消防领域中的环境污染控制有效机制和措施研究
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摘要
火失去控制则为灾,火灾不仅造成人员伤亡和财产损失,还会造成大气污染、土壤污染、江河污染、有毒气体及放射性物质的污染等环境影响,随着人类环保意识的加强,火灾对环境的破坏及对动植物生存的危害越来越引起全世界各国的普遍关注。
文中根据火灾统计数据研判,对我国近十年的火灾起数、死亡人数、受伤人数、直接损失等火灾统计数据进行对比分析,说明了我国火灾的环境危害也愈加严重。分析了燃烧本身产生烟、热量、各种有毒气体,不仅对人体有危害,它们还是引起温室效应的主要气体,火灾还能烧毁建筑物形成灰色垃圾,对森林、草原造成毁灭性的破坏。文中还列举了近年的消防部门执勤警力和资源,系统论述了消防人员的活动、设备的运行、消防灭火救援行动中灭火剂的生产和使用,给环境造成严重危害。对消防力量本身运行消耗社会资源引用了“等价碳排放”概念,进一步形象而具体地分析和说明了灭火救援与环境污染的关系。
针对目前国内外相关研究和本文前阶段调研分析结果,以成都市作为实例,结合成都市近年火灾统计结果分析,指出火灾造成的危害已不容忽视,提出加强成都市消防基础设施、完善灭火装备、大力发展消防防污、治污方面的科研,主动在灭火救援行动中充分考虑环保因素,最终促进人类环境保护和消防安全两大主题和谐发展。
If fire runs out of control, it becomes disaster. Fire accidents always cause injuries, deaths, property losses and pollution in atmosphere, soil and river. Furthermore, gases and radioactive substance release during burning upset the balance of environment and has many long-lasting effects. In recent years, people's environmental awareness has been reinforcing. They begin paying more and more attention to the harm that fire accident will make to the nature environment and to the plants and the animals.
This document researches the fire accident reports in recent decade in China. It analyses the statistic data, including the total number of the fire accidents, the death toll, the injured number, as well as the direct damage. The research shows that the recent fire accidents cause more serious environmental Pollution in China. This document shows that the smoke, hit and toxic gases that are generated during inflammation, not only hazard human beings but also make contribution to greenhouse effect. The fire could also burn buildings down, which could damage forest and grassland fatal. This document also enumerates the applied manpower and resources of fire department in recent years. It shows that the fire force activities, utility/circle usage, and the production and utilization of fire extinguishing agent could cause serious environmental damage. The document introduces the concept of "equivalent carbon emission" to present the social resource that is consumed to maintain normal fire force activity. This concept gives more precious view and analysis of the relationship between fire fighting and environmental pollution.
Based on this research and other related reports, this document analyses the statistic data of recent fire accidents in Chengdu. It introduces the research to develop fire fighting in frustration in Chengdu, to improve fire-fighting utilities, as well as to develop environmental protection and control pollution in fire fighting. It takes environmental factor into account during fire fighting, which could promote harmonious development of environmental protection and fire protection.
文中根据火灾统计数据研判,对我国近十年的火灾起数、死亡人数、受伤人数、直接损失等火灾统计数据进行对比分析,说明了我国火灾的环境危害也愈加严重。分析了燃烧本身产生烟、热量、各种有毒气体,不仅对人体有危害,它们还是引起温室效应的主要气体,火灾还能烧毁建筑物形成灰色垃圾,对森林、草原造成毁灭性的破坏。文中还列举了近年的消防部门执勤警力和资源,系统论述了消防人员的活动、设备的运行、消防灭火救援行动中灭火剂的生产和使用,给环境造成严重危害。对消防力量本身运行消耗社会资源引用了“等价碳排放”概念,进一步形象而具体地分析和说明了灭火救援与环境污染的关系。
针对目前国内外相关研究和本文前阶段调研分析结果,以成都市作为实例,结合成都市近年火灾统计结果分析,指出火灾造成的危害已不容忽视,提出加强成都市消防基础设施、完善灭火装备、大力发展消防防污、治污方面的科研,主动在灭火救援行动中充分考虑环保因素,最终促进人类环境保护和消防安全两大主题和谐发展。
If fire runs out of control, it becomes disaster. Fire accidents always cause injuries, deaths, property losses and pollution in atmosphere, soil and river. Furthermore, gases and radioactive substance release during burning upset the balance of environment and has many long-lasting effects. In recent years, people's environmental awareness has been reinforcing. They begin paying more and more attention to the harm that fire accident will make to the nature environment and to the plants and the animals.
