地表糙度对坡面产汇流特征的影响研究
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摘要
坡面产汇流是流域产汇流的重要组成部分，也是水文学的重要研究课题之一。长期以来，由于研究手段和计算技术的限制，已有的研究成果主要集中在小流域产汇流机理、流量计算以及产汇流模型构建与参数率定等方面。而坡面汇流常被忽略或估算。鉴于此，本研究以黄土高原坡耕地普遍采用的等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕三种耕作措施为研究对象，并以直线坡面作为对照措施。在基于坡面汇流网络与流域尺度的河流网络之间存在一定相似性的基础之上。结合室内人工模拟降雨试验，以汇流密度和径流频度来度量坡面汇流网络的结构特征，对坡耕地的坡面产、汇流特征展开研究。探讨在地表糙度作用下，小尺度坡面产流、产沙和汇流网络特征的演变。有助于加深对坡面侵蚀过程的理解，并服务于未来坡面产汇流模型的构建。本研究得出的主要结论如下：
1.比较分析不同耕作措施条件下四种插值方法的精度差异，结果表明：在不同耕作措施条件下构建地表微DEM时，等高耕作措施微地表适宜采用基于球面模型的析取克里格插值法；人工掏挖措施微地表适宜采用局部多项式插值法；人工锄耕措施微地表适宜采用规则样条函数的径向基函数插值方法；对于直线坡面，四种插值方法的精度差异不大。
2.分析降雨过程中地表糙度演变，结果表明：随着降雨过程的进行，不同措施下地表糙度的变化总体呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。在其他条件相同的情况下，坡度越大，地表糙度变化幅度越大；雨强越大，地表糙度变化幅度越大。
3．分析初始产流时间与地表糙度、坡度间的关系，结果表明：地表糙度对坡面初始产流时间的延缓作用与降雨强度和坡度有关。在其他条件一致的情况下，坡面地表糙度越大，对初始产流时间的延缓作用也越大，反之则这种延缓作用越小。同时，随着降雨强度和坡面坡度的增大地表糙度对坡面初始产流时间的延缓作用减弱。初始产流时间与地表糙度和坡度间关系：T60=0.544×R-0.090×S+2.520；T120=0.431×R-0.148×S+1.307。
4.分析地表糙度对坡面产流、产沙特征的影响，结果表明：随着降雨过程的延续，不同耕作措施条件下坡面产流量总体呈现逐渐增加的趋势，并最终趋于稳定；产沙量总体呈先增大后减小的趋势，且最终也趋于稳定。增加地表糙度能够降低坡面产流量和产沙量。增大雨强，不同耕作措施下地表糙度对坡面产流量和产沙量的降低作用减弱。坡度对产流量和产沙量的影响因地表微地形不同而具有一定的差异。总体来说，在其他条件一致的情况下，地表坡面坡度越大，坡面产流量和产沙量越大。
5.分析降雨过程中径流路径特征演变，结果表明：随着降雨的进行，径流路径开始有规律的调整方向向下坡方向发展。各级径流变得越来越具有组织性，有规律的交汇向主要径流路径。有糙度的人工掏挖和人工锄耕措条件下，坡面汇流网络明显比对照措施稀疏。随着坡度的增加，不同措施条件下，坡面汇流网络的密集程度不断增强，尤其是直线坡面。
6.分析汇流密度、径流频度与地表糙度、坡度的关系，结果表明：相同降雨条件下，坡面汇流密度总体呈不断增加的趋势，而径流频度呈先增加后减少的趋势。在有糙度的坡面汇流密度和径流频度明显降低。在大雨强作用下汇流密度和径流频度增加的幅度明显减缓。随着坡度的增加，坡面汇流密度和径流频度都有不同程度的增加，尤其是对照措施直线坡面增加最为明显。其关系式为D=0.276×S-1.96×R+11.19与Cf=1.15×S-2.90×R+59.22。
Runoff generation and confluence on slope surface is an important form of runoff runoffyield and concentration in watershed， and is also one of main subjects of hydrology. Due tolimits of tools and computing technologies， the existing researches mainly focus on themechanism of runoff generation and confluence in small watershed， calculation of runoffyield and the build of runoff-conflux model as well as the calibration of parameters. Whilerunoff generation and confluence on slope surface is often ignored. In view of this， wecarried out an experiment about characteristics of runoff generation and confluence on slopesurface in sloping fields with three tillage practices including contour tillage， artificialdigging and artificial hoeing widely used on cultivated farmland of loess plateau， and thelinear slope was taken as the control measure. The study was conduct based on somesimilarities between the network of slope concentration and the river network on the basinscale with an indoor stimulated rainfall experiment， and structural characteristics of thenetwork of runoff generation and confluence on slope surface were measured according toconfluence density and runoff frequency. Characteristics of slope runoff and sediment on asmall scale and the evolvement confluence network properties were also explored underinfluence of surface roughness， which will be a help to enhance insights into slope erosionprocess and provide basis for the establishment of the runoff-conflux model. Results wereshowed as follows:
1. The accuracy of four interpolation methods under different tillage measures wascompared. Results showed that， under different tillage measures， the disjunctive kriginginterpolation was appropriate for the micro-DEM establishing in the contour tillage treatment;the local polynomial interpolation was appropriate for the micro-DEM establishing in theartificial digging treatment; the radial basis function interpolation was appropriate for themicro-DEM establishing in the artificial hoeing treatment; while the accuracy of fourinterpolation methods on the linear slope was not differed significantly.
