace, very likely caused by modern coal combustion, chlor-alkali and oil refining industries. The comparison of mercury profiles from different places on earth suggested that anthropogenic mercury pollution after the Industrial Revolution is more severe in Northern Hemisphere than in Antarctica.

引文

Brauning, A.,1994. Dendrochronology for the last 1400 years in eastern Tibet. GeoJournal,34(1): 75-95.
    Brauning, A.,2001. Climate history of the Tibetan Plateau during the last 1000 years derived from a network of Juniper chronologies. Dendrochronologia.,19(1):127.
    Brauning, A., Griebinger, J.,2006. Late Holocene variations in monsoon intensity in the Tibetan-Himalayan region-evidence from tree rings. JOURNAL-GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA,68(3):485.
    Briffa, K., Jones, P., Hulme, M.,1994. Summer moisture variability across Europe,1892-1991:an analysis based on the Palmer drought severity index. International Journal of Climatology, 14(5):475-506.
    Briffa, K.R.,2000. Annual climate variability in the Holocene:interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews,19(1-5):87-105.
    Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J.,2002. Blowing hot and cold. Science,295(5563):2227-2228.
    Buckley, B., Anchukaitis, K., Penny, D., Fletcher, R., Cook, E., Sano, M., Nam, L., Wichienkeeo, A., Minh, T., Hong, T.,2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(15):6748-6752.
    Chu, G., Liu, J., Sun, Q., Lu, H., Gu, Z., Wang, W., Liu, T.,2002. The 'mediaeval warm period'drought recorded in Lake Huguangyan, tropical South China. The Holocene,12(5): 511-516.
    Cook, E.R., D'Arrigo, R.D., Briffa, K.R.,1998. A reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation using tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe. Holocene,8(1):9-17.
    Cook, E.R., Jacoby, G.C.,1977. Tree-Ring Drought Relationships in Hudson Valley, New-York. Science,198(4315):399-401.
    Cook, E.R., Meko, D.M., Stahle, D.W., Cleaveland, M.K.,1996. Tree-ring reconstructions of past drought across the coterminous United States:Tests of a regression method and calibration/verification results. Tree Rings, Environment and Humanity:155-169.
    Cook, E.R., Palmer, J.G., D'Arrigo, R.D.,2002. Evidence for a 'Medieval Warm Period'in a 1,100 year tree-ring reconstruction of past austral summer temperatures in New Zealand. Geophysical Research Letters,29(14).
    Cook, E.R., Peters, K.,1997. Calculating unbiased tree-ring indices for the study of climatic and environmental change. Holocene,7(3):361-370.
    Crowley, T.J.,2000. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science,289(5477):270-277.
    Crowley, T.J., Lowery, T.S.,2000. How warm was the medieval warm period? Ambio,29(1):51-54.
    Cullen, H., Hemming, S., Hemming, G, Brown, F., Guilderson, T., Sirocko, F.,2000. Climate change and the collapse of the Akkadian empire:Evidence from the deep sea. Geology,28(4): 379-382.
    D'Arrigo, R., Wilson, R., Palmer, J., Krusic, P., Curtis, A., Sakulich, J., Bijaksana, S., Zulaikah, S., Ngkoimani, L.O.,2006. Monsoon drought over Java, Indonesia, during the past two centuries. Geophys. Res. Lett,33:L04709.
    Esper, J., Cook, E., Schweingruber, F.,2002. Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science,295(5563):2250.
    Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, P., Wang, W.,2003. Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years. The Holocene,13(6):933.
    Hegerl, G.C., Crowley, T.J., Allen, M., Hyde, W.T., Pollack, H.N., Smerdon, J., Zorita, E.,2007. Detection of human influence on a new, validated 1500-year temperature reconstruction. Journal of Climate,20(4):650-666.
    Hu, C., Henderson, G., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y, Johnson, K.,2008. Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,266(3-4):221-232.
    IPCC,2001. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.
    IPCC,2007. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.
    Jones, P., Briffa, K., Barnett, T., Tett, S.,1998. High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium:interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene,8(4):455-471.
    Jones, P., Mann, M.,2004. Climate over past millennia. Rev. Geophys,42(2):RG2002.
    Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Briffa, K.R.,2001. The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science,292(5517):662-667.
    Juckes, M., Allen, M., Briffa, K., Esper, J., Hegerl, G., Moberg, A., Osborn, T., Weber, S.,2007. Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation. Climate of the Past, 3(4):591-609.
    Kaniewski, D., Paulissen, E., Van Campo, E., Al-Maqdissi, M., Bretschneider, J., Van Lerberghe, K., 2008. Middle East coastal ecosystem response to middle-to-late Holocene abrupt climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(37):13941.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G, Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Liu, Z., Henderson, A.C.G., Huang, Y.,2006. Alkenone-based reconstruction of late-Holocene surface temperature and salinity changes in Lake Qinghai, China. Geophysical Research Letters, 33(9):L09707.
    Mann, M., Bradley, R., Hughes, M.,1998. Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature,392(6678):779-787.
    Mann, M., Bradley, R., Hughes, M.,1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium:inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters,26(6): 759-762.
    Mann, M., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M., Bradley, R., Miller, S., Rutherford, S., Ni, F.,2008a. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(36):13252.
    Mann, M., Zhang, Z., Rutherford, S., Bradley, R., Hughes, M., Shindell, D., Ammann, C., Faluvegi, G., Ni, F.,2009. Global signatures and dynamical origins of the little ice age and medieval climate anomaly. Science,326(5957):1256-1260.
    Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M.K., Bradley, R.S., Miller, S.K., Rutherford, S., Ni, F.,2008b. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(36):13252.
    Meko, D.M., Stockton, C.W., Blasing, T.J.,1985. Periodicity in tree rings from the corn belt. Science, 229(4711):381-4.
    Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N., Karlen, W.,2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature, 433(7026):613-617.
    Nicault, A., Alleaume, S., Brewer, S., Carrer, M., Nola, P., Guiot, J.,2008. Mediterranean drought fluctuation during the last 500 years based on tree-ring data. Climate Dynamics,31(2): 227-245.
    Palmer, W.C., Bureau, E.U.W.,1965. Meteorological drought. US Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau.
    Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Schwarz-Zanetti, G., Wegmann, M.,1998. Winter air temperature variations in western Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages (AD 750-1300). The Holocene,8(5):535-552.
    Sheppard, P., Tarasov, P., Graumlich, L., Heussner, K.U., Wagner, M., Osterle, H., Thompson, L., 2004. Annual precipitation since 515 BC reconstructed from living and fossil juniper growth of northeastern Qinghai Province, China. Climate Dynamics,23(7):869-881.
    Soon, W., Baliunas, S.,2003. Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years. Climate Research,23(2):89-110.
    Stahle, D.W., Cook, E.R., White, J.W.C.,1985. Tree-Ring Dating of Bald-Cypress and the Potential for Millennia-Long Chronologies in the Southeast. American Antiquity,50(4):796-802.
    Stahle, D.W., Fye, F.K., Cook, E.R., Griffin, R.D.,2007. Tree-ring reconstructed megadroughts over North America since AD 1300. Climatic Change,83(1-2):133-149.
    Tan, L.C., Cai, Y.J., Yi, L., An, Z.S., Ai, L.,2008. Precipitation variations of Longxi, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau since AD 960 and their relationship with solar activity. Climate of the Past, 4(1):19-28.
    Tan, M., Liu, T., Hou, J., Qin, X., Zhang, H., Li, T.,2003. Cyclic rapid warming on centennial-scale revealed by a 2650-year stalagmite record of warm season temperature. Geophysical Research Letters,30(12):1617.
    Van der Schrier, G., Briffa, K., Jones, P., Osborn, T.,2006. Summer moisture variability across Europe. Journal of Climate,19(12):2818-2834.
    Van der Schrier, G., Efthymiadis, D., Briffa, K., Jones, P.,2007. European Alpine moisture variability for 1800-2003. International Journal of Climatology,27(4):415-427.
    Wang, L., Rioual, P., Panizzo, V.N., Lu, H., Gu, Z., Chu, G., Yang, D., Han, J., Liu, J., Mackay, A.W., 2012. A 1000-yr record of environmental change in NE China indicated by diatom assemblages from maar lake Erlongwan. Quaternary Research.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D.,2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon:Links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308(5723):854-857.
    Weiss, H., Courty, M.A., Wetterstrom, W., Guichard, F., Senior, L., Meadow, R., Curnow, A.,1993. The genesis and collapse of third millennium North Mesopotamian civilization. Science, 261(5124):995-1004.
    Xu, H., Ai, L., Tan, L., An, Z.,2006. Stable isotopes in bulk carbonates and organic matter in recent sediments of Lake Qinghai and their climatic implications. Chemical Geology,235(3): 262-275.
    Xu, H., Hou, Z., Ai, L., Tan, L.,2007. Precipitation at Lake Qinghai, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its relation to Asian summer monsoons on decadal/interdecadal scales during the past 500 years. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,254(3-4):541-549.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Oppo, D.W., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Xie, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, W.,2011. South China Sea hydrological changes and Pacific Walker Circulation variations over the last millennium. Nature Communications,2:293.
    Yang, B., Braeuning, A., Johnson, K.R., Shi, Y.,2002. General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters,29(9):38-1.
    Zeng, Y, Chen, J., Zhu, Z., Li, J., Wang, J., Wan, G.,2011. The wet little Ice age recorded by sediments in Huguangyan Lake, tropical South China. Quaternary International.
    Zhang, E., Shen, J., Wang, S., Yin, Y., Zhu, Y, Xia, W.,2004. Quantitative reconstruction of the paleosalinity at Qinghai Lake in the past 900 years. Chinese Science Bulletin,49(7): 730-734.
    Zhang, J., Jin, M., Chen, F., Battarbee, R., Henderson, A.C.G.,2003a. High-resolution precipitation variations in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau over the last 800 years documented by sediment cores of Qinghai Lake. Chinese Science Bulletin,48(14):1451-1456.
    Zhang, P.Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Chen, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L., Liu, J., Tan, M., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.H., An, C.L., Dai, Z.B., Zhou, J., Zhang, D.Z., Jia, J.H., Jin, L.Y., Johnson, K.R., 2008. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record. Science,322(5903):940-942.
    Zhang, Q.B., Cheng, G., Yao, T., Kang, X., Huang, J.,2003b. A 2,326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(14):1739-1742.
    王亚军,陈发虎,勾晓华,2001.利用树木年轮资料重建祁连山中段春季降水的变化.地理科学,21(4)：373-377.
    王亚军,马玉贞,鲁瑞洁,桑艳礼,蒙红卫,华发春,满自红,2009.树木年轮记录的祁连山东段公元1895年来的气温变化.第四纪研究,29(5)：905-912.
    王绍武,赵宗慈,杨保,2003.近年来关于气候变暖的争议.气候变化通讯,2(6)：12-14.
    王绍武,闻新宇,罗勇,董文杰,赵宗慈,杨保,2007.近千年中国温度序列的建立.科学通报,52(8)：958-964.
    王绍武,龚道溢,2000.全新世几个特征时期的中国气温.自然科学进展,10(4)：325-332.
    朱海峰,郑永宏,邵雪梅,刘晓宏,徐岩,梁尔源,2008.树木年轮记录的青海乌兰地区近千年温度变化.科学通报,53(15)：1835-1841.
    竺可桢,1973.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究.中国科学A辑,2：168-189.
    姚檀栋,秦大河,田立德,焦克勤,杨志红,谢超,Thompson, L.,1996青藏高原2ka来温度与降水变化——古里雅冰芯记录.中国科学(D辑),26(4)：348-353.
    范敏杰,袁玉江,魏文寿,喻树龙,2007.用树木年轮重建伊犁南天山北坡西部的降水量序列.干旱区地理,30(2)：268-273.
    袁玉江,李江风,胡汝骥,刘潮海,焦克勤,李忠勤,2001.用树木年轮重建天山中部近350a来的降水量.冰川冻土,23(1)：34-40.
    康兴成,程国栋,康尔泗,张其花,2002.用树轮资料重建黑河近千年来出山口径流量.中国科学D辑,32(8).
    康兴成,程国栋,陈发虎,勾晓华,2003.祁连山中部公元904年以来树木年轮记录的旱涝变化.冰川冻土,25(5)：518-525.
    喻树龙,袁玉江,金海龙,崔宇,刘斌,林春亮,2005.用树木年轮重建天山北坡中西部7～8月379a的降水量.冰川冻土,27(003)：404-410.
    覃嘉铭,袁道先,林玉石,张会领,张美良,程海,王华,杨琰,冉景丞,2008.公元8世纪以来贵州荔波石笋高分辨率的气候变化记录.中国岩溶,27(3)：266-272.
    葛全胜,郑景云,方修琦,2002.过去2000年中国东部冬半年温度变化.第四纪研究,22(2)：166-173.
