高应力储能岩体动力扰动破裂特征研究
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摘要
随社会经济的需求,人类地下开挖工程不断加深。深部岩体开挖处于典型的高地应力、高地温、高岩溶水压力及爆破、机械开挖动力扰动(“三高一扰动”)的特殊复杂力学环境。事实上,深部开挖岩体在受到诸如爆破震动等动载荷作用前,已处于很高的地应力场中,并储存较高弹性能量,因此,开挖岩体承受着初始静载、开挖动载以及弹性储能释放的共同作用。从深部岩体开挖所出现的岩爆及分区破裂化现象可以看出,在高应力储能岩体应力释放过程中有导致围岩破裂化的现象。故从高应力硬岩的受力特征出发,深入揭示高应力硬岩在应力卸荷及动力扰动作用下的岩体破坏特征的基础上,成为深部岩体开挖工程需要迫切研究的课题。
鉴于此,本文利用动静组合加载试验装置,对高应力围压卸荷作用下应力储能试样动力扰动破坏特性进行实验研究。其主要研究内容及研究成果如下：
1)高应力储能岩体围压卸荷损伤特性实验。利用动静组合加载实验设备及声发射设备,提出一种针对试样围压卸荷,并承受轴向静压加载条件下试样损伤变量的测量方法,通过不同围压卸荷速率模拟不同岩体开挖方式,得出试样储能释放强度、速度以及试样损伤变量与围压卸荷速率的变化规律。
2)不同围压卸荷速率下损伤岩体动力学特性实验。针对不同卸荷速率下岩体的动态强度、能耗规律及破碎块度分布规律进行实验研究,得到试样损伤变量对试样动态强度、能耗规律及破碎块度分布的影响特征。
3)不同动态应力波加载幅值下岩体动静组合加载力学特性实验。得到应力波幅值对岩石动静组合加载破坏特性的影响。通过能量与块度分维的分析,体现出岩体在高应力动力扰动破坏过程中,由外部扰动能量和高应力储能共同作用造成试样破坏。
4)不同应力储能条件下岩石试样力学特性实验研究。得到应力储能及冲击能量对试样动力学破坏特性的影响规律。并建立应力储能岩体岩爆倾向性指标。该指标体现出激励型岩爆,不仅与试样本身特性有关,而且与所承受的静载应力储能及动力扰动能量密切相关,反映出激励型岩爆的发生受静载和动载两种因素的综合作用的影响。
5)霍普金森压杆应力加载和高速摄像机同步控制系统,使所得试样破坏过程的高速摄像图像与应力加载时间相匹配。利用数字散斑方法,提出对圆柱形试样表面位移场进行光学测量监测方法。由此得到不同加载条件下,试样表面位移变化特征与试样破坏特征。
With the development of social economy, the depth of underground constructions is increasing. The excavation of engineering rocks at high depth is subjected to the state of complicated circumferential stress, for example, the high in-situ stress, the high ground temperature, the high hydraulic pressure, and the dynamic disturbance caused by blasting and mechanical excavation. In fact, rock mass during deep excavation is already in the high stress field, and the high elastic strain energy is stored before it is applyed dynamic loads, such as blasting vibration. Therefore, rock mass is subjected to the interaction of static loads, dynamic loads and the stored elastic strain energy. The phenomena of rockburst and zonal disintegration induced by the process of rock excavation at high depth show that the release of stored elastic strain energy may lead to the failure of surrounding rock. Consequently, the characteristics of rock mass under high stress state, with unloading and dynamic disturbance during excavation, are becoming urgent research topics.
In view of the aforementioned problems, a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing system is applied to carry out static-dynamic coupling loading tests. The mechanical response and the characteristics of dynamic failure of sandstones with stored strain energy are investigated under the unloading of confined pressure. The thesis includes the following work.
1) Experimental study on damage performance of high stress rock mass under unloading of confining pressure is performed. The measurement method of damage variables of rock is proposed on the basis of SHPB testing system and acoustic emission. By using the method the effect of unloading rates of confining pressure on the characteristics of stored elastic strain energy and damage variable of sandstone are obtained.
2) Experimental study on fracture characteristics of damaged rock with different unloading rates is conducted. The effect of damage variable on dynamic strength and the law of energy dissipation and the distribution of fractal dimension are obtained.
3) Static-dynamic combining experiments with different amplitudes of stress wave are carried out. The mechanical properties and failure patterns of sandstone are obtained. The failure of high stress rock is attributed to the interaction of the dynamic disturbance and the stored elastic strain energy, which is based on the analysis of the relationship between impact energy and fractal dimension.
4) A series of dynamic experiments of rock with different stored elastic strain energy is conducted. The fracture characteristics of rock with different accumulated stress energy under dynamic loads are obtained. Then a index system evaluating the tendence of rockburst for rock with stress energy accumulation is proposed. This index shows that the influencing factors of the impellent rockburst are not only related to the characteristics of rock, but also closely related to static and dynamic loads.
