基于TerraDeveloper的三维GIS开发研究
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摘要
三维GIS是目前GIS科学发展的新趋势之一。相比于二维GIS,三维GIS对客观世界的表达能给人以更真实的感受,它以立体造型技术给用户展现地理空间现象,不仅能表达空间对象间的平面关系,而且能描述和表达它们之间的垂向关系。
论文在研究了三维GIS开发方式以及相关的三维GIS软件的基础上,选取了基于TerraDeveloper的三维GIS开发方式作为论文的研究重点。考虑到三维平台软件GIS分析功能薄弱及存在迷失感问题,采用将二维地理信息系统引入三维虚拟场景系统的方法,以弥补三维虚拟场景系统弱空间分析的缺点,实现三维地理信息系统的现实性、直观性与二维地理信息系统的宏观性、整体性的优势互补。具体实现方法是:采用TerraDeveloper开发三维GIS功能,采用ArcGIS Engine开发二维GIS功能。最后以华东师范大学中山北路校区为例,建立校园三维GIS系统。
论文共分为五章。第一章为绪论,简要介绍了三维GIS的概况,探讨了国内外的研究现状,从三维GIS开发及三维GIS应用两个方面提出了论文拟解决的问题,在此基础上概括了论文的研究内容。第二章介绍了三维GIS模型的相关理论,包括三维模型的数据结构、三维模型的数据获取和建模以及三维模型可视化的关键技术。第三章论述了基于TerraDeveloper的三维GIS开发方法,研究了利用TerraDeveloper开发三维GIS的一般步骤,详细分析了三维场景的构建方法及实现三维GIS功能的具体方式。第四章主要讨论了华东师范大学校园三维GIS系统的构建方法,重点介绍了如何利用TerraExplorer构建校园三维场景,如何利用TerraDeveloper及ArcGIS Engine实现三维场景漫游、空间量算、对象编辑、感兴趣点定位、属性查询、路径查询等功能。第五章对研究工作进行了总结,并对未来的工作进行展望。
本论文的创新之处在于:系统分别利用TerraDeveloper及ArcGIS Engine实现三维GIS及二维GIS的功能,将二维GIS引入三维GIS之中,有效地克服了两者的不足,发挥了两者的优势,真正实现了两者优势互补。
The 3DGIS(Three-dimensional Geographic Information System) is one of the newest trends of the development of GIS science. Different from 2DGIS,3DGIS provides human beings more realistic feelings about the representation of natural world. It demonstrates various phenomena of geographic space with three-dimensional formation technology. Not only the horizontal relationships of spatial objects are represented, but also the vertical relationships of them are described and represented.
Based on the research on the development of 3DGIS and related platforms, the TerraDeveloper is chosen to develop 3DGIS application system. Considering the lack of spatial analysis in 3DGIS, a new theory was advocated to combine 2DGIS and 3DGIS, which uses the TerraDeveloper to build 3D functional module and ArcGIS Engine to build 2D functional module. As a result, a 3DGIS system of the campus of ECNU(East China Normal University) is established based on the two platforms.
This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction to the profile of 3DGIS .It also summarizes the current research on 3DGIS at home and abroad , advances the problem based on the development and the application of 3DGIS,and puts forward the contents of the paper. Chapter two introduces the theory of 3D model, including the data structure, the data acquisition and modeling, and the key technology of visualization. Chapter three provides a development method of 3DGIS based on the TerraDeveloper. It lists all the general steps of the development of 3DGIS based on the TerraDeveloper, including constructing the 3D scene and realizing 3DGIS functions. Chapter four discusses the method of developing the ECNU Campus 3D System , which is focused on how to use TerraExplorer to build the 3D scene of the campus and how to use TerraDeveloper and ArcGIS Engine to realize 3D scene navigation, spatial measurement, object editing, points of interest, attribute query, path query and so on. Chapter five summarizes the revolutions and shortages of this paper and gives the possible perspectives of future researches.
The innovation of the paper: the new way of combining TerraDeveloper and ArcGIS Engine to achieve the functions of both 3DGIS and 2DGIS.