2. The evolvement of surface roughness during rainfall was analyzed， which showed:the surface roughness was first decreased and then increased on the whole under differenttillage measures as the rainfall continued. When other conditions were same， the bigger ofslope gradient was， the greater of the variation of surface roughness was; the bigger ofrainfall intensity was， the greater of the variation of surface roughness was.
3. The relationship between initial runoff production time and surface roughness as wellas slope gradient showed that， the delay of initial runoff production time on slope surfacecaused by surface roughness was related to the rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Whenother conditions were same， the bigger of surface roughness was， the greater of the delayedaction on the initial runoff production time was. Otherwise this action was smaller.Meanwhile， effects of surface roughness on the delay of initial runoff production timedecreased as the rainfall intensity and slope gradient increased. The relationship between theinitial runoff production time and surface roughness as well as slope gradient presented as theformulas showed: T60=0.544×R-0.090×S+2.520；T120=0.431×R-0.148×S+1.307.
4. Effects of surface roughness on the slope runoff and sediment showed that， sloperunoff yields on the whole trended to increase and finally to be stable under different tillagemeasures with the rainfall going on; the sediment yields first increased and then decreased，but finally became stable. The increase of surface roughness could reduce slope runoff andsediment yields. Effects of surface roughness on the slope runoff and sediment yieldsdecreased with the rainfall intensity increasing. There were different effects of slope gradienton the runoff and sediment yields due to different micro-reliefs. On the whole， when otherconditions were same， the bigger of slope gradient was， the greater of slope runoff andsediment yields were.
5. The evolvement of characteristics of runoff pathway during rainfall was analyzed，which showed， the runoff pathway changed and turned to downslope. Runoff at all levelsbecame systematical and the confluence regularly changed direction to the main runoffpathway. The network of slope confluence was few and scattered on the roughed slopes underthe artificial digging and hoeing treatments compared with the control treatment. Theintensive of slope confluence network increased under different tillage practices as the slopegradient increased， especially on the linear slope.
6. The relationship between confluence density，runoff frequency and surface roughnessas well as slope gradient showed that，when the rainfall condition was same，the confluencedensity on slope surface on the whole tended to increase， while the runoff frequency firstincreased and then decreased. The confluence density and runoff frequency obviouslydecreased on the roughed slope. The increasing degree of confluence density and runofffrequency declined significantly in the case of big rainfall intensity. The confluence densityand runoff frequency on slope surface both increased as the slope gradient increased， andespecially the increase was the most significant on the linear slope. The relationship presentedas the formula showed: D=0.276×S-1.96×R+11.19与Cf=1.15×S-2.90×R+59.22。
1.比较分析不同耕作措施条件下四种插值方法的精度差异，结果表明：在不同耕作措施条件下构建地表微DEM时，等高耕作措施微地表适宜采用基于球面模型的析取克里格插值法；人工掏挖措施微地表适宜采用局部多项式插值法；人工锄耕措施微地表适宜采用规则样条函数的径向基函数插值方法；对于直线坡面，四种插值方法的精度差异不大。
2.分析降雨过程中地表糙度演变，结果表明：随着降雨过程的进行，不同措施下地表糙度的变化总体呈先减小后增大的变化趋势。在其他条件相同的情况下，坡度越大，地表糙度变化幅度越大；雨强越大，地表糙度变化幅度越大。
3．分析初始产流时间与地表糙度、坡度间的关系，结果表明：地表糙度对坡面初始产流时间的延缓作用与降雨强度和坡度有关。在其他条件一致的情况下，坡面地表糙度越大，对初始产流时间的延缓作用也越大，反之则这种延缓作用越小。同时，随着降雨强度和坡面坡度的增大地表糙度对坡面初始产流时间的延缓作用减弱。初始产流时间与地表糙度和坡度间关系：T60=0.544×R-0.090×S+2.520；T120=0.431×R-0.148×S+1.307。
4.分析地表糙度对坡面产流、产沙特征的影响，结果表明：随着降雨过程的延续，不同耕作措施条件下坡面产流量总体呈现逐渐增加的趋势，并最终趋于稳定；产沙量总体呈先增大后减小的趋势，且最终也趋于稳定。增加地表糙度能够降低坡面产流量和产沙量。增大雨强，不同耕作措施下地表糙度对坡面产流量和产沙量的降低作用减弱。坡度对产流量和产沙量的影响因地表微地形不同而具有一定的差异。总体来说，在其他条件一致的情况下，地表坡面坡度越大，坡面产流量和产沙量越大。
5.分析降雨过程中径流路径特征演变，结果表明：随着降雨的进行，径流路径开始有规律的调整方向向下坡方向发展。各级径流变得越来越具有组织性，有规律的交汇向主要径流路径。有糙度的人工掏挖和人工锄耕措条件下，坡面汇流网络明显比对照措施稀疏。随着坡度的增加，不同措施条件下，坡面汇流网络的密集程度不断增强，尤其是直线坡面。
6.分析汇流密度、径流频度与地表糙度、坡度的关系，结果表明：相同降雨条件下，坡面汇流密度总体呈不断增加的趋势，而径流频度呈先增加后减少的趋势。在有糙度的坡面汇流密度和径流频度明显降低。在大雨强作用下汇流密度和径流频度增加的幅度明显减缓。随着坡度的增加，坡面汇流密度和径流频度都有不同程度的增加，尤其是对照措施直线坡面增加最为明显。其关系式为D=0.276×S-1.96×R+11.19与Cf=1.15×S-2.90×R+59.22。