5) Synchronous control system can make SHPB and high-speed camera was established. It would be able to obtain the failure process and matching results between the history of stress-time and images captured by high speed camera. Based on digital speckle correlation method, a new optical non-contact method for measuring the surface displacement of cylindrical samples is proposed. The fracture characteristics of samples and the characteristics of surface displacement under different loading conditions are obtained.
鉴于此,本文利用动静组合加载试验装置,对高应力围压卸荷作用下应力储能试样动力扰动破坏特性进行实验研究。其主要研究内容及研究成果如下：
1)高应力储能岩体围压卸荷损伤特性实验。利用动静组合加载实验设备及声发射设备,提出一种针对试样围压卸荷,并承受轴向静压加载条件下试样损伤变量的测量方法,通过不同围压卸荷速率模拟不同岩体开挖方式,得出试样储能释放强度、速度以及试样损伤变量与围压卸荷速率的变化规律。
2)不同围压卸荷速率下损伤岩体动力学特性实验。针对不同卸荷速率下岩体的动态强度、能耗规律及破碎块度分布规律进行实验研究,得到试样损伤变量对试样动态强度、能耗规律及破碎块度分布的影响特征。
3)不同动态应力波加载幅值下岩体动静组合加载力学特性实验。得到应力波幅值对岩石动静组合加载破坏特性的影响。通过能量与块度分维的分析,体现出岩体在高应力动力扰动破坏过程中,由外部扰动能量和高应力储能共同作用造成试样破坏。
4)不同应力储能条件下岩石试样力学特性实验研究。得到应力储能及冲击能量对试样动力学破坏特性的影响规律。并建立应力储能岩体岩爆倾向性指标。该指标体现出激励型岩爆,不仅与试样本身特性有关,而且与所承受的静载应力储能及动力扰动能量密切相关,反映出激励型岩爆的发生受静载和动载两种因素的综合作用的影响。
5)霍普金森压杆应力加载和高速摄像机同步控制系统,使所得试样破坏过程的高速摄像图像与应力加载时间相匹配。利用数字散斑方法,提出对圆柱形试样表面位移场进行光学测量监测方法。由此得到不同加载条件下,试样表面位移变化特征与试样破坏特征。
With the development of social economy, the depth of underground constructions is increasing. The excavation of engineering rocks at high depth is subjected to the state of complicated circumferential stress, for example, the high in-situ stress, the high ground temperature, the high hydraulic pressure, and the dynamic disturbance caused by blasting and mechanical excavation. In fact, rock mass during deep excavation is already in the high stress field, and the high elastic strain energy is stored before it is applyed dynamic loads, such as blasting vibration. Therefore, rock mass is subjected to the interaction of static loads, dynamic loads and the stored elastic strain energy. The phenomena of rockburst and zonal disintegration induced by the process of rock excavation at high depth show that the release of stored elastic strain energy may lead to the failure of surrounding rock. Consequently, the characteristics of rock mass under high stress state, with unloading and dynamic disturbance during excavation, are becoming urgent research topics.
In view of the aforementioned problems, a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing system is applied to carry out static-dynamic coupling loading tests. The mechanical response and the characteristics of dynamic failure of sandstones with stored strain energy are investigated under the unloading of confined pressure. The thesis includes the following work.
1) Experimental study on damage performance of high stress rock mass under unloading of confining pressure is performed. The measurement method of damage variables of rock is proposed on the basis of SHPB testing system and acoustic emission. By using the method the effect of unloading rates of confining pressure on the characteristics of stored elastic strain energy and damage variable of sandstone are obtained.
2) Experimental study on fracture characteristics of damaged rock with different unloading rates is conducted. The effect of damage variable on dynamic strength and the law of energy dissipation and the distribution of fractal dimension are obtained.
3) Static-dynamic combining experiments with different amplitudes of stress wave are carried out. The mechanical properties and failure patterns of sandstone are obtained. The failure of high stress rock is attributed to the interaction of the dynamic disturbance and the stored elastic strain energy, which is based on the analysis of the relationship between impact energy and fractal dimension.
4) A series of dynamic experiments of rock with different stored elastic strain energy is conducted. The fracture characteristics of rock with different accumulated stress energy under dynamic loads are obtained. Then a index system evaluating the tendence of rockburst for rock with stress energy accumulation is proposed. This index shows that the influencing factors of the impellent rockburst are not only related to the characteristics of rock, but also closely related to static and dynamic loads.
5) Synchronous control system can make SHPB and high-speed camera was established. It would be able to obtain the failure process and matching results between the history of stress-time and images captured by high speed camera. Based on digital speckle correlation method, a new optical non-contact method for measuring the surface displacement of cylindrical samples is proposed. The fracture characteristics of samples and the characteristics of surface displacement under different loading conditions are obtained.
引文
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