WebGIS的设计及其数据访问对象的实现
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摘要
Internet改变了我们的世界。Internet的出现很大程度上改变了传统的数据访问、数据分发方式。作为在Internet上处理空间数据和地理信息的WebGIS，随着Internet和Web技术的发展也在迅速发展着。本文在介绍了WebGIS的产生与发展及WebGIS的发展现状的基础上重点对两个问题进行了研究：如何构建WebGIS，如何在Web上实现数据访问。
1、分析和总结了国内外现有的WebGIS基础平台解决方案的基础上，作者提出了PowerInterMap的总体设计方案，在本篇论文的第三章中作者详细介绍了PowerInterMap总体设计方案，主要有：系统的信息流描述、功能描述、服务器端数据库的设计、工作区及图幅集合对象的管理组件的设计。该总体设计方案已应用在PowerInterMap平台的开发中。
2、作者还完成了PowerInterMap的核心部分——地理数据访问对象的设计与开发。在第四章作者介绍了这方面的工作，主要有：PowerInterMap地理数据访问对象的设计与实现、网络通讯组件设计与实现。客户远程访问数据是通过网络通讯组件实现的，作者在这方面做了重点的研究，分别介绍了在基于文件和基于数据流模式下，客户远程如何访问数据，在实践的基础上提出了数据传输的最优化策略。
对这两个问题讨论完后，介绍如何利用PowerInterMap将地图连接到网络上。针对用户不同的地理信息服务需求给出了四种典型的配置方案。
Our world has changed because of Internet whose appearance has changed in a large degree the way of traditional data accessing and distributing. Used to deal with spatial datum and geography information on Internet, WebGIS develops rapidly with the development of Internet and web technology. Two questions are discussed on base the introduction of origination, development and the level at present.
1. To construct the technology route of WebGIS. In this paper, the background of WebGIS is introduced firstly, how to construct WebGIS is discussed in detail next. On the base of these discussions, the design on the whole of PIM is built in chapter three, which contains the description of information and function of this system, the design of Database and the data managing on the server side. It is an important part in this paper.
2. To design the data accessing objects. The design of WebGIS data accessing objects is the essential part in the WebGIS and is discussed importantly. In chapter 4, author introduce all about this. It contains the design of data accessing object and data communications object. The data communications between the server and client are the main content, which is the most important part for user to access data long-distance away from and take the author a lot of time to research. Then the factual experiences during the PIM developing are summed up. What's more, the optimized policy of data transmission is put forward.
At last, the technology how to connect the map to web with PIM is discussed. Aiming at different GIS services, four configurations are provided.
1、分析和总结了国内外现有的WebGIS基础平台解决方案的基础上，作者提出了PowerInterMap的总体设计方案，在本篇论文的第三章中作者详细介绍了PowerInterMap总体设计方案，主要有：系统的信息流描述、功能描述、服务器端数据库的设计、工作区及图幅集合对象的管理组件的设计。该总体设计方案已应用在PowerInterMap平台的开发中。
2、作者还完成了PowerInterMap的核心部分——地理数据访问对象的设计与开发。在第四章作者介绍了这方面的工作，主要有：PowerInterMap地理数据访问对象的设计与实现、网络通讯组件设计与实现。客户远程访问数据是通过网络通讯组件实现的，作者在这方面做了重点的研究，分别介绍了在基于文件和基于数据流模式下，客户远程如何访问数据，在实践的基础上提出了数据传输的最优化策略。
对这两个问题讨论完后，介绍如何利用PowerInterMap将地图连接到网络上。针对用户不同的地理信息服务需求给出了四种典型的配置方案。
Our world has changed because of Internet whose appearance has changed in a large degree the way of traditional data accessing and distributing. Used to deal with spatial datum and geography information on Internet, WebGIS develops rapidly with the development of Internet and web technology. Two questions are discussed on base the introduction of origination, development and the level at present.
1. To construct the technology route of WebGIS. In this paper, the background of WebGIS is introduced firstly, how to construct WebGIS is discussed in detail next. On the base of these discussions, the design on the whole of PIM is built in chapter three, which contains the description of information and function of this system, the design of Database and the data managing on the server side. It is an important part in this paper.
2. To design the data accessing objects. The design of WebGIS data accessing objects is the essential part in the WebGIS and is discussed importantly. In chapter 4, author introduce all about this. It contains the design of data accessing object and data communications object. The data communications between the server and client are the main content, which is the most important part for user to access data long-distance away from and take the author a lot of time to research. Then the factual experiences during the PIM developing are summed up. What's more, the optimized policy of data transmission is put forward.
At last, the technology how to connect the map to web with PIM is discussed. Aiming at different GIS services, four configurations are provided.