This document researches the fire accident reports in recent decade in China. It analyses the statistic data, including the total number of the fire accidents, the death toll, the injured number, as well as the direct damage. The research shows that the recent fire accidents cause more serious environmental Pollution in China. This document shows that the smoke, hit and toxic gases that are generated during inflammation, not only hazard human beings but also make contribution to greenhouse effect. The fire could also burn buildings down, which could damage forest and grassland fatal. This document also enumerates the applied manpower and resources of fire department in recent years. It shows that the fire force activities, utility/circle usage, and the production and utilization of fire extinguishing agent could cause serious environmental damage. The document introduces the concept of "equivalent carbon emission" to present the social resource that is consumed to maintain normal fire force activity. This concept gives more precious view and analysis of the relationship between fire fighting and environmental pollution.
Based on this research and other related reports, this document analyses the statistic data of recent fire accidents in Chengdu. It introduces the research to develop fire fighting in frustration in Chengdu, to improve fire-fighting utilities, as well as to develop environmental protection and control pollution in fire fighting. It takes environmental factor into account during fire fighting, which could promote harmonious development of environmental protection and fire protection.
引文
[1]叶文虎、张勇环境管理学[M]第二版 北京 高等教育出版社2006
[2]中华人民共和国公安部GBJ16-87(95)建筑设计防火规范[S]北京 中国计划出版社1995年
[3]庞建军.消防与环境保护关系探析[J].工业安全与环保,2003(6)：22-24.
[4]杜兰萍,沈友弟,厉剑,等.我国消防安全形势、差距和对策研究[J].消防科学与技术,2002(5)：3-13.
[5]张德成,祁勇.消防产业的可持续发展与环境保护[J].消防技术与产品信息,2003(12)：27-32.
[6]公安部消防局.消防监督检查[M].警官教育出版社,1999.
[7]四川省火灾统计年报,1993-2002.
[8]USA Brian J.Meacham.在性能化设计中综合考虑人的因素,国外建筑火灾人员安全疏散研究[M].
[9]Daniel Joconnor, Evin Cui, J.Panl Spion美国案例研究[M].高层建筑性能化防火设计案例汇编.
[10]胡社荣,蒋大成,李泽光,等.煤田煤矿区火灾与环境效应及其防治对策[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2001(1)：21-23.
[11]沈友弟,钟薇.浅谈建立和完善消防法律法规体系[J].消防科学与技术,2004(3)：287-290.
[12]赵杰,朱明学.火灾烟雾中的有毒气体[J].疾病控制杂志,2003(4)：338-340.
[13]公安部消防局,国家环境保护总局.中国淘汰哈龙行动[M].中国环境科学出版社,2000.
[14]公安部.消防局中国消防出访考察情况汇编[M].
[15]狄建华.油库火灾危害分析[J].工业安全与环保,2003(1)：28-29.
[16]刘连翠.煤田火灾的危害及治理建议[J].中国煤田地质,2002(2)：83-86.
[17]王永宏.火灾与环保[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：42-43.
[18]高存文.浅议化学品火灾与爆炸的危害[J].太原科技,2003(3)：29-30.
[19]舒立福,田晓瑞,吴鹏超.厄尔尼诺现象对森林火灾的影响研究[J].森林防火,1999(40)：27-28.
[20]张书广.谈火灾与污染[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：44.
[21]孔凡元.建筑火灾危害与防火[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：24.
[22]戴树桂.环境化学[M].高等教育出版社,1997.
[23]吴启鸿,肖学锋,朱东杰.今后若干年内我国火灾发展趋势的探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2003(5)：367-370.
[24]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2000)[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,2000.
[25]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2003)[M].中国人事出版社,2001.
[26]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2002)[M].中国人事出版社,2002.
[27]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2001)[M].中国人事出版社,2003.
[28]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2000)[M].警官教育出版社,1998.
[29]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(1999)[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,1999.
[30]王晋.浅谈火灾的次生损失[J].亚洲消防与保安,2001(3)：50-53.
[31]杨宁,梁峰,王力伯.油类火灾灭火剂及其应用研究进展[J].消防技术与产品信息,2004(5)：31-32.
[32]汪箭,吴振坤,徐琼等.火灾安全工程设计的发展和研究[J].消防科学与技术,1999(4)：18-21.
[33]冯百毓.城市消防建设方案领域初探[J].消防科技,1998(3)：7-9.[32]范平安.河南省近二十年火灾形势浅析[J].消防科学与技术,2003(5)：371-374.
