衡重式挡土墙抗震性能研究
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摘要
衡重式挡上墙是我国特有的一种墙体形式,在西部山区公路建设中发挥着重要作用。而西部山区多处于高地震烈度地带,地震多发。地震往往造成挡土墙破坏,进而导致道路受损、桥梁破坏、边坡失稳,严重影响抢险救灾工作的进程。因此,研究衡重式挡土墙的抗震性能及影响因素,揭示墙体地震中的破坏机理和规律,对于指导设计和施工有着重要意义.为此,本文主要完成了以下工作：
1、介绍了衡重式挡土墙地震土压力计算方法,包括计算上墙土压力的第二破裂面法,计算下墙土压力的延长墙背法、修正延长墙背法、力多边形法。
2、阐述了有限元方法理论基础,对有限元软件plaxis进行了简单介绍。
3、本文以汶川地震地区某一段衡重式挡土墙震害调查数据为基础,利用有限元软件plaxis模拟其中两例挡墙在地震时的动力反应。以墙顶震后永久位移作为反演控制参数,用有限元方法反演出墙背地震土压力等结果,从震后位移及破坏形式、地震上压力合力以及稳定系数三个方面研究衡重式挡上墙的抗震性能。并对规范方法和有限元方法的计算结果(有限元方法计算结果采用三种处理方式,记为方法1、方法1、方法3)进行比较,以探究挡墙地震破坏的机理。
4、在研究典型工况的基础上,对衡重式挡土墙的动力响应进行一般性分析。研究挡墙在不同地震峰值加速度、不同衡重台宽度、墙前不同填上厚度以及不同地基上质条件下抗震性能的差异,并且从墙顶位移及破坏形式、地震土压力合力、稳定系数三个方面初步探究这种差异的机理所在。
5、凝练全文主要研究结论,指出了有待进一步研究的问题。
Gravity retaining wall with balancing platform is peculiar to our country,and plays an important role in road constructions in western mountains. But western mountains are always in high-seismic intensity and Earthquake-prone areas. Earthquakes tend to cause the damage to the retaining walls, Which in turn led to dmage to road and bridge,and even slope instability,and seriously affect the process of rescue and relief work. Therefore,to study the seismic performance and its influencing factors, and to reveal failure mechanism and laws of the wall in earthquake, is of great significance in guiding the design and construction of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform.Therefore, the mainly works we have done in this paper are as follows:
1, Describe the calculation method of seismic soil pressure of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform, including the second failure surface method for calculating upper' earth pressure, and for calculating bottom' earth pressure the wall back extending method, the wall back extending amendment method and force polygon method.
2, Describe the theoretical basis of the finite element method, and make a brief introduction on Finite element software plaxis.
3, Based on damage survey data of some section of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform in Wenchuan earthquake regions, to simulate the dynamic response of the two cases of the retaining wall in the earthquake by use of the finite element software plaxis. Taking the permanent displacement after the earthquake on top of the wall as inversion of control parameters, to inverse the calculation results such as seismic soil pressure by the finite element method. From the three aspects of displacement post-earthquake and failure modes, the total force of seismic soil pressure and stability factor, to analysis the seismic performance of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform. In addition, compare calculation results of specification method and finite element method (there are three approaches to deal with the rasults of the finite element method, denoted as number one,numeber two and number three), to explore the failure mechanism of the retaining wall in earthquake.
4, On the basis of the typical operating conditions., made a general analysis of dynamic response for gravity retaining wall with balancing platform. Study the differences of seismic performance for the retaining wall in the aspect of different earthquake peak ground acceleration, different balancing platform width, different filling thickness before wall, and different foundation soil conditions. And from the initial three aspects to explore the mechanism of this difference lies.
5, Condensed the main conclusions, and pointed out the areas for further research.