Runoff generation and confluence on slope surface is an important form of runoff runoffyield and concentration in watershed， and is also one of main subjects of hydrology. Due tolimits of tools and computing technologies， the existing researches mainly focus on themechanism of runoff generation and confluence in small watershed， calculation of runoffyield and the build of runoff-conflux model as well as the calibration of parameters. Whilerunoff generation and confluence on slope surface is often ignored. In view of this， wecarried out an experiment about characteristics of runoff generation and confluence on slopesurface in sloping fields with three tillage practices including contour tillage， artificialdigging and artificial hoeing widely used on cultivated farmland of loess plateau， and thelinear slope was taken as the control measure. The study was conduct based on somesimilarities between the network of slope concentration and the river network on the basinscale with an indoor stimulated rainfall experiment， and structural characteristics of thenetwork of runoff generation and confluence on slope surface were measured according toconfluence density and runoff frequency. Characteristics of slope runoff and sediment on asmall scale and the evolvement confluence network properties were also explored underinfluence of surface roughness， which will be a help to enhance insights into slope erosionprocess and provide basis for the establishment of the runoff-conflux model. Results wereshowed as follows:
1. The accuracy of four interpolation methods under different tillage measures wascompared. Results showed that， under different tillage measures， the disjunctive kriginginterpolation was appropriate for the micro-DEM establishing in the contour tillage treatment;the local polynomial interpolation was appropriate for the micro-DEM establishing in theartificial digging treatment; the radial basis function interpolation was appropriate for themicro-DEM establishing in the artificial hoeing treatment; while the accuracy of fourinterpolation methods on the linear slope was not differed significantly.
2. The evolvement of surface roughness during rainfall was analyzed， which showed:the surface roughness was first decreased and then increased on the whole under differenttillage measures as the rainfall continued. When other conditions were same， the bigger ofslope gradient was， the greater of the variation of surface roughness was; the bigger ofrainfall intensity was， the greater of the variation of surface roughness was.
3. The relationship between initial runoff production time and surface roughness as wellas slope gradient showed that， the delay of initial runoff production time on slope surfacecaused by surface roughness was related to the rainfall intensity and slope gradient. Whenother conditions were same， the bigger of surface roughness was， the greater of the delayedaction on the initial runoff production time was. Otherwise this action was smaller.Meanwhile， effects of surface roughness on the delay of initial runoff production timedecreased as the rainfall intensity and slope gradient increased. The relationship between theinitial runoff production time and surface roughness as well as slope gradient presented as theformulas showed: T60=0.544×R-0.090×S+2.520；T120=0.431×R-0.148×S+1.307.
4. Effects of surface roughness on the slope runoff and sediment showed that， sloperunoff yields on the whole trended to increase and finally to be stable under different tillagemeasures with the rainfall going on; the sediment yields first increased and then decreased，but finally became stable. The increase of surface roughness could reduce slope runoff andsediment yields. Effects of surface roughness on the slope runoff and sediment yieldsdecreased with the rainfall intensity increasing. There were different effects of slope gradienton the runoff and sediment yields due to different micro-reliefs. On the whole， when otherconditions were same， the bigger of slope gradient was， the greater of slope runoff andsediment yields were.
5. The evolvement of characteristics of runoff pathway during rainfall was analyzed，which showed， the runoff pathway changed and turned to downslope. Runoff at all levelsbecame systematical and the confluence regularly changed direction to the main runoffpathway. The network of slope confluence was few and scattered on the roughed slopes underthe artificial digging and hoeing treatments compared with the control treatment. Theintensive of slope confluence network increased under different tillage practices as the slopegradient increased， especially on the linear slope.
6. The relationship between confluence density，runoff frequency and surface roughnessas well as slope gradient showed that，when the rainfall condition was same，the confluencedensity on slope surface on the whole tended to increase， while the runoff frequency firstincreased and then decreased. The confluence density and runoff frequency obviouslydecreased on the roughed slope. The increasing degree of confluence density and runofffrequency declined significantly in the case of big rainfall intensity. The confluence densityand runoff frequency on slope surface both increased as the slope gradient increased， andespecially the increase was the most significant on the linear slope. The relationship presentedas the formula showed: D=0.276×S-1.96×R+11.19与Cf=1.15×S-2.90×R+59.22。
引文
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