论文在研究了三维GIS开发方式以及相关的三维GIS软件的基础上,选取了基于TerraDeveloper的三维GIS开发方式作为论文的研究重点。考虑到三维平台软件GIS分析功能薄弱及存在迷失感问题,采用将二维地理信息系统引入三维虚拟场景系统的方法,以弥补三维虚拟场景系统弱空间分析的缺点,实现三维地理信息系统的现实性、直观性与二维地理信息系统的宏观性、整体性的优势互补。具体实现方法是:采用TerraDeveloper开发三维GIS功能,采用ArcGIS Engine开发二维GIS功能。最后以华东师范大学中山北路校区为例,建立校园三维GIS系统。
论文共分为五章。第一章为绪论,简要介绍了三维GIS的概况,探讨了国内外的研究现状,从三维GIS开发及三维GIS应用两个方面提出了论文拟解决的问题,在此基础上概括了论文的研究内容。第二章介绍了三维GIS模型的相关理论,包括三维模型的数据结构、三维模型的数据获取和建模以及三维模型可视化的关键技术。第三章论述了基于TerraDeveloper的三维GIS开发方法,研究了利用TerraDeveloper开发三维GIS的一般步骤,详细分析了三维场景的构建方法及实现三维GIS功能的具体方式。第四章主要讨论了华东师范大学校园三维GIS系统的构建方法,重点介绍了如何利用TerraExplorer构建校园三维场景,如何利用TerraDeveloper及ArcGIS Engine实现三维场景漫游、空间量算、对象编辑、感兴趣点定位、属性查询、路径查询等功能。第五章对研究工作进行了总结,并对未来的工作进行展望。
本论文的创新之处在于:系统分别利用TerraDeveloper及ArcGIS Engine实现三维GIS及二维GIS的功能,将二维GIS引入三维GIS之中,有效地克服了两者的不足,发挥了两者的优势,真正实现了两者优势互补。
The 3DGIS(Three-dimensional Geographic Information System) is one of the newest trends of the development of GIS science. Different from 2DGIS,3DGIS provides human beings more realistic feelings about the representation of natural world. It demonstrates various phenomena of geographic space with three-dimensional formation technology. Not only the horizontal relationships of spatial objects are represented, but also the vertical relationships of them are described and represented.
Based on the research on the development of 3DGIS and related platforms, the TerraDeveloper is chosen to develop 3DGIS application system. Considering the lack of spatial analysis in 3DGIS, a new theory was advocated to combine 2DGIS and 3DGIS, which uses the TerraDeveloper to build 3D functional module and ArcGIS Engine to build 2D functional module. As a result, a 3DGIS system of the campus of ECNU(East China Normal University) is established based on the two platforms.
This paper is divided into five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction to the profile of 3DGIS .It also summarizes the current research on 3DGIS at home and abroad , advances the problem based on the development and the application of 3DGIS,and puts forward the contents of the paper. Chapter two introduces the theory of 3D model, including the data structure, the data acquisition and modeling, and the key technology of visualization. Chapter three provides a development method of 3DGIS based on the TerraDeveloper. It lists all the general steps of the development of 3DGIS based on the TerraDeveloper, including constructing the 3D scene and realizing 3DGIS functions. Chapter four discusses the method of developing the ECNU Campus 3D System , which is focused on how to use TerraExplorer to build the 3D scene of the campus and how to use TerraDeveloper and ArcGIS Engine to realize 3D scene navigation, spatial measurement, object editing, points of interest, attribute query, path query and so on. Chapter five summarizes the revolutions and shortages of this paper and gives the possible perspectives of future researches.
The innovation of the paper: the new way of combining TerraDeveloper and ArcGIS Engine to achieve the functions of both 3DGIS and 2DGIS.
引文
[1]邬伦,刘瑜,张品,等.地理信息系统原理、方法和应用[M].科学出版社.
[2]施加松,刘建忠.3DGIS技术研究发展综述[J].测绘科学.2005,30(5).
[3]李青元,林宗坚,李成明.真三维GIS技术研究的现状与发展[J].测绘科学.2000,25(2):47-52.
[4]http://www.google.com/.
[5]http://www.skylineglobe.com/.
[6]http://www.lingtu.com/.
[7]http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/.
[8]http://www.paradigmsim.com/.
[9]R.Shibasaki and H.A.Shaobo.Digital urban space modelVA three dimensional Modeling teehnique of urban space in a GIS environment.ISPRS ⅩⅤ11th Congress,Washington D.C.,USA,Vol.ⅩⅩLⅩ(partB4):257-264,1992.
[10]A.Koninger and S.Bartal.3D-GIS for Urban Purpose.GeoInformation.Vol.2(1),1998.
[11]Toru Ishida Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes In Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005.Pages 166-167.
[12]James D.McCarthy and Phil A.Graniero.A GIS—based borehole data management and 3D visualization system[J].Computers & Geosciences,Volume 32,Issue 10,December 2006,Pages 1699-1708.
[13]杜忠友,刘浩,刘秀婷等.数字城市遥感信息三维景观生成系统[J].计算机工程与应用2004.17.
[14]http://www.terra-it.cn/.
[15]杨必胜,李清泉,梅宝燕.三维城市模型的可视化研究[J].测绘学报.2000,29(2).