    潘娅婷,袁玉江,喻树龙,崔宇,2005.用树木年轮重建博尔塔拉河流域的降水量序列.沙漠与绿洲气象(006)：1-3.
    戴君虎,肖树芳,葛全胜,王梦麦,崔海亭,2009.蒙元时期陕甘宁交界地区干湿变化特征.地理学报,64(7)：839-849.
    储国强,孙青,2002.中世纪前后我国雷州半岛地区的古气候变化.地质力学学报,8(004)：354-360.
    刘禹,Park,WK.,蔡秋芳,2003.公元1840年以来东亚夏季风降水变化：以中国和韩国的树轮记录为例.中国科学：D辑,33(6)：543.
    刘禹,安芷生,马海州,蔡秋芳,刘征宇,Kutzbach, J.K.,史江峰,宋惠明,孙军艳,易亮,2006a.青海都兰地区公元850年以来树轮记录的降水变化及其与北半球气温的联系.中国科学D辑：地球科学,5：461-471.
    刘禹,杨银科,蔡秋芳,马海洲,史江峰,2006b.以树木年轮宽度资料重建湟水河过去248年来6—-7月份河流径流量.干旱区资源与环境,20(006)：69-73.
    吴敬禄,刘建军,王苏民,2004.近1500年来新疆艾比湖同位素记录的气候环境演化特征.第四纪研究,24(005)：585-590.
    孙军艳,田华,2009.青藏高原中东部过去2485年以来温度变化的树轮记录.中国科学D辑,39(2)：166-176.
    张丕远,王铮,1994.中国近2000年来气候演变的阶段性.中国科学：B辑,24(009)：998-1008.
    张丕远,葛全胜,1997.2000年来我国早涝气候演化的阶段性和突变.第四纪研究(001)：12-20.
    张志华,吴祥定,1992.采用青海两个树木年轮年表重建局地过去降水的初步分析.应用气象学报,3(1)：61-69.
    张志华,吴祥定,1996.利用树木年轮资料重建新疆东天山300多年来干旱日数的变化.应用气象学报,7(1)：53-60.
    张德二,1993.我国“中世纪温暖期”气候的初步推断.第四纪研究,1：7-15.
    张德二,江剑民,1997.中国东部6区域近1000年干湿序列的重建和气候跃变分析.第四纪研究(1)：1-11.
    强明瑞,陈发虎,张家武,高尚玉,周爱锋,2005.2ka来苏干湖沉积碳酸盐稳定同位素记录的气候变化.科学通报,50(13)：1385-1393.
    杨银科,刘禹,蔡秋芳,马海洲,马利民,郭建卫,2005.以树木年轮宽度资料重建祁连山中部地区过去248年来的降水量.海洋地质与第四纪地质,25(3).
    谭明,2009.环流效应：中国季风区石笋氧同位素短尺度变化的气候意义—古气候记录与现代气候研究的一次对话.第四纪研究(005)：851-862.
    郑景云,张丕远,葛全胜,2001.过去2000 a中国东部干温分异的百年际变化.
    陈建徽,陈发虎,张恩楼,周爱锋,2008.摇蚊亚化石记录的苏干湖近千年来盐度变化研究.第四纪研究,28(2)：338-344.
    陈发虎,黄小忠,张家武,陈建徽,2007.新疆博斯腾湖记录的亚洲内陆干旱区小冰期湿润气候研究.中国科学：D辑,37(1)：77-85.
    Aharon, P.,1983.140,000-yr isotope climatic record from raised coral reefs in New Guinea. Nature, 304:720-723.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes, sea level changes and the temperature history of a coral reef environment in New Guinea over the last 105 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,56(3-4):337-379.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J., Compston, W.,1980. Stable isotope and sea-level data from New Guinea supports Antarctic ice-surge theory of ice ages. Nature,304:720-723.
    Anderson, D.M., Overpeck, J.T., Gupta, A.K.,2002. Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries. Science,297(5581):596.
    Arz, H.W., Patzold, J., Wefer, G.,1998. Correlated millennial-scale changes in surface hydrography and terrigenous sediment yield inferred from last-glacial marine deposits off northeastern Brazil. Quaternary Research,50(2):157-166.
    Baker, P., Seltzer, G, Fritz, S., Dunbar, R., Grove, M., Tapia, P., Cross, S., Rowe, H., Broda, J.,2001. The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science, 291(5504):640-643.
    Bonham, K.,1965. Growth rate of giant clam Tridacna gigas at Bikini Atoll as revealed by radioautography. Science,149(3681):300.
    Buckley, B., Anchukaitis, K., Penny, D., Fletcher, R., Cook, E., Sano, M., Nam, L., Wichienkeeo, A., Minh, T., Hong, T.,2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(15):6748-6752.
    Chbouki, N., Stockton, C.W., Myers, D.E.,1995. Spatio-temporal patterns of drought in Morocco. International Journal of Climatology,15(2):187-205.
    Chu, G, Liu, J., Sun, Q., Lu, H., Gu, Z., Wang, W., Liu, T.,2002. The 'mediaeval warm period'drought recorded in Lake Huguangyan, tropical South China. The Holocene,12(5):511-516.
    Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Partin, J.W., Clark, B.,2007. Regional-scale climate influences on temporal variations of rainwater and cave dripwater oxygen isotopes in northern Borneo. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,263(3-4):207-220.
    Cobb, K.M., Charles, C.D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L.,2003. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature,424(6946):271-276.
    Cole, J., Fairbanks, R., Shen, G.,1993. Recent variability in the Southern Oscillation:Isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral. Science,260(5115):1790.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E.,2010. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and changes in the zonal gradient of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature over the last 1.2 ka. PAGES news,18: 32-34.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Shanahan, T.M., Steinitz-Kannan, M.,2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews,27(11-12):1166-1180.
    Conroy, J.L., Restrepo, A., Overpeck, J.T., Steinitz-Kannan, M., Cole, J.E., Bush, M.B., Colinvaux, P.A.,2009. Unprecedented recent warming of surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature Geoscience,2(1):46-50.
    Correge, T, Delcroix, T., Recy, J., Beck, W., Cabioch, G., Le Cornec, F.,2000. Evidence for stronger El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in a mid-Holocene massive coral. Paleoceanography, 15(4):465-470.
    deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., Yarusinsky, M.,2000. Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period:rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews,19(1-5):347-361.
    Deng, W.F., Wei, G.J., Li, X.H., Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Sun, W.D., Liu, Y.,2009. Paleoprecipitation record from coral Sr/Ca and delta 0-18 during the mid Holocene in the northern South China Sea. Holocene,19(6):811-821.
    Denton, G, Anderson, R., Toggweiler, J., Edwards, R., Schaefer, J., Putnam, A.,2010. The last glacial termination. Science,328(5986):1652-1656.
    Deser, C., Wallace, J.,1990. Large-scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific. Journal of Climate,3(11):1254-1281.
    Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y., Zhang, M., Lin, Y, Qing, J., An, Z., Revenaugh, J.,2005. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,233(1-2): 71-86.
    Elliot, M., Welsh, K., Chilcott, C., McCulloch, M., Chappell, J., Ayling, B.,2009. Profiles of trace elements and stable isotopes derived from giant long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves:Potential applications in paleoclimate studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 280(1-2):132-142.
    Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U., Al-Subbary, A.A., Buettner, A., Hippler, D.,2007. Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews,26(1-2):170-188.
    Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangini, A., Matter, A.,2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from Southern Oman. Science,300(5626):1737-1739.
    Gagan, M., Ayliffe, L., Hopley, D., Cali, J., Mortimer, G., Chappell, J., McCulloch, M., Head, M.,1998. Temperature and surface-ocean water balance of the mid-Holocene tropical western Pacific. Science,279(5353):1014.
    Graham, N.E., Hughes, M.K., Ammann, C.M., Cobb, K.M., Hoerling, M.P., Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P., Rein, B., Stott, L., Wigand, P.E., Xu, T.Y.,2007. Tropical Pacific-mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times. Climatic Change,83(1-2):241-285.
    Gruber, A.,1972. Fluctuations in the position of the ITCZ in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,29:193-196.
    Haug, G., Hughen, K., Sigman, D., Peterson, L., Rohl, U.,2001. Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science,293(5533):1304.
    He, X.X., Liu, D.Y., Peng, Z.C., Liu, W.Q.,2002. Monthly sea surface temperature records reconstructed by delta O-18 of reef-building coral in the east of Hainan Island, South China Sea. Science in China Series B-Chemistry,45:130-136.
    Held, I., Soden, B.,2006. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. Journal of Climate,19(21):5686-5699.
    Hendy, E., Gagan, M., Alibert, C., McCulloch, M., Lough, J., Isdale, P.,2002a. Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age. Science,295(5559):1511.
    Hendy, E.J., Gagan, M.K., Alibert, C.A., McCulloch, M.T., Lough, J.M., Isdale, P.J.,2002b. Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific Sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age. Science,295(5559): 1511-1514.
    Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H., Medina-Gonzalez, R., Can, E.I.C., Albornaz-Pat, A., Guilderson, T.P.,2005. Climate change on the Yucatan Peninsula during the little ice age. Quaternary Research,63(2):109-121.
    Hu, C., Henderson, G., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y., Johnson, K.,2008. Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266(3-4):221-232.
    Kanner, L.C., Burns, S.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L.,2012. High-Latitude Forcing of the South American Summer Monsoon During the Last Glacial. Science,335(6068):570-573.
    Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P.,2000. Competitive and cooperative responses to climatic instability in coastal southern California. American Antiquity,65(2):379-395.
    Lachniet, M.S., Burns, S.J., Piperno, D.R., Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J., Moy, C.M., Christenson, K., 2004. A 1500-year El Nino/Southern Oscillation and rainfall history for the Isthmus of Panama from speleothem calcite. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,109(D20).
    Leduc, G, Vidal, L., Tachikawa, K., Bard, E.,2009. ITCZ rather than ENSO signature for abrupt climate changes across the tropical Pacific? Quaternary Research,72(1):123-131.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G., Luo, H.H., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.P.,2006a. Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,36(3): 259-279.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G, Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Honghao, L., Wang, Y.H.,2006b. P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea. Chemosphere,65(4):707-715.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Wang, Y.H.,2008a. Heavy Metal Distributions and Source Tracing in the Lacustrine Sediments of Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,82(5):1002-1014.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Cheng, Z.Q., Zhao, S.P., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Xie, Z.Q., Yin, X.B., Luo, H.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.B., Wang, Y.H.,2008b. Paleoenvironmental implications of the guano phosphatic cementation on Dongdao Island in the South China Sea. Marine Geology,247(1-2): 1-16.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.A., Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008c. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Liu, X.D., Lou, C.N., Xu, L.Q., Sun, L.G,2012. Distribution and bioavailability of cadmium in ornithogenic coral-sand sediments of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea. Environmental Pollution,168:151-160.
    Mann, M., Cane, M., Zebiak, S., Clement, A.,2005. Volcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past 1000 years. Journal of Climate,18(3):447-456.
    McCulloch, M., Gagan, M., Mortimer, G, Chivas, A., Isdale, P,1994. A high-resolution Sr/Ca and [delta] 18O coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Ni o. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,58(12):2747-2754.
    Meckler, A., Clarkson, M., Cobb, K., Sodemann, H., Adkins, J.,2012. Interglacial hydroclimate in the tropical West Pacific through the Late Pleistocene. Science,336(6086):1301-1304.
    Moy, C.M., Seltzer, G.O., Rodbell, D.T., Anderson, D.M.,2002. Variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature,420(6912): 162-165.
    Newton, A., Thunell, R., Stott, L.,2006. Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19710.
    Oppo, D.W., Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B.K.,2009.2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature,460(7259):1113-1116.
    Patzold, J., Heinrichs, J., Wolschendorf, K., Wefer, G.,1991. Correlation of stable oxygen isotope temperature record with light attenuation profiles in reef-dwelling Tridacna shells. Coral Reefs,10(2):65-69.
    Partin, J.W., Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Clark, B., Fernandez, D.P.,2007. Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature,449(7161):452-U3.
    Partin, J.W., Cobb, K.M., Adkins, J.F., Clark, B., Fernandez, D.P.,2009. Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature,459(7247):736-736.
    Peng, Z.C., Chen, T.G., Nie, B.F., Head, M.J., He, X.X., Zhou, W.J.,2003. Coral delta O-18 records as an indicator of winter monsoon intensity in the South China Sea. Quaternary Research,59(3): 285-292.
    Peterson, L.C., Haug, G.H., Hughen, K.A., Rohl, U.,2000. Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial. Science,290(5498):1947-1951.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Reinhardt, L., Sirocko, F., Wolf, A., Dullo, W.C.,2005. El Nino variability off Peru during the last 20,000 years. Paleoceanography,20(4):PA4003.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Sirocko, F.,2004. A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period. Geophysical Research Letters,31(17):L17211.
    Rodbell, D.T.,1999. An similar to 15,000-year record of El Nino-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador (vol 283, pg 516,1999). Science,283(5410):2107-2107.