引文
[1]华一新，吴升，赵军喜：地理信息系统原理与技术，解放军出版社，2000
[2]吴升：分布式GIS组件平台的研究与实践，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2001
[3]陈永华，WebGIS三维可视化的研究，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2000．4
[4]蔡少华：GIS图形空间关系的研究与实践，解放军测绘学院博士论文，1999
[5]王青山：面向对象地理数据模型的研究与实践，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2000
[6]邓术军：MapNotes的设计与开发，信息工程大学测绘学院硕士论文，2001
[7]李勤爽：基于多源遥感信息的WebGIS的设计与实现，信息工程大学测绘学院硕士论文，2001
[8][Online],by Kenneth E.Foote and Anthony P.Kirvan: WebGIS, NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science,URL:"http://www.ncgia. ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u133/u133_f.html"
[9][Online],董振宁：GIS应用新趋势，国家电力信息网_科技专栏，URL:"http://www.sp.com,cn/newsp/kjzl/dlrw/dlrw_dljs_04.htm"
[10][Online],Steve Carver, Richard Kingston, Ian Iurton:Accessing GIS over the Web: an aid to Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making,URL:"http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/papers/98-3/"
[11][Onlinel,周涛：透视Web GIS软件,URL:"http://go6.163.com/giscn/articles/wkshp_46.html"
[12][Online], http://mapweb.parc.xerox.com/map
[13][Online], http://www.virtualtourist.com
[14][Online], http://www.fgdc.gov
[15][Online], http://tiger.census.gov
[16][Online], http://www.mapquest.com
[17][Online], http://www.go2map.com
[18][Online], http://www.mapblast.com
[19][Online], http://www.etakeguide.com
[20][Online], http://www.gridnorth.com
[21][Online], http://www.visa.com
[22][Online], http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov
[23][Online], http://maps.yahoo.com
[24][Online], http://webcenter.maps.aol.com/travel/
[25][Online], http://map.china.com
[26][Online], http://maps.sina.com
[27][Onlinel, http://map.sohu.com
[28][Online], http://www.chinaquest.com
[29][Online]，宋关福、钟耳顺、王尔琪：WebGIS-基于Internet的地理信息系统，URL:"http://go6.163.com/giscn/articles/wkshp_54.html"
[30]高俊：进入21世纪的地图学，庆祝中国人民解放军测绘学院建院五十周年学术报告会论文集，1996
[31]汤勤：部件对象模型及其相关技术，美国微软公司，讲稿
[32][Online],Gardels: Distributed Computing,URL: "http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/～good/newwhitepaper.html",1996
[33]Mary Kirtland:Designing Component-Based Application, Microsoft Press,1998
[34]李薇、李志蜀、尹皓：XML——新的Web开发工具，计算机应用，1999(5)
[35]灯芯工作室：用XML轻松开发Web网站，北京希望电子出版社，2001
[36]徐国祥、张新荣：XML在未来Web中的应用，计算机工程，Vol．27 No．8，2001
[37]Geography Markup Language(GML)v1.0, OGC Document Number 00-029, Open GIS Consortium, Inc, 12 May 2000
[38][Online],Masatoshi Arikawa,Koichi Kubota: A Standard XML Based Protocol for Spatial Exchange, URL" http://gisclh01 .dpc.or.jp/gxml/contents-e/curstatus.htm'
[39][Online],J2EE Platform Technologies, URL:"http://java.sun.com/j2ee/blueprints/plafform_technologies/index.html"
[40][Online], William J.Clinton,Executive Order 12906, COORDINATING GEOGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION AND ACCESS: THE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE, URL:"http://fgdc.gov/publications/documents/geninfo/execord.html", April 11, 1994
[41]铁成、陈功：Visual InterDev开发指南，清华大学出版社，1999
[42]R.Chandak,P.Chandak: Web Programming with Microsoft Tools 6-in-1, Que Corporation, 1997
[43]Don Benage,Azam Mirza: Building Enterprise Solutions with Visual StudioTM 6,Sams Publishing,1999
[44][Online],Fred Gifford:lntemet GIS Architecture, GIS Internet Focus-Part One,URL:"http://www.geoplace.com"