1、介绍了衡重式挡土墙地震土压力计算方法,包括计算上墙土压力的第二破裂面法,计算下墙土压力的延长墙背法、修正延长墙背法、力多边形法。
2、阐述了有限元方法理论基础,对有限元软件plaxis进行了简单介绍。
3、本文以汶川地震地区某一段衡重式挡土墙震害调查数据为基础,利用有限元软件plaxis模拟其中两例挡墙在地震时的动力反应。以墙顶震后永久位移作为反演控制参数,用有限元方法反演出墙背地震土压力等结果,从震后位移及破坏形式、地震上压力合力以及稳定系数三个方面研究衡重式挡上墙的抗震性能。并对规范方法和有限元方法的计算结果(有限元方法计算结果采用三种处理方式,记为方法1、方法1、方法3)进行比较,以探究挡墙地震破坏的机理。
4、在研究典型工况的基础上,对衡重式挡土墙的动力响应进行一般性分析。研究挡墙在不同地震峰值加速度、不同衡重台宽度、墙前不同填上厚度以及不同地基上质条件下抗震性能的差异,并且从墙顶位移及破坏形式、地震土压力合力、稳定系数三个方面初步探究这种差异的机理所在。
5、凝练全文主要研究结论,指出了有待进一步研究的问题。
Gravity retaining wall with balancing platform is peculiar to our country,and plays an important role in road constructions in western mountains. But western mountains are always in high-seismic intensity and Earthquake-prone areas. Earthquakes tend to cause the damage to the retaining walls, Which in turn led to dmage to road and bridge,and even slope instability,and seriously affect the process of rescue and relief work. Therefore,to study the seismic performance and its influencing factors, and to reveal failure mechanism and laws of the wall in earthquake, is of great significance in guiding the design and construction of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform.Therefore, the mainly works we have done in this paper are as follows:
1, Describe the calculation method of seismic soil pressure of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform, including the second failure surface method for calculating upper' earth pressure, and for calculating bottom' earth pressure the wall back extending method, the wall back extending amendment method and force polygon method.
2, Describe the theoretical basis of the finite element method, and make a brief introduction on Finite element software plaxis.
3, Based on damage survey data of some section of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform in Wenchuan earthquake regions, to simulate the dynamic response of the two cases of the retaining wall in the earthquake by use of the finite element software plaxis. Taking the permanent displacement after the earthquake on top of the wall as inversion of control parameters, to inverse the calculation results such as seismic soil pressure by the finite element method. From the three aspects of displacement post-earthquake and failure modes, the total force of seismic soil pressure and stability factor, to analysis the seismic performance of gravity retaining wall with balancing platform. In addition, compare calculation results of specification method and finite element method (there are three approaches to deal with the rasults of the finite element method, denoted as number one,numeber two and number three), to explore the failure mechanism of the retaining wall in earthquake.
4, On the basis of the typical operating conditions., made a general analysis of dynamic response for gravity retaining wall with balancing platform. Study the differences of seismic performance for the retaining wall in the aspect of different earthquake peak ground acceleration, different balancing platform width, different filling thickness before wall, and different foundation soil conditions. And from the initial three aspects to explore the mechanism of this difference lies.
5, Condensed the main conclusions, and pointed out the areas for further research.
引文
[1]Matsuo H,O Hara S.Lateral earth pressure and stability of Quay walls during earthquake engineering. Proc of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo and Kyoto, July 11-18,1960.Vol.1,165-181.
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[10]朱桐浩,郑素璋,兰永珍.模拟地震荷载作用重力式挡墙土压力的模型试验[J].四川建筑科学研究,1983,(01)
[1]A.Sherif and Yung-Show Fang, Dynamic earth pressures on walls rotating about the top [J].Soils and Foundations,1984,24(4):109-117
[12]Isao Ishibashi andYung-Show Fang. Dynamic earth pressures with different wall movement modes[J].Soils and Foundations,1987,24(4):11-22
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[18]陈学良,袁一凡.挡墙地震反应非线性波动模拟.地震工程与工程震动[J],2003,23(4)：9-16.
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[20]Nadim F, Whitman R V. Coup led sliding and tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes [A]. Proceedings of 8 th WCEE [C]. San Francisco, CA.1984.