    Sachs, J.P., Sachse, D., Smittenberg, R.H., Zhang, Z., Battisti, D.S., Golubic, S.,2009. Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD 1400-1850. Nature Geosci,2(7): 519-525.
    Saikku, R., Stott, L., Thunell, R.,2009. A bi-polar signal recorded in the western tropical Pacific: Northern and Southern Hemisphere climate records from the Pacific warm pool during the last Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews,28(23):2374-2385.
    Schefuβ, E., Kuhlmann, H., Mollenhauer, G., Prange, M., Patzold, J.,2011. Forcing of wet phases in southeast Africa over the past 17,000 years. Nature,480(7378):509-512.
    Shen, C.D., Yi, W.X., Yu, K.F., Sun, Y.M., Liu, T.S., Beer, J., Hajdas, I., Bonani, G.,2004. Holocene megathermal abrupt environmental changes derived from C-14 dating of a coral reef at Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms,223-24:416-419.
    Su, R.X., Sun, D.H., Chen, H., Chen, X.M., Li, Z.J.,2010. Evolution of Asian monsoon variability revealed by oxygen isotopic record of middle Holocene massive coral in the northern South China Sea. Quaternary International,213(1-2):56-68.
    Sun, D.H., Gagan, M.K., Cheng, H., Scott-Gagan, H., Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Sua, R.X.,2005. Seasonal and interannual variability of the Mid-Holocene East Asian monsoon in coral delta O-18 records from the South China Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(1-2):69-84.
    Sun, M., Lee, T., Chiu, C.H., Shen, C.C., Sun, Y.L., Nie, B.F.,2000. Coral Sr thermometer simplified from Sr/Ca thermometer. Progress in Natural Science,10(12):950-952.
    Sun, Y.L., Sun, M., Wei, G.J., Lee, T., Nie, B.F., Yu, Z.W.,2004a. Strontium contents of a Porites coral from Xisha Island, South China Sea:A proxy for sea-surface temperature of the 20th century. Paleoceanography,19(2):
    Sun, Y.L., Sun, M., Wei, G.J., Lee, T, Nie, B.F., Yu, Z.W.,2004b. Strontium contents of a Porites coral from Xisha Island, South China Sea:A proxy for sea-surface temperature of the 20th century. Paleoceanography,19(2):PA2004.
    Tan, L.C., Cai, Y.J., Yi, L., An, Z.S., Ai, L.,2008. Precipitation variations of Longxi, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau since AD 960 and their relationship with solar activity. Climate of the Past, 4(1):19-28.
    Tierney, J., Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y, Russell, J., Linsley, B.,2010. Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia. Paleoceanography,25(1):PA1102.
    Trenberth, K.E., Branstator, G.W., Karoly, D., Kumar, A., Lau, N.C., Ropelewski, C.,1998. Progress during TOGA in understanding and modeling global teleconnections associated with tropical sea surface temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,103(C7):14291-14324.
    Trenberth, K.E., Caron, J.M.,2000. The Southern Oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation. Journal of Climate,13(24):4358-4365.
    Treydte, K.S., Schleser, G.H., Helle, G., Frank, D.C., Winiger, M., Haug, G.H., Esper, J.,2006. The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium. Nature, 440(7088):1179-1182.
    Tsonis, A.A., Hunt, A.G., Elsner, J.B.,2003. On the relation between ENSO and global climate change. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,84(3-4):229-242.
    Vecchi, G.A., Soden, B.J., Wittenberg, A.T., Held, I.M., Leetmaa, A., Harrison, M.J.,2006. Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature,441(7089): 73-76.
    Wang, H.J., Zhang, R.H., Cole, J., Chavez, F.,1999a. El Nino and the related phenomenon Southern Oscillation (ENSO):The largest signal in interannual climate variation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,96(20):11071-11072.
    Wang, L., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Grootes, P.M., Grimalt, J.O., Pelejero, C., Linck, G.,1999b. Holocene variations in Asian monsoon moisture:a bidecadal sediment record from the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters,26(18):2889-2892.
    Wang, X., Auler, A.S., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Cristalli, P.S., Smart, P.L., Richards, D.A., Shen, C.C., 2004. Wet periods in northeastern Brazil over the past 210 kyr linked to distant climate anomalies. Nature,432(7018):740-743.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., An, Z., Wu, J., Shen, C.C., Dorale, J.A.,2001. A high-resolution absolute-dated late Pleistocene monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science,294(5550): 2345-2348.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D.,2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon:Links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308(5723):854-857.
    Watanabe, T., Oba, T.,1999. Daily reconstruction of water temperature from oxygen isotopic ratios of a modern Tridacna shell using a freezing microtome sampling technique. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,104(C9):20667-20674.
    Watanabe, T., Suzuki, A., Kawahata, H., Kan, H., Ogawa, S.,2004. A 60-year isotopic record from a mid-Holocene fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the Ryukyu Islands:physiological and paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,212(3-4): 343-354.
    Wei, G.J., Deng, W.F., Yu, K.F., Li, X.H., Sun, W.D., Zhao, J.X.,2007. Sea surface temperature records in the northern South China Sea from mid-Holocene coral Sr/Ca ratios. Paleoceanography, 22(3):-.
    Wei, G.J., Li, X.H., Nie, B.F., Sun, M., Liu, H.C.,1999. High resolution Porites Mg/Ca thermometer for the north of the South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin,44(3):273-276.
    Wei, G.J., Sun, M., Li, X.H., Nie, B.F.,2000. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Wei, G.J., Yu, J.S., Gui, X.T., Yu, F.J., Chen, Y.W., Liu, D.P.,1998. Paleoclimate implication of oxygen and carbon isotopic composition from diagenesis coral-Discussion on the data from NY-1 core. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,41(6):609-615.
    Wei, G.J., Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X.,2004. Sea surface temperature variations recorded on coralline Sr/Ca ratios during Mid-Late Holocene in Leizhou Peninsula. Chinese Science Bulletin,49(17): 1876-1881.
    Wexler, R., Salomons.Vv,1973. RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF STRONG CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY IN PACIFIC ITCZ. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,54(10): 1108-1108.
    Yan, B., Huang, H.H., Sui, Y.L.,2005. Matrix-inducing synthesis of SrxY10-x(SiO4)(y)(PO4)(6-y)O-2: Eu3+ micron crystalline coral like phosphors by sol-gel composition of hybrid precursors. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,36(1):95-102.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Oppo, D.W., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Xie, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, W.,2011. South China Sea hydrological changes and Pacific Walker Circulation variations over the last millennium. Nature Communications,2:293.
    Yu, K., Liu, D., Shen, C., Zhao, J., Chen, T., Zhong, J., Zhao, H., Song, C.,2002a. High-frequency climatic oscillations recorded in a Holocene coral reef at Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,45(12):1057-1067.
    Yu, K., Zhao, J., Liu, T., Wei, G., Wang, P., Collerson, K.,2004a. High-frequency winter cooling and reef coral mortality during the Holocene climatic optimum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,224(1-2):143-155.
    Yu, K., Zhao, J., Wei, G., Cheng, X., Wang, P.,2005a. Mid-late Holocene monsoon climate retrieved from seasonal Sr/Ca and [delta] 18O records of Porites lutea corals at Leizhou Peninsula, northern coast of South China Sea. Global and Planetary Change,47(2-4):301-316.
    Yu, K.F., Chen, T.G., Huang, D.C., Zhao, H.T., Zhong, J.L., Liu, D.S.,2001. The high-resolution climate recorded in the delta 0-18 of Porites lutea from the Nansha Islands of China. Chinese Science Bulletin,46(24):2097-2102.
    Yu, K.F., Liu, D.S., Shen, C.D., Zhao, J.X., Chen, T.G., Zhong, J.L., Zhao, H.T., Song, C.J.,2002b. High-frequency climatic oscillations recorded in a Holocene coral reef at Leizhou Peninsula, South China sea. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,45(12):1057-+.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X.,2006. Holocene climate records in coral reefs from the South China Sea. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,70(18):A726-A726.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Liu, T.S., Wei, G.H., Wang, P.X., Collerson, K.D.,2004b. High-frequency winter cooling and reef coral mortality during the Holocene climatic optimum. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,224(1-2):143-155.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Wei, G.J., Cheng, X.R., Chen, T.G., Felis, T., Wang, P.X., Liu, T.S.,2005b. delta 0-18, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca records of Porites lutea corals from Leizhou Peninsula, northern South China Sea, and their applicability as paleoclimatic indicators. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,218(1-2):57-73.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Wei, G.J., Cheng, X.R., Wang, P.X.,2005c. Mid-late Holocene monsoon climate retrieved from seasonal Sr/Ca and delta 0-18 records of Porites lutea corals at Leizhou Peninsula, northern coast of South China Sea. Global and Planetary Change,47(2-4):301-316.
    Zebiak, S., Cane, M.,1987. A Model El Ni-Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review,115(10): 2262-2278.
    Zeng, Y., Chen, J., Zhu, Z., Li, J., Wang, J., Wan, G.,2011. The wet little Ice age recorded by sediments in Huguangyan Lake, tropical South China. Quaternary International.
    Zhang, P.Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Chen, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L., Liu, J., Tan, M., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.H., An, C.L., Dai, Z.B., Zhou, J., Zhang, D.Z., Jia, J.H., Jin, L.Y., Johnson, K.R.,2008. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record. Science,322(5903):940-942.
    Zhao, J.X., Yu, K.F.,2002. Timing of Holocene sea-level highstands by mass spectrometric U-series ages of a coral reef from Leizhou Peninsula, South China Sea. Chinese Science Bulletin,47(4): 348-U2.
    晏宏,孙立广,刘晓东,邱世灿,2010.近50年来南海西沙群岛海域气候异常的ENSO效应.热带海洋学报,29(5)：29-35.
    吴晓彤,梁必骐,1995.初夏南海海温对华南降水影响的数值模拟.海洋学报,17(002)：38-43.
    闵锦忠,孙照渤,2000.南海和印度洋海温异常对东亚大气环流及降水的影响.南京气象学院学报,23(004)：542-548.
    陈隆勋,李薇,赵平,陶诗言,2000.东亚地区夏季风爆发过程.气候与环境研究,5(004)：345-355.
    韦刚健,余克服,李献华,赵建新,孙亚莉,聂宝符,2004.南海北部珊瑚Sr/Ca和Mg/Ca温度计及高分辨率SST记录重建尝试.第四纪研究,24(003)：325-331.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes, sea level changes and the temperature history of a coral reef environment in New Guinea over the last 105 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,56(3-4):337-379.
    Bonham, K.,1965. Growth rate of giant clam Tridacna gigas at Bikini Atoll as revealed by radioautography. Science,149(3681):300.
    Elliot, M., Welsh, K., Chilcott, C., McCulloch, M., Chappell, J., Ayling, B.,2009. Profiles of trace elements and stable isotopes derived from giant long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves:Potential applications in paleoclimate studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 280(1-2):132-142.
    Huang, J., Sun, L.G., Huang, W., Wang, X.M., Wang, Y.H.,2010. The ecosystem evolution of penguin colonies in the past 8,500 years on Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Polar Biology,33(10): 1399-1406.
    Huang, J., Sun, L.G., Wang, X.M., Wang, Y.H., Huang, T.,2011a. Ecosystem evolution of seal colony and the influencing factors in the 20th century on Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China,23(9):1431-1436.
    Huang, T., Sun, L.G., Stark, J., Wang, Y.H., Cheng, Z.Q., Yang, Q.C., Sun, S.,2011b. Relative Changes in Krill Abundance Inferred from Antarctic Fur Seal. Plos One,6(11).
    Huang, T., Sun, L.G., Wang, Y.H., Kong, D.M.,2011c. Late Holocene Ad,lie penguin population dynamics at Zolotov Island, Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Journal of Paleolimnology,45(2): 273-285.
    Huang, T., Sun, L.G., Wang, Y.H., Liu, X.D., Zhu, R.B.,2009a. Penguin population dynamics for the past 8500 years at Gardner Island, Vestfold Hills. Antarctic Science,21(6):571-578.
    Huang, T., Sun, L.G., Wang, Y.H., Zhu, R.B.,2009b. Penguin occupation in the Vestfold Hills. Antarctic Science,21(2):131-134.
    Liu, X.D., Lou, C.N., Xu, L.Q., Sun, L.G.,2012. Distribution and bioavailability of cadmium in ornithogenic coral-sand sediments of the Xisha archipelago, South China Sea. Environmental Pollution,168:151-160.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.A., Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008a. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Cheng, Z.Q., Zhao, S.P., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Xie, Z.Q., Yin, X.B., Luo, H.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.B., Wang, Y.H.,2008b. Paleoenvironmental implications of the guano phosphatic cementation on Dongdao Island in the South China Sea. Marine Geology,247(1-2): 1-16.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Xie, Z.Q., Yin, X.B., Wang, Y.H.,2005. A 1300-year record of penguin populations at Ardley Island in the Antarctic, as deduced from the geochemical data in the ornithogenic lake sediments. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research,37(4):490-498.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Wang, Y.H.,2008c. Heavy Metal Distributions and Source Tracing in the Lacustrine Sediments of Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,82(5):1002-1014.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G., Luo, H.H., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.P.,2006a. Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,36(3): 259-279.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G, Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Honghao, L., Wang, Y.H.,2006b. P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea. Chemosphere,65(4):707-715.