[45]The ArcIMS 3 Architecture, An ESRI White Paper, June 2000, URL:"http://www.esri.com/whitepaper/"
[46]刘荣高，庄大方、刘纪远：Web环境下实现空间数据表达的框架研究，测绘学报，Vol．30 No．3，2001
[47]谢忠、胡虹雨、李越：基于ASP组件技术WebGIS解决方案，中国图象图形学报，Vol．6(A) No．8，2001
[48]David Forrest, Nikolaos Kallidonis & Alvaro Rios: A Comparision Of three Web Map Servers,Soc BULLETIN Vol.34 No 2
[49][Online],W.Fredrick Limp:User Needs Drive Web Mapping Product Selection,URL:"http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2001/0201/0201 wm.asp"
[50]SinSh 等：Oracle数据库开发指南，清华大学出版社，1998
[51]OpenGIS Project Document 99-050:OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For OLE/COM, Revision 1.1, Open GIS Consortium,Inc.,18 May 1999
[52]OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For CORBA, Revision 1.0,Open GIS Consortium, Inc.,18 March 1999
[53]华一新：地理信息系统原理与技术，解放军测绘学院教材，郑州，1997
[54]专业地理信息系统平台，ESRI公司系列产品简介，1999
[55]Michael Howard等：Windows 2000安全Web应用程序设计，机械工业出版社，2001
[56]陈坚、陈伟等：Visual C++网络高级编程，人民邮电出版社，2001
[57]System Design Strategies, An ESRI White Paper, February 2001
[58]Jon C.Snader:高级TCP/IP编程，中国电力出版社，2001
[59]韩海洋、王新洲、龚健雅：Internet GIS空间数据通讯的邮件化构造方法，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol．4，No．4，1999
[60]齐锐、张大力、黄磊、李琦：网络化地理信息系统中数据传输技术的探讨，计算机研究与发展，No．3 1999
[61]魏祖宽、裴海英：Internet GIS上矢量型空间数据传送的最优化策略，遥感学报，Vol．5No．4，2001
[62]王尔琪、钟耳顺、宋关福、吴秋华：地理信息系统网络化模式初探，《98'中国GIS年会论文集》，北京，1998
[63]Anthony Jones,Jim Ohlund:Windows网络编程技术，机械工业出版社，2000
[64]Li Qingyuan.Liu Xiaodong.CAO Daiyong: Research in Vector Spatial Data Compression for WebGIS, The 20thInternational Cartographic Conference, 2001
[65][Online]，黎峰：提高在Internet上的地图显示速度Map Guide地图图层的设置，URL:"http://china.autodesk.com/support/chs/user/user001.htm"
[66]Matt Toon: G1S 2000-What's Next?,GIS Europe-Feb 2000-Technology Notes
[2]吴升：分布式GIS组件平台的研究与实践，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2001
[3]陈永华，WebGIS三维可视化的研究，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2000．4
[4]蔡少华：GIS图形空间关系的研究与实践，解放军测绘学院博士论文，1999
[5]王青山：面向对象地理数据模型的研究与实践，信息工程大学测绘学院博士论文，2000
[6]邓术军：MapNotes的设计与开发，信息工程大学测绘学院硕士论文，2001
[7]李勤爽：基于多源遥感信息的WebGIS的设计与实现，信息工程大学测绘学院硕士论文，2001
[8][Online],by Kenneth E.Foote and Anthony P.Kirvan: WebGIS, NCGIA Core Curriculum in Geographic Information Science,URL:"http://www.ncgia. ucsb.edu/giscc/units/u133/u133_f.html"
[9][Online],董振宁：GIS应用新趋势，国家电力信息网_科技专栏，URL:"http://www.sp.com,cn/newsp/kjzl/dlrw/dlrw_dljs_04.htm"
[10][Online],Steve Carver, Richard Kingston, Ian Iurton:Accessing GIS over the Web: an aid to Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making,URL:"http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/research/papers/98-3/"
[11][Onlinel,周涛：透视Web GIS软件,URL:"http://go6.163.com/giscn/articles/wkshp_46.html"
[12][Online], http://mapweb.parc.xerox.com/map
[13][Online], http://www.virtualtourist.com
[14][Online], http://www.fgdc.gov
[15][Online], http://tiger.census.gov
[16][Online], http://www.mapquest.com
[17][Online], http://www.go2map.com
[18][Online], http://www.mapblast.com
[19][Online], http://www.etakeguide.com
[20][Online], http://www.gridnorth.com
[21][Online], http://www.visa.com
[22][Online], http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov
[23][Online], http://maps.yahoo.com
[24][Online], http://webcenter.maps.aol.com/travel/
[25][Online], http://map.china.com
[26][Online], http://maps.sina.com