[16]朱庆,卢丹丹,张叶廷.GIS三维可视化在数字文化遗产中的应用[J].测绘科学.2006,31(1).
[17]谢义林,汪云甲.利用虚拟场景实现3DGIS的研究与应用[J].测绘工程.2006.15(6)
[18]祖为国,邓非,梁经勇.基于Vega的三维虚拟城市地理信息系统的实现[J].地理空间信息.2008.6(2)
[19]黄丽娜,费立凡,庞前聪,郑斌.城市规划仿真审批系统开发—以海口市二维仿真规划审批系统为例[J].测绘信息与工程,2007,32(1).
[20]J.Foley,A.van Dam,S.Feiner,and J.Hughes.Computer Graphics:Principles and Practice.2nd edition,Addison Wesley Longman,1995.
[21]M.Mantyla.An Introduction to Solid Modeling.Computer Science Press,1989.
[22]刘东琴,徐文中,林宗坚.城市空间二维信息系统与三维虚拟场景一体化研究与应用_BDA 城市三维信息系统[J].测绘科学.2007,32(1).
[23]赵永军,李汉林,王海起.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(5):24-29.
[24]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报199726(2):128-133.
[25]朱庆,林晖.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.
[26]Brenner C.,Hala N.,2001.Automated Reconstruction of 3D City Models.In 3D Synthetic Environment Reconstruction(Edited by:Abdelguerfi M.),Kluwer Academic Publishers.Norwell.
[27]杨必胜.数字城市的三维建模与可视化技术研究[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2002.
[28]王乘,周均清,李利军.Creator可视化仿真建模技术[M].华中科技大学出版社,2005.
[29]李长春,何荣,王宝山.LOD在大范围复杂场景简化中的应用[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版).
[30]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].科学出版社,2003.
[31]LINDSTROM,KOLLER,DETAL.Realtime continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[J],Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1996,30:200-205.
[32]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].清华大学出版社,1999.
[33]钟正,朱庆.一种基于海量数据库的DEM动态可视化方法[J].海洋测绘.2003,23(2).
[34]蒋东兴.清华大学数字校园建设发展与思考[J].清华大学计算机与信息管理中心,2001.
[35]校园GIS信息系统的平台构建[Z].中国科学技术大学信息科学实验中心,2007.
[36]吴玮,李小帅,张斌.基于ArcGIS Engine的GIS开发技术探讨[J].科学技术与工程.2006,2(6).
[37]唐文武,施晓东,朱大奎.GIS中使用改进的Dijkstra算法实现最短路径的计算[J].中国图象图形学报.2000,5(12).
[38]李军.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].博士学位论文,国防科学技术大学,2000.
[39]Koninger A.,Bartel S.,3D-GIS For Urban Planning-Object Hierarchy,Methods And Interactivity,Proc.of JEC-GI,Vienna,1997.
[40]Shashi S.,Sanjay C.,(谢昆清,马修军,杨冬青译).空间数据库[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[41]杜忠友,刘浩,刘秀婷等.数字城市遥感信息三维景观生成系统[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,17.
[42]承继成,林浑,周成虎,曾杉.数字地球导论[M].科学出版社,2000.
[43]王爱国,刘春雷,胥存华.3DGIS技术在国土资源信息管理中的应用[J].现代测绘,2007.3,30(2).
[44]江加和,宋子善等.虚拟现实中基于图象的一维空间漫游方法[J].光学技术,2000,26(2).
[45]于汝传,张登银.虚拟现实中图形建模方法的研究[J].计算机辅助工程,2000,12(4).
[46]解凯,郭巨业,张田文.基于图象建模技术的综述[J].系统仿真学报,2001,13(增刊).
[47]梦晓梅,刘文庆.MultiGen Creator教程[M].国防工业出版社,2005.
[2]施加松,刘建忠.3DGIS技术研究发展综述[J].测绘科学.2005,30(5).
[3]李青元,林宗坚,李成明.真三维GIS技术研究的现状与发展[J].测绘科学.2000,25(2):47-52.
[4]http://www.google.com/.
[5]http://www.skylineglobe.com/.
[6]http://www.lingtu.com/.
[7]http://www.esrichina-bj.cn/.
[8]http://www.paradigmsim.com/.
[9]R.Shibasaki and H.A.Shaobo.Digital urban space modelVA three dimensional Modeling teehnique of urban space in a GIS environment.ISPRS ⅩⅤ11th Congress,Washington D.C.,USA,Vol.ⅩⅩLⅩ(partB4):257-264,1992.
[10]A.Koninger and S.Bartal.3D-GIS for Urban Purpose.GeoInformation.Vol.2(1),1998.