    Patzold, J., Heinrichs, J., Wolschendorf, K., Wefer, G.,1991. Correlation of stable oxygen isotope temperature record with light attenuation profiles in reef-dwelling Tridacna shells. Coral Reefs,10(2):65-69.
    Rosewater, J.,1965. The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca,1:347-396.
    Sano, Y, Kobayashi, S., Shirai, K., Takahata, N., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, T., Sowa, K., Iwai, K., 2012. Past daily light cycle recorded in the strontium/calcium ratios of giant clam shells. Nature Communications,3:761.
    Sun, L.G., Liu, X.D., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Zhao, J.L.,2005. Sediments in palaeo-notches:potential proxy records for palaeoclimatic changes in Antarctica. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,218(3-4):175-193.
    Sun, L.G., Liu, X.D., Yin, X.B., Zhu, R.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H.,2004a. A 1,500-year record of Antarctic seal populations in response to climate change. Polar Biology,27(8):495-501.
    Sun, L.G., Xie, Z.Q.,2001. Changes in lead concentration in Antarctic penguin droppings during the past 3,000 years. Environmental Geology,40(10):1205-1208.
    Sun, L.G., Xie, Z.Q., Zhao, J.L.,2000. Palaeoecology-A 3,000-year record of penguin populations. Nature,407(6806):858-858.
    Sun, L.G, Yin, X.B., Liu, X.D., Zhu, R.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H.,2006. A 2000-year record of mercury and ancient civilizations in seal hairs from King George Island, West Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment,368(1):236-247.
    Sun, L.G., Zhu, R.B., Yin, X.B., Liu, X.D., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H.,2004b. A geochemical method for the reconstruction of the occupation history of a penguin colony in the maritime Antarctic. Polar Biology,27(11):670-678.
    Watanabe, T., Oba, T.,1999. Daily reconstruction of water temperature from oxygen isotopic ratios of a modern Tridacna shell using a freezing microtome sampling technique. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,104(C9):20667-20674.
    Watanabe, T., Suzuki, A., Kawahata, H., Kan, H., Ogawa, S.,2004. A 60-year isotopic record from a mid-Holocene fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the Ryukyu Islands:physiological and paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,212(3-4): 343-354.
    Xie, Z.Q., Sun, L.G,2008. A 1,800-year record of arsenic concentration in the penguin dropping sediment, Antarctic. Environmental Geology,55(5):1055-1059.
    Yin, X.B., Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Zhu, R.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H.,2006. A 1500-year record of lead, copper, arsenic, cadmium, zinc level in Antarctic seal hairs and sediments. Science of the Total Environment,371(1-3):252-257.
    Yin, X.B., Sun, L.G, Zhu, R.B., Liu, X.D., Ruan, D.Y., Wang, Y.H.,2007. Mercury-selenium association in antarctic seal hairs and animal excrements over the past 1,500 years. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,26(3):381-386.
    Folk, R.L., Ward, W.C.,1957. Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Research,27(1):3-26.
    Heiri, O., Lotter, A.F., Lemcke, G,2001. Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments:reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology,25(1):101-110.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Honghao, L., Wang, Y.H.,2006. P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea. Chemosphere,65(4):707-715.
    McManus, J.,1988. Grain size determination and interpretation. Techniques in sedimentology,408.
    Nesje, A., Dahl, S.O.,2001. The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss-on-ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences. Journal of Quaternary Science,16(2): 155-166.
    Sachs, J.P., Sachse, D., Smittenberg, R.H., Zhang, Z., Battisti, D.S., Golubic, S.,2009. Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD[thinsp] 1400-1850. Nature Geosci, 2(7):519-525.
    Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Van der Plicht, J., Spurk, M.,1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration,24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon,40(3):1041-1083.
    Wei, G.J., Sun, M., Li, X.H., Nie, B.F.,2000. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Xiaodong, L., Liguang, S., Xuebin, Y.,2004. Textural and Geochemical Characteristics of Proglacial Sediments:A Case Study in the Foreland of the Nelson Ice Cap, Antarctica. Acta Geologica Sinica-English Edition,78(4):970-981.
    王国忠,吕炳全,全松青,1987.动物与磷的成矿作用——岛屿磷块岩的成矿机理.地质学报(1)：72-81.
    侯强,2002.民国政府对西沙群岛的鸟粪开发.学术探索(001)：79-81.
    晏宏,孙立广,刘晓东,邱世灿,2010.近50年来南海西沙群岛海域气候异常的ENSO效应.热带海洋学报,29(5)：29-35.
    曹垒,张苏芳,史洪泉,刘廼发,2003.西沙群岛东岛小军舰鸟繁殖种群的初步观察.动物学研究,24(7)：457-461.
    孙立广,刘晓东,赵三平,刘克新,吴小红,2007.记录：1 024 AD前后南中国海最强烈的灾难事件.中国科学技术大学学报,37(008)：986-994.
    孙立广,赵三平,刘晓东,谢周清,尹雪斌,刘克新,吴小红,2005.西沙群岛生态环境报告.自然杂志,27(2)：79-84.
    张浪,刘振文,姜殿强,2011.西沙群岛植被生态调查.中国农学通报,27(14)：181-186.
    赵三平,2006.南海西沙群岛海鸟生态环境演变[D],中国科学技术大学.
    龚子同,刘良梧,周瑞荣,1996.南海诸岛土壤的形成和年龄.第四纪研究,1：88-95Gong.
    龚子同,黄标,1997.南海诸岛土壤的地球化学特征及其生物有效性.土壤学报,34(001)：10-27.
    Houghton, J.T.,1996. Climate change 1995:the science of climate change,19390. Cambridge Univ Pr.
    IPCC,2007. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.
    Liu, Q., Jiang, X., Xie, S.P., Liu, W.T.,2004. A gap in the Indo-Pacific warm pool over the South China Sea in boreal winter:Seasonal development and interannual variability. J. Geophys. Res, 109(C07):1-12.
    Liu, X., Sun, L., Wei, G., Wang, Y., Yan, H., Liu, K., Wu, X.,2008. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Ropelewski, C., Halpert, M.,1987. Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Nifio/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev,115(8):1606-1626.
    Trenberth, K.,1976. Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,102(433):639-653.
    Trenberth, K.,1984. Signal versus noise in the Southern Oscillation. Monthly Weather Review,112(2): 326-332.
    Trenberth, K.,2006. Spatial and temporal variations of the Southern Oscillation. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,102(433):639-653.
    Trenberth, K.E., Caron, J.M.,2000. The Southern Oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation. Journal of Climate,13(24):4358-4365.
    王蓉,李希茜,邓文君,宋萍萍,2008.粤东沿海冬季风与海表温度对暖冬的响应.气象研究与应用,29(A02)：37-38.
    王东晓,谢强,杜岩,王卫强,陈举,2002.1997～1998年南海暖事件.科学通报,47(9)：711-716.
    王卫强,王东晓,齐义泉,2000.南海表层水温年际变化的大尺度特征.海洋学报,22(4)：07.
    何敏,宋文玲,1999.厄尔尼诺和反厄尔尼诺事件与西北太平洋台风活动.热带气象学报,15(1)：17-25.
    何溪澄,丁一汇,何金海,2008.东亚冬季风对ENSO事件的响应特征.大气科学,32(002)：335-344.
    李崇银,穆明权,2000.东亚冬季风-暖池状况-(?)ENSO循环的关系.科学通报,45(7)：678-685.
    李耀先,梁隽玫,2001.试论厄尔尼诺对广西气候异常影响的物理机制.广西气象,22(001)：32-34.
    周学鸣,魏应植,吴陈锋,2006.夏季西太平洋台风频数异常与ENSO事件的关系及大气环流异常特征.热带气象学报,22(001)：34-40.
    信忠保,谢志仁,2005.宁夏气候变化对ENSO事件的响应,干旱区地理,28(002)：239-243.
    张琼,刘平,吴国雄,2003.印度洋和南海海温与长江中下游早涝.大气科学,27(6)：992-1006.
    杨梅学,姚檀栋,1999.季风现象与ENSO事件研究.环境科学进展,7(4)：96-101.
    杨绮薇,林爱兰,2001.华南登陆台风频数的变化及其与 EBSO事件的关系.气象,27(3)：12-16.
    许武成,马劲松,王文,2005.关于ENSO事件及其对中国气候影响研究的综述.气象科学,25(002)：212-220.
    邹力,倪允琪空,1997ENSO对亚洲夏季风异常和我国夏季降水的影响.热带气象学报,13(004)：306-314.
    陈文,2002El Nino和La Nina事件对东亚冬,夏季风循环的影响.大气科学,26(005)：595-610.
    陈海英,方国洪,乔方利,王永刚,魏泽勋,王新怡,2007.南海海面温度与Nino/DMI指数年际变异的相关性分析.海洋科学进展,25(1)：20-27.
    黄海仁,郭湘平,1999.厄尔尼诺对南海季风爆发及热带风暴活动的影响.气象科技(4)：3941.
    黄荣辉,陈文,2002.关于亚洲季风与ENSO循环相互作用研究最近的进展.气候与环境研究,7(2)：146-159.
    龚道溢,王绍武,1999.近百年ENSO对全球陆地及中国降水的影响.科学通报,44(3)：315-320.
    Anderson, D.M., Overpeck, J.T., Gupta, A.K.,2002. Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries. Science,297(5581):596.
    Baker, P., Seltzer, G., Fritz, S., Dunbar, R., Grove, M., Tapia, P., Cross, S., Rowe, H., Broda,J.,2001. The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science, 291(5504):640-643.
    Buckley, B., Anchukaitis, K., Penny, D., Fletcher, R., Cook, E., Sano, M., Nam, L., Wichienkeeo, A., Minh, T., Hong, T.,2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(15):6748-6752.
    Chen, J.A., Wan, G.J., Zhang, D.D., Zhang, F., Huang, R.G.,2004. Environmental records of lacustrine sediments in different time scales:Sediment grain size as an example. Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,47(10):954-960.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Shanahan, T.M., Steinitz-Kannan, M.,2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews,27(11-12):1166-1180.
    deMenocal, P., Ortiz, J., Guilderson, T., Adkins, J., Sarnthein, M., Baker, L., Yarusinsky, M.,2000. Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period:rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews,19(1-5):347-361.
    Deser, C., Wallace, J.,1990. Large-scale atmospheric circulation features of warm and cold episodes in the tropical Pacific. Journal of Climate,3(11):1254-1281.
    Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Cheng, H., Yuan, D., Cai, Y, Zhang, M., Lin, Y., Qing, J., An, Z., Revenaugh, J.,2005. A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record from Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,233(1-2): 71-86.
    Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mangini, A., Mudelsee, M., Kramers, J., Villa, I., Neff, U., Al-Subbary, A.A., Buettner, A., Hippler, D.,2007. Holocene ITCZ and Indian monsoon dynamics recorded in stalagmites from Oman and Yemen (Socotra). Quaternary Science Reviews,26(1-2):170-188.
    Fleitmann, D., Burns, S.J., Mudelsee, M., Neff, U., Kramers, J., Mangini, A., Matter, A.,2003. Holocene forcing of the Indian monsoon recorded in a stalagmite from Southern Oman. Science,300(5626):1737-1739.
    Gruber, A.,1972. Fluctuations in the position of the ITCZ in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,29:193-196.
    Haug, G., Hughen, K., Sigman, D., Peterson, L., Rohl, U.,2001. Southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science,293(5533):1304.
    Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H., Medina-Gonzalez, R., Can, E.I.C., Albornaz-Pat, A., Guilderson, T.P.,2005. Climate change on the Yucatan Peninsula during the little ice age. Quaternary Research,63(2):109-121.
    Hu, C., Henderson, G., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y., Johnson, K.,2008. Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266(3-4):221-232.
    Janowiak, J.E., Xie, P.P.,1999. CAMS-OPI:A global satellite-rain gauge merged product for real-time precipitation monitoring applications. Journal of Climate,12(11):3335-3342.
    Jones, P.D., Osborn, T.J., Briffa, K.R.,2001. The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science, 292(5517):662-667.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.A., Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008a. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008b. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Moy, C.M., Seltzer, GO., Rodbell, D.T., Anderson, D.M.,2002. Variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature,420(6912): 162-165.
    Newton, A., Thunell, R., Stott, L.,2006. Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19710.