[27][Onlinel, http://map.sohu.com
[28][Online], http://www.chinaquest.com
[29][Online]，宋关福、钟耳顺、王尔琪：WebGIS-基于Internet的地理信息系统，URL:"http://go6.163.com/giscn/articles/wkshp_54.html"
[30]高俊：进入21世纪的地图学，庆祝中国人民解放军测绘学院建院五十周年学术报告会论文集，1996
[31]汤勤：部件对象模型及其相关技术，美国微软公司，讲稿
[32][Online],Gardels: Distributed Computing,URL: "http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/～good/newwhitepaper.html",1996
[33]Mary Kirtland:Designing Component-Based Application, Microsoft Press,1998
[34]李薇、李志蜀、尹皓：XML——新的Web开发工具，计算机应用，1999(5)
[35]灯芯工作室：用XML轻松开发Web网站，北京希望电子出版社，2001
[36]徐国祥、张新荣：XML在未来Web中的应用，计算机工程，Vol．27 No．8，2001
[37]Geography Markup Language(GML)v1.0, OGC Document Number 00-029, Open GIS Consortium, Inc, 12 May 2000
[38][Online],Masatoshi Arikawa,Koichi Kubota: A Standard XML Based Protocol for Spatial Exchange, URL" http://gisclh01 .dpc.or.jp/gxml/contents-e/curstatus.htm'
[39][Online],J2EE Platform Technologies, URL:"http://java.sun.com/j2ee/blueprints/plafform_technologies/index.html"
[40][Online], William J.Clinton,Executive Order 12906, COORDINATING GEOGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION AND ACCESS: THE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE, URL:"http://fgdc.gov/publications/documents/geninfo/execord.html", April 11, 1994
[41]铁成、陈功：Visual InterDev开发指南，清华大学出版社，1999
[42]R.Chandak,P.Chandak: Web Programming with Microsoft Tools 6-in-1, Que Corporation, 1997
[43]Don Benage,Azam Mirza: Building Enterprise Solutions with Visual StudioTM 6,Sams Publishing,1999
[44][Online],Fred Gifford:lntemet GIS Architecture, GIS Internet Focus-Part One,URL:"http://www.geoplace.com"
[45]The ArcIMS 3 Architecture, An ESRI White Paper, June 2000, URL:"http://www.esri.com/whitepaper/"
[46]刘荣高，庄大方、刘纪远：Web环境下实现空间数据表达的框架研究，测绘学报，Vol．30 No．3，2001
[47]谢忠、胡虹雨、李越：基于ASP组件技术WebGIS解决方案，中国图象图形学报，Vol．6(A) No．8，2001
[48]David Forrest, Nikolaos Kallidonis & Alvaro Rios: A Comparision Of three Web Map Servers,Soc BULLETIN Vol.34 No 2
[49][Online],W.Fredrick Limp:User Needs Drive Web Mapping Product Selection,URL:"http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2001/0201/0201 wm.asp"
[50]SinSh 等：Oracle数据库开发指南，清华大学出版社，1998
[51]OpenGIS Project Document 99-050:OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For OLE/COM, Revision 1.1, Open GIS Consortium,Inc.,18 May 1999
[52]OpenGIS Simple Features Specification For CORBA, Revision 1.0,Open GIS Consortium, Inc.,18 March 1999
[53]华一新：地理信息系统原理与技术，解放军测绘学院教材，郑州，1997
[54]专业地理信息系统平台，ESRI公司系列产品简介，1999
[55]Michael Howard等：Windows 2000安全Web应用程序设计，机械工业出版社，2001
[56]陈坚、陈伟等：Visual C++网络高级编程，人民邮电出版社，2001
[57]System Design Strategies, An ESRI White Paper, February 2001
[58]Jon C.Snader:高级TCP/IP编程，中国电力出版社，2001
[59]韩海洋、王新洲、龚健雅：Internet GIS空间数据通讯的邮件化构造方法，武汉测绘科技大学学报，Vol．4，No．4，1999
[60]齐锐、张大力、黄磊、李琦：网络化地理信息系统中数据传输技术的探讨，计算机研究与发展，No．3 1999
[61]魏祖宽、裴海英：Internet GIS上矢量型空间数据传送的最优化策略，遥感学报，Vol．5No．4，2001
[62]王尔琪、钟耳顺、宋关福、吴秋华：地理信息系统网络化模式初探，《98'中国GIS年会论文集》，北京，1998
[63]Anthony Jones,Jim Ohlund:Windows网络编程技术，机械工业出版社，2000
[64]Li Qingyuan.Liu Xiaodong.CAO Daiyong: Research in Vector Spatial Data Compression for WebGIS, The 20thInternational Cartographic Conference, 2001
[65][Online]，黎峰：提高在Internet上的地图显示速度Map Guide地图图层的设置，URL:"http://china.autodesk.com/support/chs/user/user001.htm"
[66]Matt Toon: G1S 2000-What's Next?,GIS Europe-Feb 2000-Technology Notes