[34]中华人民共和国统计局中国统计年鉴(2008)北京中国统计出版社2009
[35]国家统计局《中国能源统计年鉴》2009北京中国统计出版社
[36]王铮；朱永彬我国各省区碳排放量状况及减排对策研究中国科学院院刊[J]；2008(2)45-53；
[37]成都市人民政府 成都市消防总体规划2008
[38]成都市人民政府 成都年鉴200 8成都 成都地图出版社
[39]杨冰峰 消防控灾过程中的环境问题探讨与应用研究 重庆大学2006
[40]McCulloch. Archi-CFC and Halon replacements in the environment. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry,1999,100 (1-2):163-173.
[41]Gavriel Salvendy. Occupational safety management and engineering. Willie Hammer Dennis Price,2002.401-403.
[42]Molina M. J., Rowland F. S. CFCs in the environment [J] Nature,1974 (8)
[43]Everett W. Heinonen, etc. Aerosol Technology Overview and Bibliography[C]. WL-TR-95-XX,1995.11.
[44]Archibald Tewarson. Nonthermal fire damage [J]. J. Fire Science,1992,10:188-241.
[45]Simon Rennocks. The environmental impact of fire and some potential so lutions. FSE August 1998.
[46]Stamnes, K, Henriksen K, etal. Simultaneous measurement of uv radiation received by the biosphere and total ozone amount [J]. Geophysical Research Letters2000,15 (8):784.
[47]Kim, A.Firefighting foams[J]. NRCC-46403, NRC,2003,44(3):30-32.
[48]E. Kissa, Fluorinated Surfactants:Synthesis, Properties, Applications [M]. Marcel Dekker, New York,1994,50:469.
[49]William Grosshandler,Darren Lowe etc.,A turbulent spray burner for assessing halon alternative fire suppressants[A], Asme winter Annual Meeting New Orleans, Louisiana,1993,11,28-12,33:1-8.
[50]RobertE. Tapscott, LouiseC.Speitel,Halon Replacement Optionsfor Aircraft[A], International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference Atlantic City, New Jersey USA,16-20,1998.11.
[51]E.Braum, C.A.Womeldorf, W.L. Grosshandler.Suppression concentration of clean agents exposed to acontinuously ener-gized metal surface[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1999(33):141-152.
[52]Joseph Su, Andrew Kim, Zhigang Liu etc. Fire Suppression Testing of Inert Gas Agents in a 120 m3 Enclosure[A], Fire Suppression & Detection Research Application Symposium Orlando, FL,24-26,1999.2:196-206.
[53]InertGass, Proceedings, Halon Alternatives Technical Workin Conference,1993, New MexicoEngineering Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A., 11-13May1993m, p12-13.
[54]Tapscott, R, second Generation Chemical Replacements for Halon, First Internationa Conference on Fire Suppression, Stockholm, Sweden,5-8May1992, p1-4.
[2]中华人民共和国公安部GBJ16-87(95)建筑设计防火规范[S]北京 中国计划出版社1995年
[3]庞建军.消防与环境保护关系探析[J].工业安全与环保,2003(6)：22-24.
[4]杜兰萍,沈友弟,厉剑,等.我国消防安全形势、差距和对策研究[J].消防科学与技术,2002(5)：3-13.
[5]张德成,祁勇.消防产业的可持续发展与环境保护[J].消防技术与产品信息,2003(12)：27-32.
[6]公安部消防局.消防监督检查[M].警官教育出版社,1999.
[7]四川省火灾统计年报,1993-2002.
[8]USA Brian J.Meacham.在性能化设计中综合考虑人的因素,国外建筑火灾人员安全疏散研究[M].
[9]Daniel Joconnor, Evin Cui, J.Panl Spion美国案例研究[M].高层建筑性能化防火设计案例汇编.
[10]胡社荣,蒋大成,李泽光,等.煤田煤矿区火灾与环境效应及其防治对策[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2001(1)：21-23.
[11]沈友弟,钟薇.浅谈建立和完善消防法律法规体系[J].消防科学与技术,2004(3)：287-290.
[12]赵杰,朱明学.火灾烟雾中的有毒气体[J].疾病控制杂志,2003(4)：338-340.
[13]公安部消防局,国家环境保护总局.中国淘汰哈龙行动[M].中国环境科学出版社,2000.
[14]公安部.消防局中国消防出访考察情况汇编[M].
[15]狄建华.油库火灾危害分析[J].工业安全与环保,2003(1)：28-29.
[16]刘连翠.煤田火灾的危害及治理建议[J].中国煤田地质,2002(2)：83-86.
[17]王永宏.火灾与环保[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：42-43.