    Oppo, D.W., Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B.K.,2009.2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature,460(7259):1113-1116.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Reinhardt, L., Sirocko, F., Wolf, A., Dullo, W.C.,2005. El Nino variability off Peru during the last 20,000 years. Paleoceanography,20(4):PA4003.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Sirocko, F.,2004a. A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period. Geophysical Research Letters,31(17):L17211.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Sirocko, F.,2004b. A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period. Geophysical Research Letters,31(17):-.
    Reynolds, R.W., Rayner, N.A., Smith, T.M., Stokes, D.C., Wang, W.Q.,2002. An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate. Journal of Climate,15(13):1609-1625.
    Ropelewski, C., Jones, P.,1987. An extension of the Tahiti-Darwin southern oscillation index. Monthly Weather Review,115(9):2161-2165.
    Sachs, J.P., Sachse, D., Smittenberg, R.H., Zhang, Z., Battisti, D.S., Golubic, S.,2009. Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD 1400-1850. Nature Geosci,2(7): 519-525.
    Tan, L.C., Cai, Y.J., Yi, L., An, Z.S., Ai, L.,2008. Precipitation variations of Longxi, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau since AD 960 and their relationship with solar activity. Climate of the Past, 4(1):19-28.
    Tierney, J., Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y, Russell, J., Linsley, B.,2010. Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia. Paleoceanography,25(1):PA1102.
    Trenberth, K.E., Caron, J.M.,2000. The Southern Oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation. Journal of Climate,13(24):4358-4365.
    Treydte, K.S., Schleser, G.H., Helle, G., Frank, D.C., Winiger, M., Haug, G.H., Esper, J.,2006. The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium. Nature, 440(7088):1179-1182.
    Vecchi, G.A., Soden, B.J., Wittenberg, A.T., Held, I.M., Leetmaa, A., Harrison, M.J.,2006. Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature,441(7089): 73-76.
    Wang, L., Sarnthein, M., Erlenkeuser, H., Grootes, P.M., Grimalt, J.O., Pelejero, C., Linck, G.,1999. Holocene variations in Asian monsoon moisture:a bidecadal sediment record from the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters,26(18):2889-2892.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D.,2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon:Links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308(5723):854-857.
    Wexler, R., Salomons.Vv,1973. RELATIVE FREQUENCIES OF STRONG CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY IN PACIFIC ITCZ. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,54(10): 1108-1108.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Oppo, D.W., Wang, Y, Liu, Z., Xie, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, W.,2011. South China Sea hydrological changes and Pacific Walker Circulation variations over the last millennium. Nature Communications,2:293.
    Zhang, P.Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Chen, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L., Liu, J.9 Tan, M., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.H., An, C.L., Dai, Z.B., Zhou, J., Zhang, D.Z., Jia, J.H., Jin, L.Y., Johnson, K.R.,2008. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record. Science,322(5903):940-942.
    晏宏,孙立广,刘晓东,邱世灿,2010.近50年来南海西沙群岛海域气候异常的ENSO效应.热带海洋学报,29(5)：29-35.
    覃嘉铭,袁道先,林玉石,张会领,张美良,程海,王华,杨琰,冉景丞,2008.公元8世纪以来贵州荔波石笋高分辨率的气候变化记录.中国岩溶,27(3)：266-272.
    孙立广,刘晓东,赵三平,刘克新,吴小红,2007.记录：1024 AD前后南中国海最强烈的灾难事件.中国科学技术大学学报,37(008)：986-994.
    杨彩福,焦新龙,彭灿,2003.热带辐合带与南海气候.海洋通报,22(006)：83-87.
    Bard, E., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, F., Jouzel, J.,2000. Solar irradiance during the last 1200 years based on cosmogenic nuclides. Tellus,52(3):985-992.
    Braganza, K., Gergis, J., Power, S., Risbey, J., Fowler, A.,2009. A multiproxy index of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, AD 1525-1982. Journal of Geophysical Research,114(D5): D05106.
    Cobb, K.M., Charles, C.D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L.,2003. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature,424(6946):271-276.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E.,2010. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and changes in the zonal gradient of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature over the last 1.2 ka. PAGES news,18: 32-34.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Shanahan, T.M., Steinitz-Kannan, M.,2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews,27(11-12):1166-1180.
    Conroy, J.L., Restrepo, A., Overpeck, J.T., Steinitz-Kannan, M., Cole, J.E., Bush, M.B., Colinvaux, P.A.,2009. Unprecedented recent warming of surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Nature Geoscience,2(1):46-50.
    Graham, N.E., Hughes, M.K., Ammann, C.M., Cobb, K.M., Hoerling, M.P., Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P., Rein, B., Stott, L., Wigand, P.E., Xu, T.Y.,2007. Tropical Pacific-mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times. Climatic Change,83(1-2):241-285.
    Held, I., Soden, B.,2006. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. Journal of Climate,19(21):5686-5699.
    Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P.,2000. Competitive and cooperative responses to climatic instability in coastal southern California. American Antiquity,65(2):379-395.
    Liu, X.D., Sun, L.G., Wei, G.J., Wang, Y.H., Yan, H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H.,2008. A 1,100-year palaeoenvironmental record inferred from stable isotope and trace element compositions of ostracode and plant caryopses in sediments of Cattle Pond, Dongdao Island, South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,40(4):987-1002.
    Mann, M., Cane, M., Zebiak, S., Clement, A.,2005. Volcanic and solar forcing of the tropical Pacific over the past 1000 years. Journal of Climate,18(3):447-456.
    Mann, M., Gille, E., Bradley, R., Hughes, M., Overpeck, J., Keimig, F., Gross, W.,2000. Global temperature patterns in past centuries:An interactive presentation. Earth Interactions,4(1234): 1-1.
    McGregor, S., Timmermann, A., Timm, O.,2010. A unified proxy for ENSO and PDO variability since 1650, Clim. Past,6:1-17.
    Moy, C.M., Seltzer, G.O., Rodbell, D.T., Anderson, D.M.,2002. Variability of El Nino/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature,420(6912): 162-165.
    Newton, A., Thunell, R., Stott, L.,2006. Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19710.
    Oppo, D.W., Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B.K.,2009.2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature,460(7259):1113-1116.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Reinhardt, L., Sirocko, F., Wolf, A., Dullo, W.C.,2005. El Nino variability off Peru during the last 20,000 years. Paleoceanography,20(4):PA4003.
    Rein, B., Luckge, A., Sirocko, F.,2004. A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period. Geophysical Research Letters,31(17):L17211.
    Sachs, J.P., Sachse, D., Smittenberg, R.H., Zhang, Z., Battisti, D.S., Golubic, S.,2009. Southward movement of the Pacific intertropical convergence zone AD 1400-1850. Nature Geosci,2(7): 519-525.
    Snell, H., Rea, S.,1999. The 1997-98 El Ni o in Galapagos:can 34 years of data estimate 120 years of pattern? Noticias de Galapagos:a biannual news publication about science and conservation in Galapagos, the Galapagos National Park Service and the Charles Darwin Research Station:11.
    Stahle, D., D'Arrigo, R., Krusic, P., Cleaveland, M., Cook, E., Allan, R., Cole, J., Dunbar, R., Therrell, M., Gay, D.,1998. Experimental dendroclimatic reconstruction of the Southern Oscillation. Bulletin-American Meteorological Society,79:2137-2151.
    Tierney, J., Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y, Russell, J., Linsley, B.,2010. Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia. Paleoceanography,25(1):PA1102.
    Trenberth, K.E., Caron, J.M.,2000. The Southern Oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation. Journal of Climate,13(24):4358-4365.
    Tsonis, A.A., Hunt, A.G., Elsner, J.B.,2003. On the relation between ENSO and global climate change. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics,84(3-4):229-242.
    Vecchi, G.A., Soden, B.J.,2007. Global warming and the weakening of the tropical circulation. Journal of Climate,20(17):4316-4340.
    Vecchi, G.A., Soden, B.J., Wittenberg, A.T., Held, I.M., Leetmaa, A., Harrison, M.J.,2006. Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing. Nature,441(7089): 73-76.
    Wang, C.,2002. Atmospheric circulation cells associated with the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Climate,15(4):399-419.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Oppo, D.W., Wang, Y, Liu, Z., Xie, Z., Liu, X., Cheng, W.,2011a. South China Sea hydrological changes and Pacific Walker Circulation variations over the last millennium. Nature Communications,2:293.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Wang, Y, Huang, W., Qiu, S., Yang, C.,2011b. A record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the past 2,000 years from precipitation proxies. Nature Geoscience,4(9):611-614.
    Zhang, M., Song, H.,2006. Evidence of deceleration of atmospheric vertical overturning circulation over the tropical Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett,33.
    (NRC), N.R.C.,2006. Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 years. National Academies Press, Washington D.C., pp.145 pp.
    Aharon, P.,1983.140,000-yr isotope climatic record from raised coral reefs in New Guinea. Nature, 304:720-723.
    Aharon, P.,1991. Recorders of reef environment histories-stable isotopes in corals, giant clams, and calcareous algae. Coral Reefs,10(2):71-90.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes, sea level changes and the temperature history of a coral reef environment in New Guinea over the last 105 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,56(3-4):337-379.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J., Compston, W.,1980. Stable isotope and sea-level data from New Guinea supports Antarctic ice-surge theory of ice ages. Nature,304:720-723.
    Aubert, A., Lazareth, C., Cabioch, G., Boucher, H., Yamada, T., Iryu, Y., Farman, R.,2009. The tropical giant clam Hippopus hippopus shell, a new archive of environmental conditions as revealed by sclerochronological and δ 18 O profiles. Coral Reefs,28(4):989-998.
    Batenburg, S.J., Reichart, G.J., Jilbert, T., Janse, M., Wesselingh, F.P., Renema, W.,2011. Interannual climate variability in the Miocene:High resolution trace element and stable isotope ratios in giant clams. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,306(1-2):75-81.
    Beck, J., Edwards, R., Ito, E., Taylor, F., Recy, J., Rougerie, F., Joannot, P., Henin, C.,1992. Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratios. Science,257(5070): 644.
    Bonham, K.,1965. Growth rate of giant clam Tridacna gigas at Bikini Atoll as revealed by radioautography. Science,149(3681):300.
    Buckley, B., Anchukaitis, K., Penny, D., Fletcher, R., Cook, E., Sano, M., Nam, L., Wichienkeeo, A., Minh, T., Hong, T.,2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(15):6748-6752.
    Cardinal, D., Hamelin, B., Bard, E., Patzold, J.,2001. Sr/Ca, U/Ca and delta 0-18 records in recent massive corals from Bermuda:relationships with sea surface temperature. Chemical Geology, 176(1-4):213-233.
    Cobb, K.M., Charles, C.D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L.,2003. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature,424(6946):271-276.
    Cole, J., Fairbanks, R., Shen, G.,1993. Recent variability in the Southern Oscillation:Isotopic results from a Tarawa Atoll coral. Science,260(5115):1790.
    Cook, E., Woodhouse, C., Eakin, C., Meko, D., Stahle, D.,2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science,306(5698):1015.
    Correge, T.,2006. Sea surface temperature and salinity reconstruction from coral geochemical tracers. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,232(2-4):408-428.
    Crowley, T.J., Lowery, T.S.,2000. How warm was the medieval warm period? Ambio,29(1):51-54.
    Dodd, J.R.,1965. Environmental control of strontium and magnesium in Mytilus. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,29(5):385-398.
    Dutton, A.L., Lohmann, K.C., Zinsmeister, W.J.,2002. Stable isotope and minor element proxies for Eocene climate of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Paleoceanography,17(2):1016.
    Elliot, M., Welsh, K., Chilcott, C., McCulloch, M., Chappell, J., Ayling, B.,2009. Profiles of trace elements and stable isotopes derived from giant long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves:Potential applications in paleoclimate studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 280(1-2):132-142.
    Fallon, S.J., McCulloch, M.T., van Woesik, R., Sinclair, D.J.,1999. Corals at their latitudinal limits: laser ablation trace element systematics in Porites from Shirigai Bay, Japan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,172(3-4):221-238.
    Foster, L.C., Allison, N., Finch, A.A., Andersson, C.,2009. Strontium distribution in the shell of the aragonite bivalve Arctica islandica. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,10(3):Q03003.
    Freitas, P.S., Clarke, L.J., Kennedy, H., Richardson, C.A., Abrantes, F.,2006. Environmental and biological controls on elemental (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca) ratios in shells of the king scallop Pecten maximus. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,70(20):5119-5133.
    Gagan, M., Ayliffe, L., Hopley, D., Cali, J., Mortimer, G, Chappell, J., McCulloch, M., Head, M.,1998. Temperature and surface-ocean water balance of the mid-Holocene tropical western Pacific. Science,279(5353):1014.
    Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, P., Wang, W.,2003. Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years. The Holocene,13(6):933.
    Gillikin, D., Lorrain, A., Navez, J., Taylor, J., Andre, L., Keppens, E., Baeyens, W., Dehairs, F.,2005. Strong biological controls on Sr/Ca ratios in aragonitic marine bivalve shells. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,6(Q05009):1-15.