[11]Toru Ishida Activities and Technologies in Digital City Kyoto[A].Lecture Notes In Computer[C].Science Springer Berlin/Heidelberg,2005.Pages 166-167.
[12]James D.McCarthy and Phil A.Graniero.A GIS—based borehole data management and 3D visualization system[J].Computers & Geosciences,Volume 32,Issue 10,December 2006,Pages 1699-1708.
[13]杜忠友,刘浩,刘秀婷等.数字城市遥感信息三维景观生成系统[J].计算机工程与应用2004.17.
[14]http://www.terra-it.cn/.
[15]杨必胜,李清泉,梅宝燕.三维城市模型的可视化研究[J].测绘学报.2000,29(2).
[16]朱庆,卢丹丹,张叶廷.GIS三维可视化在数字文化遗产中的应用[J].测绘科学.2006,31(1).
[17]谢义林,汪云甲.利用虚拟场景实现3DGIS的研究与应用[J].测绘工程.2006.15(6)
[18]祖为国,邓非,梁经勇.基于Vega的三维虚拟城市地理信息系统的实现[J].地理空间信息.2008.6(2)
[19]黄丽娜,费立凡,庞前聪,郑斌.城市规划仿真审批系统开发—以海口市二维仿真规划审批系统为例[J].测绘信息与工程,2007,32(1).
[20]J.Foley,A.van Dam,S.Feiner,and J.Hughes.Computer Graphics:Principles and Practice.2nd edition,Addison Wesley Longman,1995.
[21]M.Mantyla.An Introduction to Solid Modeling.Computer Science Press,1989.
[22]刘东琴,徐文中,林宗坚.城市空间二维信息系统与三维虚拟场景一体化研究与应用_BDA 城市三维信息系统[J].测绘科学.2007,32(1).
[23]赵永军,李汉林,王海起.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2001,25(5):24-29.
[24]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报199726(2):128-133.
[25]朱庆,林晖.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2004.
[26]Brenner C.,Hala N.,2001.Automated Reconstruction of 3D City Models.In 3D Synthetic Environment Reconstruction(Edited by:Abdelguerfi M.),Kluwer Academic Publishers.Norwell.
[27]杨必胜.数字城市的三维建模与可视化技术研究[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2002.
[28]王乘,周均清,李利军.Creator可视化仿真建模技术[M].华中科技大学出版社,2005.
[29]李长春,何荣,王宝山.LOD在大范围复杂场景简化中的应用[J].河南理工大学学报(自然科学版).
[30]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].科学出版社,2003.
[31]LINDSTROM,KOLLER,DETAL.Realtime continuous level of detail rendering of height fields[J],Computer Graphics(SIGGRAPH Proceedings),1996,30:200-205.
[32]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].清华大学出版社,1999.
[33]钟正,朱庆.一种基于海量数据库的DEM动态可视化方法[J].海洋测绘.2003,23(2).
[34]蒋东兴.清华大学数字校园建设发展与思考[J].清华大学计算机与信息管理中心,2001.
[35]校园GIS信息系统的平台构建[Z].中国科学技术大学信息科学实验中心,2007.
[36]吴玮,李小帅,张斌.基于ArcGIS Engine的GIS开发技术探讨[J].科学技术与工程.2006,2(6).
[37]唐文武,施晓东,朱大奎.GIS中使用改进的Dijkstra算法实现最短路径的计算[J].中国图象图形学报.2000,5(12).
[38]李军.三维GIS空间数据模型及可视化技术研究[D].博士学位论文,国防科学技术大学,2000.
[39]Koninger A.,Bartel S.,3D-GIS For Urban Planning-Object Hierarchy,Methods And Interactivity,Proc.of JEC-GI,Vienna,1997.
[40]Shashi S.,Sanjay C.,(谢昆清,马修军,杨冬青译).空间数据库[M].机械工业出版社,2004.
[41]杜忠友,刘浩,刘秀婷等.数字城市遥感信息三维景观生成系统[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,17.
[42]承继成,林浑,周成虎,曾杉.数字地球导论[M].科学出版社,2000.
[43]王爱国,刘春雷,胥存华.3DGIS技术在国土资源信息管理中的应用[J].现代测绘,2007.3,30(2).
[44]江加和,宋子善等.虚拟现实中基于图象的一维空间漫游方法[J].光学技术,2000,26(2).
[45]于汝传,张登银.虚拟现实中图形建模方法的研究[J].计算机辅助工程,2000,12(4).
[46]解凯,郭巨业,张田文.基于图象建模技术的综述[J].系统仿真学报,2001,13(增刊).
[47]梦晓梅,刘文庆.MultiGen Creator教程[M].国防工业出版社,2005.