微波细胞吸收谱测量及生物效应研究
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摘要
近年来，随着微波在工农业生产、医疗卫生、科学研究、通信广播及家用电器等各方面的广泛应用，电磁辐射与人类健康的关系得到了广泛的关注。人们对电磁场生物效应的研究也越来越广泛。本文介绍了目前国际国内该领域的研究现状；总结归纳了研究较多的电磁场生物效应，如增长率效应、电穿孔效应、对癌细胞的影响、大功率毫米波的生物效应等。对电磁场生物相互作用的热效应和非热效应的机理作了阐述，分析了国际上研究讨论较多的相干电振荡机理、场力效应机理，比较了热效应和非热效应之间的异同点。同时还讨论了微波辐射的防护及微波辐射标准的制定。围绕细胞微波吸收谱的测量，建立了扫频微波细胞吸收谱测量系统。该系统能对细胞微波吸收谱自动测量，并能对数据进行存储以便于分析比较。针对人鼻咽癌CNE_1细胞进行了吸收谱的测量。在同一功率密度下，进行了人鼻咽癌CNE_1细胞经不同频率微波辐照后生长及集落形成。就测量得到得最大和最小吸收功率进行了生物效应的初步研究。在此基础上分析了不同频率微波照射人鼻咽癌CNE_1细胞抗癌性的一些差异。针对实验过程、实验结果对提出了电磁场生物效应实验中要特别注意的问题，并对实验数据的准确性进行了分析，提出了改进意见。
With microwave being extensively used in industryN agriculture> medical treatment x scientific research > communications and family electronic equipment, etc, the relation between electromagnetic radiation and human health is given more attention. This thesis describes researches in this field. Some commonly interesting bio-electromagnetic phenomenon are introduced, first, the growth rate effects, the phenomenon of "electroporation", the affect of microwave radio on cancer cell. The mechanism of electromagnetic thermal effect and non-thermal effect and them difference are given some theoretic models are summarized. It analysis some fashion mechanisms in the academe. A complete auto-test system for measuring microwave absorption of biological cells is built up. Absorption spectrum of nasopharyngeal cancer cell(CNEi) are measured. The results and discussions are given. According to the absorption measurement, some frequencies, i.e. the maximum and minimum absorption frequencies and a random frequency between them are selected to observe the biological effect, i.e. colony forming ability after exposing. The results are given and discussed. Finally, a summary and suggestions for similar measures are given.
With microwave being extensively used in industryN agriculture> medical treatment x scientific research > communications and family electronic equipment, etc, the relation between electromagnetic radiation and human health is given more attention. This thesis describes researches in this field. Some commonly interesting bio-electromagnetic phenomenon are introduced, first, the growth rate effects, the phenomenon of "electroporation", the affect of microwave radio on cancer cell. The mechanism of electromagnetic thermal effect and non-thermal effect and them difference are given some theoretic models are summarized. It analysis some fashion mechanisms in the academe. A complete auto-test system for measuring microwave absorption of biological cells is built up. Absorption spectrum of nasopharyngeal cancer cell(CNEi) are measured. The results and discussions are given. According to the absorption measurement, some frequencies, i.e. the maximum and minimum absorption frequencies and a random frequency between them are selected to observe the biological effect, i.e. colony forming ability after exposing. The results are given and discussed. Finally, a summary and suggestions for similar measures are given.
引文
[1] Golant MB (1989) : Resonance effect of coherent millimeter-band electromagnetic waves on living organisms.Biofizika 34: 1004-1014 (in Russian).
[2] Grundler W. Kaiser F (1992) : Experimental evidence for coherent excitations correlated with growth.Nanobilogy 1: 163-176．
[3] Belayaev lya, Alipov YD, Polunin VA. Shcheglov VS (1993a): Evidence for dependence of resonant frequency of millimeter wave interaction with Escherichia coli K112 cells on haploid genome length. Electromagnetobiology 12: 39-49．
[4] Belyaev lya, Shcheglov VS, Alipov YeD, Radko SP (1993b): Regularities of separate and combined effects of circularly polarized millimeter waves on E.coli cells at different phases fo culture growth. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg31: 49-63．
[5] Frohlich H (1980) :The biological effects of microwaves and related questions.Adv Electronics Electron Phys 53:85-152．
[6] Frohlich H (1988) :Biological coherence and response to external stimuli.Berlin: Springer-Verlah,pp265．
[7] Dardanoni L, Torregrossa MV,Zanforlin L (1985) : Millimeter wave effects on Candida albicans cells. J Bioelectr 4:171-176．
[8] 李辑照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，232页
[9] Dardalhon M,Averbeck D,Berteaud AJ,"Determination of a thermal equivalent of millimeter microwaves in living cells ," J Micro Power, 1979,vol.14,pp.307-312
[10] Dardalhon M,Averbeck D,Berteaud AJ, "Studies on possible genetic effects of microwaves in prokaryotic and eukaryotyic cells ," Radiat Environ Biophy,1981,vol.20,pp.37-56
[11] Kremer F Santo L, Poglitsh A, et al , "The influence of low intensity millimeter waves on biological systems," in Biological Conherence and Response to External Stimuli , H.Frohich, ed.,
Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1988,pp.86-101
[12] Rojavin MA,Ziskin Mc, "Effect of millimeter waves ong survival of UVC-exposerd Escherichia coli,"Bioelectromagnetics, 1995, vol. 16,pp.188-196
[13] Pakkhomovea On,Pakhomov AG,Akyel Y,"Effect of millimeter waves on UV-induced recombination and mutagensis in yeast," 1997,vol.43,pp.227-232
[14] W.Grudler and F. Kaiser."Experimental evidence for coherence excitation correlated with growth,"Naobiology.1992,vol.1.pp.163-176
[15] Frei MR. Ryan KL(1997):circulatory failure resulting from sustained millimeter wave irradiation.Brooks AFB,TX:Infrared Lasers and Millimeter Waves Workshop "The LinksBetween Microwaves and Laser Optics."January, 1997.