[18]高存文.浅议化学品火灾与爆炸的危害[J].太原科技,2003(3)：29-30.
[19]舒立福,田晓瑞,吴鹏超.厄尔尼诺现象对森林火灾的影响研究[J].森林防火,1999(40)：27-28.
[20]张书广.谈火灾与污染[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：44.
[21]孔凡元.建筑火灾危害与防火[J].油气田环境保护,1998(6)：24.
[22]戴树桂.环境化学[M].高等教育出版社,1997.
[23]吴启鸿,肖学锋,朱东杰.今后若干年内我国火灾发展趋势的探讨[J].消防科学与技术,2003(5)：367-370.
[24]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2000)[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,2000.
[25]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2003)[M].中国人事出版社,2001.
[26]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2002)[M].中国人事出版社,2002.
[27]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2001)[M].中国人事出版社,2003.
[28]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(2000)[M].警官教育出版社,1998.
[29]公安部消防局.中国火灾统计年鉴(1999)[M].中国人民公安大学出版社,1999.
[30]王晋.浅谈火灾的次生损失[J].亚洲消防与保安,2001(3)：50-53.
[31]杨宁,梁峰,王力伯.油类火灾灭火剂及其应用研究进展[J].消防技术与产品信息,2004(5)：31-32.
[32]汪箭,吴振坤,徐琼等.火灾安全工程设计的发展和研究[J].消防科学与技术,1999(4)：18-21.
[33]冯百毓.城市消防建设方案领域初探[J].消防科技,1998(3)：7-9.[32]范平安.河南省近二十年火灾形势浅析[J].消防科学与技术,2003(5)：371-374.
[34]中华人民共和国统计局中国统计年鉴(2008)北京中国统计出版社2009
[35]国家统计局《中国能源统计年鉴》2009北京中国统计出版社
[36]王铮；朱永彬我国各省区碳排放量状况及减排对策研究中国科学院院刊[J]；2008(2)45-53；
[37]成都市人民政府 成都市消防总体规划2008
[38]成都市人民政府 成都年鉴200 8成都 成都地图出版社
[39]杨冰峰 消防控灾过程中的环境问题探讨与应用研究 重庆大学2006
[40]McCulloch. Archi-CFC and Halon replacements in the environment. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry,1999,100 (1-2):163-173.
[41]Gavriel Salvendy. Occupational safety management and engineering. Willie Hammer Dennis Price,2002.401-403.
[42]Molina M. J., Rowland F. S. CFCs in the environment [J] Nature,1974 (8)
[43]Everett W. Heinonen, etc. Aerosol Technology Overview and Bibliography[C]. WL-TR-95-XX,1995.11.
[44]Archibald Tewarson. Nonthermal fire damage [J]. J. Fire Science,1992,10:188-241.
[45]Simon Rennocks. The environmental impact of fire and some potential so lutions. FSE August 1998.
[46]Stamnes, K, Henriksen K, etal. Simultaneous measurement of uv radiation received by the biosphere and total ozone amount [J]. Geophysical Research Letters2000,15 (8):784.
[47]Kim, A.Firefighting foams[J]. NRCC-46403, NRC,2003,44(3):30-32.
[48]E. Kissa, Fluorinated Surfactants:Synthesis, Properties, Applications [M]. Marcel Dekker, New York,1994,50:469.
[49]William Grosshandler,Darren Lowe etc.,A turbulent spray burner for assessing halon alternative fire suppressants[A], Asme winter Annual Meeting New Orleans, Louisiana,1993,11,28-12,33:1-8.
[50]RobertE. Tapscott, LouiseC.Speitel,Halon Replacement Optionsfor Aircraft[A], International Aircraft Fire and Cabin Safety Research Conference Atlantic City, New Jersey USA,16-20,1998.11.
[51]E.Braum, C.A.Womeldorf, W.L. Grosshandler.Suppression concentration of clean agents exposed to acontinuously ener-gized metal surface[J]. Fire Safety Journal, 1999(33):141-152.
[52]Joseph Su, Andrew Kim, Zhigang Liu etc. Fire Suppression Testing of Inert Gas Agents in a 120 m3 Enclosure[A], Fire Suppression & Detection Research Application Symposium Orlando, FL,24-26,1999.2:196-206.
[53]InertGass, Proceedings, Halon Alternatives Technical Workin Conference,1993, New MexicoEngineering Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A., 11-13May1993m, p12-13.
[54]Tapscott, R, second Generation Chemical Replacements for Halon, First Internationa Conference on Fire Suppression, Stockholm, Sweden,5-8May1992, p1-4.