    Goodwin, D., Schone, B., Dettman, D.,2003. Resolution and fidelity of oxygen isotopes as paleotemperature proxies in bivalve mollusk shells:models and observations. Palaios,18(2): 110.
    Graham, N.E., Hughes, M.K., Ammann, C.M., Cobb, K.M., Hoerling, M.P., Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P., Rein, B., Stott, L., Wigand, P.E., Xu, T.Y.,2007. Tropical Pacific-mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times. Climatic Change,83(1-2):241-285.
    Grossman, E., Ku, T.,1986. Oxygen and carbon isotope fractionation in biogenic aragonite: temperature effects. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section),59:59-74.
    Hart, S.R., Blusztajn, J.,1998. Clams as recorders of ocean ridge volcanism and hydrothermal vent field activity. Science,280(5365):883.
    Hean, R.L., Cacho, O.J.,2003. A growth model for giant clams Tridacna crocea and T-derasa. Ecological Modelling,163(1-2):87-100.
    Hendy, E.J., Gagan, M.K., Alibert, C.A., McCulloch, M.T., Lough, J.M., Isdale, P.J.,2002. Abrupt decrease in tropical Pacific Sea surface salinity at end of Little Ice Age. Science,295(5559): 1511-1514.
    Hong, A., Hong, Y., Wang, Q., Ke, J.,1997. Distributive characteristics of O isotope of the northeastern South China Sea in the summer of 1994 (In Chinese with English abstract). Tropic Oceanology,16(2):82-90.
    Hu, C., Henderson, G., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y., Johnson, K.,2008. Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266(3-4):221-232.
    Jacob, D.E.,2006. High Sensitivity Analysis of Trace Element-Poor Geological Reference Glasses by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research,30(3):221-235.
    Jones, D., Williams, D., Romanek, C.,1986. Life history of symbiont-bearing giant clams from stable isotope profiles. Science,231(4733):46.
    Jones, P., Mann, M.,2004. Climate over past millennia. Rev. Geophys,42(2):1"C42.
    Klein, R., Lohmann, K., Thayer, C.,1996. Sr/Ca and 13C/12C ratios in skeletal calcite of Mytilus trossulus:Covariation with metabolic rate, salinity, and carbon isotopic composition of seawater. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,60(21):4207-4221.
    Maier, E., Titschack, J.,2010. Spondylus gaederopus:A new Mediterranean climate archive -- Based on high-resolution oxygen and carbon isotope analyses. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,291(3-4):228-238.
    Mann, M., Bradley, R., Hughes, M.,1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium:inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters,26(6): 759-762.
    Mann, M., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M., Bradley, R., Miller, S., Rutherford, S., Ni, F.,2008a. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(36):13252.
    Mann, M.E., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M.K., Bradley, R.S., Miller, S.K., Rutherford, S., Ni, F.,2008b. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(36):13252.
    McCulloch, M., Gagan, M., Mortimer, G., Chivas, A., Isdale, P.,1994. A high-resolution Sr/Ca and [delta] 180 coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 El Ni o. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,58(12):2747-2754.
    Mitsuguchi, T., Matsumoto, E., Abe, O., Uchida, T., Isdale, P.,1996. Mg/Ca thermometry in coral skeletons. Science,274(5289):961.
    Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M., Karlen, W.,2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data. Nature,433(7026):613-617.
    Newton, A., Thunell, R., Stott, L.,2006. Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19710.
    Oppo, D.W., Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B.K.,2009.2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature,460(7259):1113-1116.
    Patzold, J., Heinrichs, J., Wolschendorf, K., Wefer, G,1991. Correlation of stable oxygen isotope temperature record with light attenuation profiles in reef-dwelling Tridacna shells. Coral Reefs,10(2):65-69.
    Palacios, R., Orensanz, J.M., Armstrong, D.A.,1994. Seasonal and Life-long Variation of Sr/Ca Ratio in Shells of Mya arenaria from Grays Harbor (Washington)--an Ancillary Criterion in Demographic Studies. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,39(4):313-327.
    Patterson, W.P., Dietrich, K.A., Holmden, C., Andrews, J.T.,2010. Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(12):5306.
    Pokroy, B., Fitch, A.N., Marin, F., Kapon, M., Adir, N., Zolotoyabko, E.,2006. Anisotropic lattice distortions in biogenic calcite induced by intra-crystalline organic molecules. Journal of structural biology,155(1):96-103.
    Purton, L., Shields, G.A., Brasier, M.D., Grime, G.W.,1999. Metabolism controls Sr/Ca ratios in fossil aragonitic mollusks. Geology,27(12):1083.
    Romanek, C., Grossman, E.,1989. Stable isotope profiles of Tridacna maxima as environmental indicators. Palaios,4(5):402-413.
    Romanek, C., Jones, D., Williams, D., Krantz, D., Radtke, R.,1987. Stable isotopic investigation of physiological and environmental changes recorded in shell carbonate from the giant clam Tridacna maxima. Marine Biology,94(3):385-393.
    Rosewater, J.,1965. The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca,1:347-396.
    Sano, Y., Kobayashi, S., Shirai, K., Takahata, N., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, T., Sowa, K., Iwai, K., 2012. Past daily light cycle recorded in the strontium/calcium ratios of giant clam shells. Nature Communications,3:761.
    Schone, B.R., Fiebig, J., Pfeiffer, M., Gless, R., Hickson, J., Johnson, A.L.A., Dreyer, W., Oschmann, W.,2005. Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah(Arctica islandica, Mollusca; Iceland). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,228(1-2):130-148.
    Schone, B.R., Zhang, Z., Jacob, D., Gillikin, D.P., Tutken, T., Garbe-Schonberg, D., Mcconnaughey, T., Soldati, A.,2010a. Effect of organic matrices on the determination of the trace element chemistry (Mg, Sr, Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of aragonitic bivalve shells (Arctica islandica)—Comparison of ICP-OES and LA-ICP-MS data. Geochemical Journal,44(1): 23-37.
    Schone, B.R., Zhang, Z., Radermacher, P., Th"|bault, J., Jacob, D.E., Nunn, E.V., Maurer, A.F.,2010b. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of ontogenetically old, long-lived bivalve shells(Arctica islandica) and their function as paleotemperature proxies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,302(1-2):52-64.
    Sinclair, D.J., Kinsley, L.P.J., McCulloch, M.T.,1998. High resolution analysis of trace elements in corals by laser ablation ICP-MS. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,62(11):1889-1901.
    Smetacek, V., Nicol, S.,2005. Polar ocean ecosystems in a changing world. Nature,437(7057): 362-368.
    Smith, S., Buddemeier, R., Redalje, R., Houck, J.,1979. Strontium-calcium thermometry in coral skeletons. Science,204:404-407.
    Soldati, A., Jacob, D., Schone, B., Bianchi, M., Hajduk, A,,2009. Seasonal periodicity of growth and composition in bvalves of Diplodon chilensis patagonicus (d'Orbigny,1835). Journal of Molluscan Studies,75(1):75.
    Stecher, H.A., Krantz, D.E., Lord, C.J., Luther, G.W., Bock, K.W.,1996. Profiles of strontium and barium in Mercenaria mercenaria and Spisula solidissima shells. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,60(18):3445-3456.
    Strasser, C.A., Mullineaux, L.S., Walther, B.D.,2008. Growth rate and age effects on Mya arenaria shell chemistry:Implications for biogeochemical studies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,355(2):153-163.
    Sun, D.H., Gagan, M.K., Cheng, H., Scott-Gagan, H., Dykoski, C.A., Edwards, R.L., Sua, R.X.,2005. Seasonal and interannual variability of the Mid-Holocene East Asian monsoon in coral delta O-18 records from the South China Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,237(1-2):69-84.
    Sun, Y.L., Sun, M., Wei, G.J., Lee, T., Nie, B.F., Yu, Z.W.,2004. Strontium contents of a Porites coral from Xisha Island, South China Sea:A proxy for sea-surface temperature of the 20th century. Paleoceanography,19(2):PA2004.
    Surge, D., Walker, K.J.,2006. Geochemical variation in microstructural shell layers of the southern quahog (Mercenaria campechiensis):Implications for reconstructing seasonality. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,237(2-4):182-190.
    Takesue, R., van Geen, A.,2004. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and stable isotopes in modern and Holocene Protothaca staminea shells from a northern California coastal upwelling region. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,68(19):3845-3861.
    Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Lin, P.N.,2000. A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores. Science,289(5486):1916-1919.
    Tierney, J., Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y., Russell, J., Linsley, B.,2010. Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia. Paleoceanography,25(1):PA1102.
    Veis, A.,2003. Mineralization in organic matrix frameworks. Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry, 54(1):249.
    Wanamaker Jr, A.D., Kreutz, K.J., Wilson, T., Borns Jr, H.W., Introne, D.S., Feindel, S.,2008. Experimentally determined Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in juvenile bivalve calcite for Mytilus edulis:implications for paleotemperature reconstructions. Geo-Marine Letters,28(5): 359-368.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G., An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D.,2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon:Links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308(5723):854-857.
    Watanabe, T., Oba, T.,1999. Daily reconstruction of water temperature from oxygen isotopic ratios of a modern Tridacna shell using a freezing microtome sampling technique. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,104(C9):20667-20674.
    Watanabe, T., Suzuki, A., Kawahata, H., Kan, H., Ogawa, S.,2004. A 60-year isotopic record from a mid-Holocene fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the Ryukyu Islands:physiological and paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,212(3-4): 343-354.
    Weber, J.N., Woodhead, P.M.J.,1972. Temperature dependence of oxygen-18 concentration in reef coral carbonates. Journal of Geophysical Research,77(3):463-473.
    Wei, G., Deng, W., Yu, K., Li, X., Sun, W., Zhao, J.,2007. Sea surface temperature records in the northern South China Sea from mid-Holocene coral Sr/Ca ratios. Paleoceanography,22(3).
    Wei, G., Sun, M., Li, X., Nie, B.,2000a. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Wei, G.J., Sun, M., Li, X.H., Nie, B.F.,2000b. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Yang, B., Braeuning, A., Johnson, K.R., Shi, Y.F.,2002. General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters,29(15):
    Yu, K., Zhao, J., Wei, G, Cheng, X., Wang, P.,2005a. Mid-late Holocene monsoon climate retrieved from seasonal Sr/Ca and [delta] 18O records of Porites lutea corals at Leizhou Peninsula, northern coast of South China Sea. Global and Planetary Change,47(2-4):301-316.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Wei, G.J., Cheng, X.R., Chen, T.G., Felis, T., Wang, P.X., Liu, T.S.,2005b. delta 0-18, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca records of Porites lutea corals from Leizhou Peninsula, northern South China Sea, and their applicability as paleoclimatic indicators. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,218(1-2):57-73.
    Zhang, P.Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Chen, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L., Liu, J., Tan, M., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.H., An, C.L., Dai, Z.B., Zhou, J., Zhang, D.Z., Jia, J.H., Jin, L.Y., Johnson, K.R.,2008. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record. Science,322(5903):940-942.
    Batenburg, S.J., Reichart, G.J., Jilbert, T., Janse, M., Wesselingh, F.P., Renema, W.,2011. Interannual climate variability in the Miocene:High resolution trace element and stable isotope ratios in giant clams. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,306(1-2):75-81.
    Cardinal, D., Hamelin, B., Bard, E., Patzold, J.,2001. Sr/Ca, U/Ca and delta O-18 records in recent massive corals from Bermuda:relationships with sea surface temperature. Chemical Geology, 176(1-4):213-233.
    Cohen, A.L., Owens, K.E., Layne, G.D., Shimizu, N.,2002. The effect of algal symbionts on the accuracy of Sr/Ca paleotemperatures from coral. Science,296(5566):331-333.
    de Villiers, S., Shen, G., Nelson, B.,1994. The-temperature relationship in coralline aragonite: Influence of variability in and skeletal growth parameters. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(1):197-208.
    Dutton, A.L., Lohmann, K.C., Zinsmeister, W.J.,2002. Stable isotope and minor element proxies for Eocene climate of Seymour Island, Antarctica. Paleoceanography,17(2):1016.
    Elliot, M., Welsh, K., Chilcott, C., McCulloch, M., Chappell, J., Ayling, B.,2009. Profiles of trace elements and stable isotopes derived from giant long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves:Potential applications in paleoclimate studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 280(1-2):132-142.
    Freitas, P.S., Clarke, L.J., Kennedy, H., Richardson, C.A., Abrantes, F.,2006. Environmental and biological controls on elemental (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Mn/Ca) ratios in shells of the king scallop Pecten maximus. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,70(20):5119-5133.
    Gillikin, D., Lorrain, A., Navez, J., Taylor, J., Andre, L., Keppens, E., Baeyens, W., Dehairs, F.,2005. Strong biological controls on Sr/Ca ratios in aragonitic marine bivalve shells. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems,6(Q05009):1-15.