[16] Neumann. E, and K.Rosenheck.. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes.J.Mdfembrane Biol.. 10.279-290,1972.
[17] Abidor, I.G, V.B.arakelyan. L.V. Chernomordik, Y.A.Chizmadzhev, V.F.Pastushenko and M.R.Tarasevich. Elecdtric breakdown of bilayer membranes,I.The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg.6.37-52,1979
[18] Chernomordik, L.V..and Y.A.Chizmadzhev, Electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes:Phenomenology and mechanism.In Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology.Edited by E.Neumann,A.E.Sowers,and C.A.Jordan.pp83-95,Plenum,New York, 1989
[19] 宁国华，“一种采用新型准光学谐振系统的LEM复合波治疗仪及其治疗诊疗系统应用软件设计，”2000年
[20] 陈念永，吴大可，刘盛纲，“微波技术与医学，”世界医疗器械 一九九九年第一期，第36页
[21] NCRP(National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement) Report No.86:Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnctic Fields, April (1986).
[22] 李缉照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，362-366页
[23] 吴大伟，微波卫生学原理，劳动人事出版社，第62—64页
[24] Frohlich H (1980):The biological effects of microwaves and related questions.Adv Electronics Electron Phys 53:24—29
[25] Adey WR,"Effects of microwave on cell and molecules,Nature,1988, vol.332, pp.401-403
[26] 吴大伟，微波卫生学原理，劳动人事出版社，第66—70页
[27] S.J Webb and A.D. Booth,"Microwave absorption by normal and tumor cells." Science, vol. 174, p. 72, Oct. 1,1971.
[28] M.E Stamm.W.D.Winter. D.L.Morton, and S.L.Warren, "Microwave characteristics of human tumor cells,"Oncology,vol.29, p. 294. 1974.
[29] 李缉照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，228页
[30] AV3617型标量网络分析仪说明书，信息产业部电子第41所
[31] 杨国忠、周泓等，“基于VISA的事件处理方法与实现，”测控技术，2000年，19卷，45—47页
[32] [美]David J．Kruglinski著，潘爱民，王国印译，Visual C++技术内幕(第四版)，清华大学出版社，1999年
[33] Agilent 82350A PCI High-Performance GPIB Interface for Windows Data Sheet,1999
[34] Ines Company Data Sheet for ines iGPIB Hardware Manual (i72010), 2000
[35] UPD7210 INTELLIGENT GPIB CONIROLLER,NEC Electronic Inc.1992
[36] Soini Y, Virkajarvi N, V-P Lehto, et al, "Hepatocellular carcinomas with a high proliferation index and a low degree of apoptosis and necrosis are associated with a shortened survival,"1996, vol.73, pp.1025-1030
[37] 陈念永，“毫米波细胞生物效应及抗肿瘤研究，”2001
[2] Grundler W. Kaiser F (1992) : Experimental evidence for coherent excitations correlated with growth.Nanobilogy 1: 163-176．
[3] Belayaev lya, Alipov YD, Polunin VA. Shcheglov VS (1993a): Evidence for dependence of resonant frequency of millimeter wave interaction with Escherichia coli K112 cells on haploid genome length. Electromagnetobiology 12: 39-49．
[4] Belyaev lya, Shcheglov VS, Alipov YeD, Radko SP (1993b): Regularities of separate and combined effects of circularly polarized millimeter waves on E.coli cells at different phases fo culture growth. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg31: 49-63．
[5] Frohlich H (1980) :The biological effects of microwaves and related questions.Adv Electronics Electron Phys 53:85-152．
[6] Frohlich H (1988) :Biological coherence and response to external stimuli.Berlin: Springer-Verlah,pp265．
[7] Dardanoni L, Torregrossa MV,Zanforlin L (1985) : Millimeter wave effects on Candida albicans cells. J Bioelectr 4:171-176．
[8] 李辑照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，232页
[9] Dardalhon M,Averbeck D,Berteaud AJ,"Determination of a thermal equivalent of millimeter microwaves in living cells ," J Micro Power, 1979,vol.14,pp.307-312