[21]Al-Homoud, A.S.and Whiteman,R.V.Comparision Between Fe Prediction and Result from Dynamic Centrifuge Test on Tilting Gravity Walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.1995(14):259-268.
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[24]韩鹏飞,张建经,曲宏略.支挡结构基于性能的抗震设计方法研究.土木建筑与环境工程,2010.
[25]陈强、杨长卫、张建经,周新文,“5.12”汶川地震中高大加筋上挡墙破坏机理研究.铁道建筑,2010.
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[30]Iai S. Rigid and flexible retaining walls during kobe earthquake.Proc.Of the Forth International Conference on case histories in Geotechnical Engineering.St.Louis,MO,C-D-ROM,SO A-4,1998.108-127.
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[32]周德培,张建经,汤勇.汶川地震道路边坡工程震害分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(3)：565-576.
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[38]日本铁道综合技术研究所日本铁道构造物设计标准[S]1998.
[39]J. Koseki, F. Tatsuoka, Y. Munaf, M. Tateyama and K. Kojima A Modified Procedure to Evaluate Seismic Active Earth Pressure Considering Effects of Strain Localization in Backfill Soil [J], Soils Found,1998,209-216,Special issue.
[40]J.H.Wood D.GElms SESMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND RETAINING WALL [R] Road Research Unit Bulletin 84 Volume 2 ISSN 0549-0030
[41]中华人民共和国国家标准.GB 50011-2010建筑抗震设计规范.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.
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[44]陈国兴,王志华,左熹,杜修力,韩晓健,振动台试验叠层剪切型土箱的研制[J].岩土工程学报.2010,(33)：89-97
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[2]李涛.地震主动上压力简化公式.铁道工程学报[J],1996(1)：103-105.
[3]顾慰慈.挡墙土压力计算[M].北京：中国建材工业出版社,2001
[4]陈学良,陶夏新黏性土挡墙地震土压力解析解//现代地震工程进展[M]南京：东南大学出版社,2002：218-224
[5]王云球.地震土压力的非线性分布[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),1983(4)
[6]Seed, H.B, and Whiteman,R,V."Design of Earth Retaining Structures for Dynamic loads," Lateral Stresses in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structures [J]. ASCE,1970, 103-147.
[7]姚敦呈.挡土墙的地震破坏分析.武汉大学学报(工学报),2003
[8]王立强.挡上墙地震土压力及其分布.中国港湾建设,2007
[9]Richard R, Elms D G. Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.ASCE,1979,105(4):449-464.
[10]朱桐浩,郑素璋,兰永珍.模拟地震荷载作用重力式挡墙土压力的模型试验[J].四川建筑科学研究,1983,(01)
[1]A.Sherif and Yung-Show Fang, Dynamic earth pressures on walls rotating about the top [J].Soils and Foundations,1984,24(4):109-117
[12]Isao Ishibashi andYung-Show Fang. Dynamic earth pressures with different wall movement modes[J].Soils and Foundations,1987,24(4):11-22
[13]Elms,D.G.,and Richards,R.1990."Seismic design of retaining walls."Proc., Design and Performance of Earth Retaining Structures, Geotechnical Special Publication No.25, P. Lambe and L.Hansen,eds. ASCE, New York,854-871.
[14]Oritz LA. Dynamic centrifuge testing of cantilever retaining wall[Ph.D.Thesis].Cali-fornia Institute Technology,Pasadena,CA,USA,1982.
[15]Oritiz,Scott R F,Lee J. Dynamic centrifuge testing of cantilever retaining wall.J.of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamic,1983,(11):251-268.
[16]Bolton M D,Steedman R S.The behavior of fixed cantilever subjected to lateral shaking. Proc.of a symposium on the application of centrifuge modeling to geotechnical design.Manchester, April,1984.301-313.