    Goodwin, D., Schone, B., Dettman, D.,2003. Resolution and fidelity of oxygen isotopes as paleotemperature proxies in bivalve mollusk shells:models and observations. Palaios,18(2): 110.
    Hart, S.R., Blusztajn, J.,1998. Clams as recorders of ocean ridge volcanism and hydrothermal vent field activity. Science,280(5365):883.
    Klein, R., Lohmann, K., Thayer, C.,1996. Sr/Ca and 13C/12C ratios in skeletal calcite of Mytilus trossulus:Covariation with metabolic rate, salinity, and carbon isotopic composition of seawater. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,60(21):4207-4221.
    Palacios, R., Orensanz, J.M., Armstrong, D.A.,1994. Seasonal and Life-long Variation of Sr/Ca Ratio in Shells of Mya arenaria from Grays Harbor (Washington)-an Ancillary Criterion in Demographic Studies. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,39(4):313-327.
    Purton, L., Shields, G.A., Brasier, M.D., Grime, G.W.,1999. Metabolism controls Sr/Ca ratios in fossil aragonitic mollusks. Geology,27(12):1083.
    Sano, Y., Kobayashi, S., Shirai, K., Takahata, N., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, T., Sowa, K., Iwai, K., 2012. Past daily light cycle recorded in the strontium/calcium ratios of giant clam shells. Nature Communications,3:761.
    Schone, B.R., Zhang, Z., Radermacher, P., Th"|bault, J., Jacob, D.E., Nunn, E.V., Maurer, A.F.,2010. Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of ontogenetically old, long-lived bivalve shells (Arctica islandicd) and their function as paleotemperature proxies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,302(1-2):52-64.
    Soldati, A., Jacob, D., Schone, B., Bianchi, M., Hajduk, A.,2009. Seasonal periodicity of growth and composition in bvalves of Diplodon chilensis patagonicus (d'Orbigny,1835). Journal of Molluscan Studies,75(1):75.
    Stecher, H.A., Krantz, D.E., Lord, C.J., Luther, G.W., Bock, K.W.,1996. Profiles of strontium and barium in Mercenaria mercenaria and Spisula solidissima shells. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,60(18):3445-3456.
    Strasser, C.A., Mullineaux, L.S., Walther, B.D.,2008. Growth rate and age effects on Mya arenaria shell chemistry:Implications for biogeochemical studies. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,355(2):153-163.
    Sun, Y., Sun, M., Wei, G., Lee, T., Nie, B., Yu, Z.,2004. Strontium contents of a Porites coral from Xisha Island, South China Sea:A proxy for sea-surface temperature of the 20th century. Paleoceanography,19(2).
    Surge, D., Walker, K.J.,2006. Geochemical variation in microstructural shell layers of the southern quahog (Mercenaria campechiensis):Implications for reconstructing seasonality. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,237(2-4):182-190.
    Takesue, R., van Geen, A.,2004a. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and stable isotopes in modern and Holocene Protothaca staminea shells from a northern California coastal upwelling region. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,68(19):3845-3861.
    Takesue, R.K., Van Geen, A.,2004b. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and stable isotopes in modern and holocene Protothaca staminea shells from a northern California coastal upwelling region. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,68(19):3845-3861.
    Vander Putten, E., Dehairs, F., Keppens, E., Baeyens, W.,2000. High resolution distribution of trace elements in the calcite shell layer of modern Mytilus edulis:Environmental and biological controls. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,64(6):997-1011.
    Wanamaker Jr, A.D., Kreutz, K.J., Wilson, T., Borns Jr, H.W., Introne, D.S., Feindel, S.,2008. Experimentally determined Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in juvenile bivalve calcite for Mytilus edulis:implications for paleotemperature reconstructions. Geo-Marine Letters,28(5): 359-368.
    Watanabe, T., Suzuki, A., Kawahata, H., Kan, H., Ogawa, S.,2004. A 60-year isotopic record from a mid-Holocene fossil giant clam (Tridacna gigas) in the Ryukyu Islands:physiological and paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,212(3-4): 343-354.
    Wei, G., Sun, M., Li, X., Nie, B.,2000. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Yu, K.F., Zhao, J.X., Wei, G.J., Cheng, X.R., Chen, T.G., Felis, T., Wang, P.X., Liu, T.S.,2005. delta O-18, Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca records of Porites lutea corals from Leizhou Peninsula, northern South China Sea, and their applicability as paleoclimatic indicators. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,218(1-2):57-73.
    Aharon, P.,1983.140,000-yr isotope climatic record from raised coral reefs in New Guinea. Nature, 304:720-723.
    Aharon, P., Chappell, J.,1986. Oxygen isotopes, sea level changes and the temperature history of a coral reef environment in New Guinea over the last 105 years. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,56(3-4):337-379.
    Bianchi, G.G., McCave, I.N.,1999. Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland. Nature,397(6719):515-517.
    Bonham, K.,1965. Growth rate of giant clam Tridacna gigas at Bikini Atoll as revealed by radioautography. Science,149(3681):300.
    Briffa, K.R.,2000. Annual climate variability in the Holocene:interpreting the message of ancient trees. Quaternary Science Reviews,19(1-5):87-105.
    Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J.,2002. Blowing hot and cold. Science,295(5563):2227-2228.
    Buckley, B., Anchukaitis, K., Penny, D., Fletcher, R., Cook, E., Sano, M., Nam, L., Wichienkeeo, A., Minh, T., Hong, T.,2010. Climate as a contributing factor in the demise of Angkor, Cambodia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,107(15):6748-6752.
    Chen, L., Zonneveld, K.A.F., Versteegh, GJ.M., Short term climate variability during 鈥淩 oman Classical Period 鈥 in the eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews.
    Cobb, K.M., Charles, C.D., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L.,2003. El Nino/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium. Nature,424(6946):271-276.
    Conroy, J.L., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., Shanahan, T.M., Steinitz-Kannan, M.,2008. Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quaternary Science Reviews,27(11-12):1166-1180.
    Cook, E., Woodhouse, C., Eakin, C., Meko, D., Stahle, D.,2004. Long-term aridity changes in the western United States. Science,306(5698):1015.
    Crowley, T.J., Lowery, T.S.,2000. How warm was the medieval warm period? Ambio,29(1):51-54.
    Desprat, S., Sanchez Go i, M.F., Loutre, M.F.,2003. Revealing climatic variability of the last three millennia in northwestern Iberia using pollen influx data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 213(1):63-78.
    Elliot, M., Welsh, K., Chilcott, C., McCulloch, M., Chappell, J., Ayling, B.,2009. Profiles of trace elements and stable isotopes derived from giant long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves:Potential applications in paleoclimate studies. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 280(1-2):132-142.
    Esper, J., Cook, E., Schweingruber, F.,2002. Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability. Science,295(5563):2250.
    Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X., Zhang, P., Wang, W.,2003. Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years. The Holocene,13(6):933.
    Graham, N.E., Hughes, M.K., Ammann, C.M., Cobb, K.M., Hoerling, M.P., Kennett, D.J., Kennett, J.P., Rein, B., Stott, L., Wigand, P.E., Xu, T.Y.,2007. Tropical Pacific-mid-latitude teleconnections in medieval times. Climatic Change,83(1-2):241-285.
    Hong, A., Hong, Y, Wang, Q., Ke, J.,1997. Distributive characteristics of O isotope of the northeastern South China Sea in the summer of 1994 (In Chinese with English abstract). Tropic Oceanology,16(2):82-90.
    Hu, C., Henderson, G., Huang, J., Xie, S., Sun, Y., Johnson, K.,2008. Quantification of Holocene Asian monsoon rainfall from spatially separated cave records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 266(3-4):221-232.
    IPCC,2007. Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press.
    Jiang, H., Eir 铆 ksson, J., Schulz, M., Knudsen, K.L., Seidenkrantz, M.S.,2005. Evidence for solar forcing of sea-surface temperature on the North Icelandic Shelf during the late Holocene. Geology,33(1):73.
    Jones, P., Briffa, K., Barnett, T., Tett, S.,1998. High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium:interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures. The Holocene,8(4):455-471.
    Jones, P., Mann, M.,2004. Climate over past millennia. Rev. Geophys,42(2):1"C42.
    Liu, Z., Henderson, A.C.G., Huang, Y.,2006. Alkenone-based reconstruction of late-Holocene surface temperature and salinity changes in Lake Qinghai, China. Geophysical Research Letters,33(9): L09707.
    Mann, M., Bradley, R., Hughes, M.,1999. Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium:inferences, uncertainties, and limitations. Geophysical Research Letters,26(6): 759-762.
    Mann, M., Zhang, Z., Hughes, M., Bradley, R., Miller, S., Rutherford, S., Ni, F.,2008. Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,105(36):13252.
    Moberg, A., Sonechkin, D.M., Holmgren, K., Datsenko, N.M., Karlen, W.,2005. Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low-and high-resolution proxy data, Nature,433(7026):613-617.
    Newton, A., Thunell, R., Stott, L.,2006. Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium. Geophysical Research Letters,33(19):L19710.
    Oppo, D.W., Rosenthal, Y., Linsley, B.K.,2009.2,000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool. Nature,460(7259):1113-1116.
    Patzold, J., Heinrichs, J., Wolschendorf, K., Wefer, G.,1991. Correlation of stable oxygen isotope temperature record with light attenuation profiles in reef-dwelling Tridacna shells. Coral Reefs,10(2):65-69.
    Pfister, C., Luterbacher, J., Schwarz-Zanetti, G., Wegmann, M.,1998. Winter air temperature variations in western Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages (AD 750-1300). The Holocene, 8(5):535-552.
    Rosewater, J.,1965. The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacific. Indo-Pacific Mollusca,1:347-396.
    Sano, Y, Kobayashi, S., Shirai, K., Takahata, N., Matsumoto, K., Watanabe, T., Sowa, K., Iwai, K., 2012. Past daily light cycle recorded in the strontium/calcium ratios of giant clam shells. Nature Communications,3:761.
    Soon, W., Baliunas, S.,2003. Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years. Climate Research,23(2):89-110.
    Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J.,1993. Extended C-14 Data-Base and Revised Calib 3.0 C-14 Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon,35(1):215-230.
    Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Van der Plicht, J., Spurk, M.,1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration,24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon,40(3):1041-1083.
    Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Lin, P.N.,2000. A high-resolution millennial record of the South Asian Monsoon from Himalayan ice cores. Science,289(5486):1916-1919.
    Tierney, J., Oppo, D., Rosenthal, Y., Russell, J., Linsley, B.,2010. Coordinated hydrological regimes in the Indo-Pacific region during the past two millennia. Paleoceanography,25(1):PA1102.
    Wang, Y.J., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., He, Y.Q., Kong, X.G, An, Z.S., Wu, J.Y., Kelly, M.J., Dykoski, C.A., Li, X.D.,2005. The Holocene Asian monsoon:Links to solar changes and North Atlantic climate. Science,308(5723):854-857.
    Watanabe, T., Oba, T.,1999. Daily reconstruction of water temperature from oxygen isotopic ratios of a modern Tridacna shell using a freezing microtome sampling technique. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,104(C9):20667-20674.
    Watanabe, T., Suzuki, A., Kawahata, H., Kan, H., Ogawa, S.,2004. A 60-year isotopic record from a mid-Holocene fossil giant clam(Tridacna gigas) in the Ryukyu Islands:physiological and paleoclimatic implications. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,212(3-4): 343-354.
    Wei, G.J., Sun, M., Li, X.H., Nie, B.F.,2000. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and U/Ca ratios of a Porites coral from Sanya Bay, Hainan Island, South China Sea and their relationships to sea surface temperature. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,162(1-2):59-74.
    Yan, H., Shao, D., Wang, Y., Sun, L.,2012. Sr/Ca profile of long-lived Tridacna gigas bivalves from South China Sea:a new high-resolution climate archive. GCA, under review.
    Yan, H., Sun, L., Wang, Y, Huang, W., Qiu, S., Yang, C.,2011. A record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the past 2,000 years from precipitation proxies. Nature Geoscience,4(9):611-614.
    Yang, B., Braeuning, A., Johnson, K.R., Shi, Y.F.,2002. General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia. Geophysical Research Letters,29(15):
    Zhang, P.Z., Cheng, H., Edwards, R.L., Chen, F.H., Wang, Y.J., Yang, X.L., Liu, J., Tan, M., Wang, X.F., Liu, J.H., An, C.L., Dai, Z.B., Zhou, J., Zhang, D.Z., Jia, J.H., Jin, L.Y., Johnson, K.R.,2008. A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record. Science,322(5903):940-942.
    竺可桢,1973.中国近五千年来气候变迁的初步研究.中国科学A辑,2：168-189.
    晏宏,邵达,王玉宏,孙立广,2011.南海西沙大砗磲高分辨率Sr/Ca温度计及其意义.地球环境学报,2(2)：381-386.
    葛全胜,郑景云,方修琦,2002.过去2000年中国东部冬半年温度变化.第四纪研究,22(2)：166-173.