[10] Dardalhon M,Averbeck D,Berteaud AJ, "Studies on possible genetic effects of microwaves in prokaryotic and eukaryotyic cells ," Radiat Environ Biophy,1981,vol.20,pp.37-56
[11] Kremer F Santo L, Poglitsh A, et al , "The influence of low intensity millimeter waves on biological systems," in Biological Conherence and Response to External Stimuli , H.Frohich, ed.,
Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1988,pp.86-101
[12] Rojavin MA,Ziskin Mc, "Effect of millimeter waves ong survival of UVC-exposerd Escherichia coli,"Bioelectromagnetics, 1995, vol. 16,pp.188-196
[13] Pakkhomovea On,Pakhomov AG,Akyel Y,"Effect of millimeter waves on UV-induced recombination and mutagensis in yeast," 1997,vol.43,pp.227-232
[14] W.Grudler and F. Kaiser."Experimental evidence for coherence excitation correlated with growth,"Naobiology.1992,vol.1.pp.163-176
[15] Frei MR. Ryan KL(1997):circulatory failure resulting from sustained millimeter wave irradiation.Brooks AFB,TX:Infrared Lasers and Millimeter Waves Workshop "The LinksBetween Microwaves and Laser Optics."January, 1997.
[16] Neumann. E, and K.Rosenheck.. Permeability changes induced by electric impulses in vesicular membranes.J.Mdfembrane Biol.. 10.279-290,1972.
[17] Abidor, I.G, V.B.arakelyan. L.V. Chernomordik, Y.A.Chizmadzhev, V.F.Pastushenko and M.R.Tarasevich. Elecdtric breakdown of bilayer membranes,I.The main experimental facts and their qualitative discussion. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg.6.37-52,1979
[18] Chernomordik, L.V..and Y.A.Chizmadzhev, Electrical breakdown of lipid bilayer membranes:Phenomenology and mechanism.In Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biology.Edited by E.Neumann,A.E.Sowers,and C.A.Jordan.pp83-95,Plenum,New York, 1989
[19] 宁国华，“一种采用新型准光学谐振系统的LEM复合波治疗仪及其治疗诊疗系统应用软件设计，”2000年
[20] 陈念永，吴大可，刘盛纲，“微波技术与医学，”世界医疗器械 一九九九年第一期，第36页
[21] NCRP(National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement) Report No.86:Biological Effects and Exposure Criteria for Radiofrequency Electromagnctic Fields, April (1986).
[22] 李缉照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，362-366页
[23] 吴大伟，微波卫生学原理，劳动人事出版社，第62—64页
[24] Frohlich H (1980):The biological effects of microwaves and related questions.Adv Electronics Electron Phys 53:24—29
[25] Adey WR,"Effects of microwave on cell and molecules,Nature,1988, vol.332, pp.401-403
[26] 吴大伟，微波卫生学原理，劳动人事出版社，第66—70页
[27] S.J Webb and A.D. Booth,"Microwave absorption by normal and tumor cells." Science, vol. 174, p. 72, Oct. 1,1971.
[28] M.E Stamm.W.D.Winter. D.L.Morton, and S.L.Warren, "Microwave characteristics of human tumor cells,"Oncology,vol.29, p. 294. 1974.
[29] 李缉照，牛中奇，生物电磁学概论，西安电子科技大学，1990，228页
[30] AV3617型标量网络分析仪说明书，信息产业部电子第41所
[31] 杨国忠、周泓等，“基于VISA的事件处理方法与实现，”测控技术，2000年，19卷，45—47页
[32] [美]David J．Kruglinski著，潘爱民，王国印译，Visual C++技术内幕(第四版)，清华大学出版社，1999年
[33] Agilent 82350A PCI High-Performance GPIB Interface for Windows Data Sheet,1999
[34] Ines Company Data Sheet for ines iGPIB Hardware Manual (i72010), 2000
[35] UPD7210 INTELLIGENT GPIB CONIROLLER,NEC Electronic Inc.1992
[36] Soini Y, Virkajarvi N, V-P Lehto, et al, "Hepatocellular carcinomas with a high proliferation index and a low degree of apoptosis and necrosis are associated with a shortened survival,"1996, vol.73, pp.1025-1030
[37] 陈念永，“毫米波细胞生物效应及抗肿瘤研究，”2001