[17]Zeng,X.Seismic Response of Gravity Quay Walls I:Centrifuge Modeling. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.ASCE.1998,124 (5):406-417
[18]陈学良,袁一凡.挡墙地震反应非线性波动模拟.地震工程与工程震动[J],2003,23(4)：9-16.
[19]Richard R, Elms D G. Seismic behavior of gravity retaining walls [J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.ASCE,1979,105(4):449-464. [13] Nadim F, Whitman R V. Seismically induced movement of retainingwalls[J]. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE,1983,109(7):915-931
[20]Nadim F, Whitman R V. Coup led sliding and tilting of gravity retaining walls during earthquakes [A]. Proceedings of 8 th WCEE [C]. San Francisco, CA.1984.
[21]Al-Homoud, A.S.and Whiteman,R.V.Comparision Between Fe Prediction and Result from Dynamic Centrifuge Test on Tilting Gravity Walls. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.1995(14):259-268.
[22]肖世国,张建经,马耀先.汶川地震区路堑重力挡墙震害调查.地下空间与工程学报,2011.
[23]张建经,冯君,肖世国,刘昌青.支挡结构抗震设计的两个关键技术问题.西南交大学报,2009.
[24]韩鹏飞,张建经,曲宏略.支挡结构基于性能的抗震设计方法研究.土木建筑与环境工程,2010.
[25]陈强、杨长卫、张建经,周新文,“5.12”汶川地震中高大加筋上挡墙破坏机理研究.铁道建筑,2010.
[26]韩鹏飞,重力式挡墙大型振动台模型试验与基于性能的抗震设计方法研究,学位论文2011
[27]Whitman,R.V.and Ting,N.H.Experimental Result for Tilting Wall with Saturated Backfill. International Conference on the Verification of Numerical Procedures for the Analysis of Soil Liquefaction Problems,Arulanandan and Scott(Eds).1993,2.
[28]Zeng,X.Seismic Response of Gravity Quay Walls I:Centrifuge Modeling. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.ASCE.1998,124 (5):406～417
[29]Todorovski.An Experimental Study on the Kinetics of a Free Standing Retaining Wall under Seismic Exitation.Ph.D.Dissertation.Department of Civil Engineering,Texas A & M University.1999:85～149
[30]Iai S. Rigid and flexible retaining walls during kobe earthquake.Proc.Of the Forth International Conference on case histories in Geotechnical Engineering.St.Louis,MO,C-D-ROM,SO A-4,1998.108-127.
[31]许强,曾裕平,具有蠕变特点滑坡的加速度变化特征及临滑预警指标研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报2009,(28)：1009-1106
[32]周德培,张建经,汤勇.汶川地震道路边坡工程震害分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(3)：565-576.
[33]中华人民共和国铁道部.GB 50111-2006铁路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出 版社.
[34]C-C.Hang,S-H.Wu and H-J.Seismic Displacement Criterion for Soil Retaining Walls Based on Soil Strength Mobilization[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2009.
[35]中华人民共和国铁道部.GB 50111-2006铁路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京：中国计划出版社.
[36]中华人民共和国交通部.JTJ 004-89公路工程抗震设计规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社.
[37]EUROPEAN STANDARD 1998 Eurocode 8:Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 5:Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects[S]
[38]日本铁道综合技术研究所日本铁道构造物设计标准[S]1998.
[39]J. Koseki, F. Tatsuoka, Y. Munaf, M. Tateyama and K. Kojima A Modified Procedure to Evaluate Seismic Active Earth Pressure Considering Effects of Strain Localization in Backfill Soil [J], Soils Found,1998,209-216,Special issue.
[40]J.H.Wood D.GElms SESMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGE ABUTMENTS AND RETAINING WALL [R] Road Research Unit Bulletin 84 Volume 2 ISSN 0549-0030
[41]中华人民共和国国家标准.GB 50011-2010建筑抗震设计规范.北京：中国建筑工业出版社.
[42]Harris,H.G. Dynamic Modeling of Concrete Structure[R] Publication SP-73,ACI,Detroit,USA,1982.
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