    Ancora, S., Volpi, V., Olmastroni, S., Focardi, S., Leonzio, C.,2002. Assumption and elimination of trace elements in Adelie penguins from Antarctica:a preliminary study. Marine Environmental Research,54(3-5):341-344.
    Anderson, W.B., Polis, G.A.,1999. Nutrient fluxes from water to land:seabirds affect plant nutrient status on Gulf of California islands. Oecologia,118(3):324-332.
    Arnold, E., Merrill, J., Leinen, M., King, J.,1998. The effect of source area and atmospheric transport on mineral aerosol collected over the North Pacific Ocean. Global and Planetary Change, 18(3-4):137-159.
    Bargagli, R., Monaci, F., Sanchez-Hernandez, J.C., Cateni, D.,1998. Biomagnification of mercury in an Antarctic marine coastal food web. Marine Ecology-Progress Series,169:65-76.
    Biester, H., Kilian, R., Franzen, C., Woda, C., Mangini, A., Scholer, H.F.,2002. Elevated mercury accumulation in a peat bog of the Magellanic Moorlands, Chile (53 degrees S)-an anthropogenic signal from the Southern Hemisphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 201(3-4):609-620.
    Bindler, R.,2003. Estimating the natural background atmospheric deposition rate of mercury utilizing ombrotrophic bogs in southern Sweden. Environmental Science & Technology,37(1):40-46.
    Bird, M.I., Chivas, A.R., Radnell, C.J., Burton, H.R.,1991. Sedimentological and Stable-Isotope Evolution of Lakes in the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,84(1-4):109-130.
    Boutron, C.F., Candelone, J.P., Hong, S.M.,1995. Greenland Snow and Ice Cores-Unique Archives of Large-Scale Pollution of the Troposphere of the Northern-Hemisphere by Lead and Other Heavy-Metals. Science of the Total Environment,161:233-241.
    Burger, J., Gochfeld, M.,2000. Metal levels in feathers of 12 species of seabirds from Midway Atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean. Science of the Total Environment,257(1):37-52.
    Burger, J., Gochfeld, M.,2004. Metal levels in eggs of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in New Jersey: temporal trends from 1971 to 2002. Environmental Research,94(3):336-343.
    Camargo, J.A.,2002. Contribution of Spanish-American silver mines (1570-1820) to the present high mercury concentrations in the global environment:a review. Chemosphere,48(1):51-57.
    Cao, L., Pang, Y.L., Liu, N.F.,2005. Status of the Red-Footed Booby on the Xisha Archipelago, South China Sea. Waterbirds,28(4):411-419.
    Dauwe, T., Bervoets, L., Blust, R., Pinxten, R., Eens, M.,2000. Can excrement and feathers of nestling songbirds be used as biomonitors for heavy metal pollution? Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,39(4):541-546.
    Fitzgerald, W.F., Engstrom, D.R., Mason, R.P., Nater, E.A.,1998. The case for atmospheric mercury contamination in remote areas. Environmental Science & Technology,32(1):1-7.
    Ge, Q., Zheng, J., Fang, X., Man, Z., Zhang, X, Zhang, P., Wang, W.,2003. Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years. The Holocene,13(6):933.
    Gochfeld, M., Burger, J.,1998. Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered roseate tern (Sterna dougallii) in New York. Environmental Research,77(1):36-42.
    Grattan, J.P., Gilbertson, D.D., Hunt, C.O.,2007. The local and global dimensions of metalliferous pollution derived from a reconstruction of an eight thousand year record of copper smelting and mining at a desert-mountain frontier in southern Jordan. Journal of Archaeological Science,34(1):83-110.
    Headley, A.D.,1996. Heavy metal concentrations in peat profiles from the high Arctic. Science of the Total Environment,177:105-111.
    Hong, S.M., Candelone, J.P., Patterson, C.C., Boutron, C.F.,1996a. History of ancient copper smelting pollution during Roman and medieval times recorded in Greenland ice. Science,272(5259): 246-249.
    Hong, S.M., Candelone, J.P., Soutif, M., Boutron, C.F.,1996b. A reconstruction of changes in copper production and copper emissions to the atmosphere during the past 7000 years. Science of the Total Environment,188(2-3):183-193.
    Houserova, P., Kub"(?)"3/4, V, Kr"(?) mar, S., Sitko, J.,2007. Total mercury and mercury species in birds and fish in an aquatic ecosystem in the Czech Republic. Environmental Pollution,145(1): 185-194.
    Huang, T., Sun, L.G., Stark, J., Wang, Y.H., Cheng, Z.Q., Yang, Q.C., Sun, S.,2011. Relative Changes in Krill Abundance Inferred from Antarctic Fur Seal. Plos One,6(11).
    Hunt, C.O., Gilbertson, D.D., El-Rishi, H.A.,2007. An 8000-year history of landscape, climate, and copper exploitation in the Middle East:the Wadi Faynan and the Wadi Dana National Reserve in southern Jordan. Journal of Archaeological Science,34(8):1306-1338.
    Hylander, L.D., Meili, M.,2003.500 years of mercury production:global annual inventory by region until 2000 and associated emissions. Science of the Total Environment,304(1-3):13-27.
    Lacerda, L.D.,1997. Global mercury emissions from gold and silver mining. Water Air and Soil Pollution,97(3-4):209-221.
    Lamborg, C.H., Fitzgerald, W.F., Damman, A.W.H., Benoit, J.M., Balcom, P.H., Engstrom, D.R.,2002. Modern and historic atmospheric mercury fluxes in both hemispheres:Global and regional mercury cycling implications. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,16(4):
    Lee, C.S.L., Qi, S.H., Zhang, G., Luo, C.L., Zhao, L.Y.L., Li, X.D.,2008. Seven thousand years of records on the mining and utilization of metals from lake sediments in central China. Environmental Science & Technology,42(13):4732-4738.
    Lindeberg, C., Bindler, R., Renberg, I., Emteryd, O., Karlsson, E., Anderson, N.J.,2006. Natural fluctuations of mercury and lead in Greenland Lake sediments. Environmental Science & Technology,40(1):90-95.
    Liu, X.D, Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G., Luo, H.H., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.P.,2006a. Geochemical evidence for the variation of historical seabird population on Dongdao Island of the South China Sea. Journal of Paleolimnology,36(3): 259-279.
    Liu, X.D., Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Honghao, L., Wang, Y.H.,2006b. P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea. Chemosphere,65(4):707-715.
    Martinez-Cortizas, A., Pontevedra-Pombal, X., Garcia-Rodeja, E., Novoa-Munoz, J.C., Shotyk, W, 1999. Mercury in a Spanish peat bog:Archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition. Science,284(5416):939-942.
    Melles, M., Verkulich, S.R., Hermichen, W.D.,1994. Radiocarbon Dating of Lacustrine and Marine-Sediments from the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. Antarctic Science,6(3):375-378.
    Nriagu, J.O.,1989. A Global Assessment of Natural Sources of Atmospheric Trace-Metals. Nature, 338(6210):47-49.
    Nriagu, J.O.,1994. Mercury Pollution from the Past Mining of Gold and Silver in the America. Science of the Total Environment,149(3):167-181.
    Renberg, I., Persson, M.W., Emteryd, O.,1994. Preindustrial Atmospheric Lead Contamination Detected in Swedish Lake-Sediments. Nature,368(6469):323-326.
    Rodgers, K.,1994. The geochemical role of atoll phosphates on Vaitupu, Nukulaelae, Funafuti and neighbouring low islands of Tuvalu, central Pacific. Mineralium Deposita,29(1):68-80.
    Roos-Barraclough, F., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Garcia-Rodeja, E., Shotyk, W.,2002. A 14 500 year record of the accumulation of atmospheric mercury in peat:volcanic signals, anthropogenic influences and a correlation to bromine accumulation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 202(2):435-451.
    Rose, N., Boyle, J., Du, Y., Yi, C., Dai, X., Appleby, P., Bennion, H., Cai, S., Yu, L.,2004. Sedimentary evidence for changes in the pollution status of Taihu in the Jiangsu region of eastern China. Journal of Paleolimnology,32(1):41-51.
    Schreiber, E., Schreiber, R.W., Schenk, G.A.,1996. Red-footed booby (Sula sula). The birds of North America,241.
    Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J.,1993. Extended C-14 Data-Base and Revised Calib 3.0 C-14 Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon,35(1):215-230.
    Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Bard, E., Beck, J.W., Burr, G.S., Hughen, K.A., Kromer, B., McCormac, G., Van der Plicht, J., Spurk, M.,1998. INTCAL98 radiocarbon age calibration,24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon,40(3):1041-1083.
    Sun, L.G., Liu, X.D., Yin, X.B., Xie, Z.Q., Zhao, J.L.,2005. Sediments in palaeo-notches:potential proxy records for palaeoclimatic changes in Antarctica. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,218(3-4):175-193.
    Sun, L.G., Xie, Z.Q.,2001. Changes in lead concentration in Antarctic penguin droppings during the past 3,000 years. Environmental Geology,40(10):1205-1208.
    Sun, L.G., Xie, Z.Q., Zhao, J.L.,2000. Palaeoecology-A 3,000-year record of penguin populations. Nature,407(6806):858-858.
    Sun, L.G., Yin, X.B., Liu, X.D., Zhu, R.B., Xie, Z.Q., Wang, Y.H.,2006. A 2000-year record of mercury and ancient civilizations in seal hairs from King George Island, West Antarctica. Science of the Total Environment,368(1):236-247.
    Sundelin, B., Eriksson, A.K.,2001. Mobility and bioavailability of trace metals in sulfidic coastal sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,20(4):748-756.
    Taira, K.,1980. Environmental-Changes in Eastern Asia during the Past 2000 Years-Volcanism, Tectonism, Climate, and Paleo-Oceanography. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,32(1-2):89-97.
    Thompson, D.R., Furness, R.W., Monteiro, L.R.,1998. Seabirds as biomonitors of mercury inputs to epipelagic and mesopelagic marine food chains. Science of the Total Environment,213(1-3): 299-305.
    Trichet, J., Fikri, A.,1997. Organic matter in the genesis of high-island atoll peloidal phosphorites; the lagoonal link. Journal of Sedimentary Research,67(5):891-897.
    Vandal, G.M., Fitzgerald, W.F., Boutron, C.F., Candelone, J.P.,1993. Variations in Mercury Deposition to Antarctica over the Past 34,000 Years. Nature,362(6421):621-623.
    Wagner, B., Melles, M.,2001. A Holocene seabird record from Raffles So sediments, East Greenland, in response to climatic and oceanic changes. Boreas,30(3):228-239.
    Wang, G., Lu, B., Quan, S.,1987. Animals and mineralization of phosphorus:ore-forming mechanism of phosphorites. Acta Geolog Sin,1:72-82.
    Wong, C.S.C., Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Aydin, A., Wong, M.H.,2006. Sources and trends of environmental mercury emissions in Asia. Science of the Total Environment,368(2-3): 649-662.
    Xu, L.Q., Liu, X.D., Sun, L., Chen, Q.Q., Yan, H., Liu, Y., Luo, Y.H., Huang, J.,2011. A 700-year record of mercury in avian eggshells of Guangjin Island, South China Sea. Environmental Pollution,159(4):889-896.
    Yan, H., Sun, L.G., Wang, Y.H., Liu, X.D., Qiu, S.C., Cheng, W.H.,2010. A 2000-year record of copper pollution in South China Sea derived from seabird excrements:a potential indicator for copper production and civilization of China. Journal of Paleolimnology,44(2):431-442.
    Zhang, D.D., Brecke, P., Lee, H.F., He, Y.Q., Zhang, J.,2007. Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,104(49):19214-19219.
    Zhao, S.P., Sun, L.G, Liu, X.D., Xie, Z.Q., Luo, H.H., Liu, K.X., Wu, X.H., Ding, X.F., Fu, D.P.,2007. Using Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios as source indicators of omithogenic lacustrine sedments on coral island. China. Quaternary Sciences,27:149-156.
    ZI-TONG, G, BIAO, H., Gong, Z., Huang, B.,1995. Geochemistry of soil formation in South China Sea Islands. Pedosphere:04.
    王菱菱,2005.宋代矿冶业研究.河北大学出版社.
    汪敬虞,中国科学院,经济研究所,1957.中国近代工业史资料.科学出版社.
    夏湘蓉,李仲均,王根元,1980.中国古代矿业开发史.地质出版社.
    常玲,1988.清代云南的“放本收铜”政策.思想战线,2.
    曹树基,葛剑雄,2001.中国人口史.复旦大学出版社.
    清史研究所,中.,中国政治制度史教研室,中.,1983.清代的矿业,1.中华书局.
    吴松弟,葛剑雄,2000.中国人口史.复旦大学出版社.
    孙毓棠,中国科学院,经济研究所,1957.中国近代工业史资料：1840-1895年.科学出版社.
    韦庆远,鲁素,1983.清代前期矿业政策的演变(上).中国社会经济史研究,3.