生物柴油生命周期分析与发动机低温燃烧实验研究
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摘要
随着中国汽车行业的快速发展,石油短缺和尾气污染已成为摆在我们面前迫切需要解决的难题,因此积极发展替代能源和高效低排放的发动机具有重大的现实意义。生物柴油作为一种可再生的绿色能源不仅能降低污染物排放,而且可以有效缓解我国石油短缺形势,构成我国能源多元化战略的重要一环。
生物柴油主要来源有油料作物和废食用油回收利用。其中废食用油制生物柴油由于原料收集简便、成本低廉已在我国得到初步发展。本文将选取以废煎炸油制成的生物柴油为对象,运用生命周期评价模型对其从原料生产到车辆运行的整个生命周期进行能源消耗和环境排放评估,并将其能耗与排放结果和柴油进行对比,研究发现其化石能源消耗比传统柴油路线减少65.7%,温室气体排放中CO2排放下降了88.1%,常规污染物排放也全面低于柴油,表明废煎炸油是一种符合节能减排趋势的环境友好型代用燃料。
为了进一步降低生物柴油发动机的尾气排放,作者以一台4BTA发动机为试验台架,运用燃料设计和低温燃烧两种思想,通过掺烧不同比例的乙醇和引入大比例废气再循环两种手段进行了生物柴油的低温燃烧研究,对实验的燃烧和排放数据进行了详细的分析,取得了同时降低N0x和碳烟的良好效果。同时对燃烧放热率、缸内温度和压力进行分析,探索了缸内燃烧对排放和效率的影响。
With the fast development of Chinese Auto industry, the shortage of crude oil and air pollution become more and more urgent. Thus the development of alternative fuel and high efficiency, low emission engine have important realitic significance. Biodiesel,as a renewable energy and low emission fuel, not only can reduce the engine emissions, but also relieve shortage of oil in China, finally play a indispensable role in future energy diversification.
Biodiesel is mainly derived by oil-bearing crops and residual cooking oil. Due to convenient collection and low price, the biodiesel derived by residual cooking oil already got preliminary development. In this study,we choosed the biodiesel derived by residual frying oil as object, calculated the energy consumption and environmental emissions by life cycle assessment model and make a comparison with traditional diesel path, the outcome showed the fossil energy consumption decreased by 65.7%, CO2 emission decreased by 88.1%, creterial emissions also had a general reduction. It showed that the biodiesel is an environmental-friendly alternative energy which fits the trend of fossil energy-saving.
In order to reduce engine emissions further, LTC research was conducted in this study with biodiesel-ethanol blends and high EGR ratio, taking the means of blending of biodiesel and ethanol and high EGR ratio. The analysis of the output data showed the experiment reduced NOx and Soot simultaneously. The combustion phasing and its affection to emission and engine efficiency are also analyzed.
生物柴油主要来源有油料作物和废食用油回收利用。其中废食用油制生物柴油由于原料收集简便、成本低廉已在我国得到初步发展。本文将选取以废煎炸油制成的生物柴油为对象,运用生命周期评价模型对其从原料生产到车辆运行的整个生命周期进行能源消耗和环境排放评估,并将其能耗与排放结果和柴油进行对比,研究发现其化石能源消耗比传统柴油路线减少65.7%,温室气体排放中CO2排放下降了88.1%,常规污染物排放也全面低于柴油,表明废煎炸油是一种符合节能减排趋势的环境友好型代用燃料。
为了进一步降低生物柴油发动机的尾气排放,作者以一台4BTA发动机为试验台架,运用燃料设计和低温燃烧两种思想,通过掺烧不同比例的乙醇和引入大比例废气再循环两种手段进行了生物柴油的低温燃烧研究,对实验的燃烧和排放数据进行了详细的分析,取得了同时降低N0x和碳烟的良好效果。同时对燃烧放热率、缸内温度和压力进行分析,探索了缸内燃烧对排放和效率的影响。
With the fast development of Chinese Auto industry, the shortage of crude oil and air pollution become more and more urgent. Thus the development of alternative fuel and high efficiency, low emission engine have important realitic significance. Biodiesel,as a renewable energy and low emission fuel, not only can reduce the engine emissions, but also relieve shortage of oil in China, finally play a indispensable role in future energy diversification.
Biodiesel is mainly derived by oil-bearing crops and residual cooking oil. Due to convenient collection and low price, the biodiesel derived by residual cooking oil already got preliminary development. In this study,we choosed the biodiesel derived by residual frying oil as object, calculated the energy consumption and environmental emissions by life cycle assessment model and make a comparison with traditional diesel path, the outcome showed the fossil energy consumption decreased by 65.7%, CO2 emission decreased by 88.1%, creterial emissions also had a general reduction. It showed that the biodiesel is an environmental-friendly alternative energy which fits the trend of fossil energy-saving.
In order to reduce engine emissions further, LTC research was conducted in this study with biodiesel-ethanol blends and high EGR ratio, taking the means of blending of biodiesel and ethanol and high EGR ratio. The analysis of the output data showed the experiment reduced NOx and Soot simultaneously. The combustion phasing and its affection to emission and engine efficiency are also analyzed.
引文
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[2] Malcolm A Weiss, John B Heywood, Elisabeth M Drake, etc. On the road in 2020, a life-cycle analysis of new automobile technologies. Energy laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307. Oct. 2000.
[3] GM. Well-to-wheel analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of advanced fuel/vehicle systems– North American analysis Volume 1. Jun. 2001.
[4] GM. Well-to-wheel analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of advanced fuel/vehicle systems– North American analysis Volume 2. Jun. 2001.
[5] GM. Well-to-wheel analysis of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of advanced fuel/vehicle systems– North American analysis Volume 3. Jun. 2001.
[6] Michael Wang. Assessment of well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel. Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory. Prepared for Linda Bluestein Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Oct. 2002.
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[8]孙柏铭,严瑞.生命周期评价方法及在汽车代用燃料中的应用.现代化工,1998年第7期,pp.34-39.
[9]胡志远,浦耿强,王成焘.代用能源汽车生命周期评估.汽车研究与开发,2002年第5期,pp.49-53.
[10]张亮.车用燃料煤基二甲醚的生命周期能源消耗、环境排放与经济性研究[D].[博士学位论文].上海,上海交通大学,2007年,66-67页.
[11]朱祺.生物柴油的生命周期能源消耗、环境排放与经济性研究[D].上海交通大学,2008,85,14-18页.
[12]何邦全,王建昕,阎小光.柴油机含氧燃料的研究进展.农业机械学报,2003,34(1):135-137.
[13]葛蕴珊,陆小明,高力平等.废食用油生物柴油的制备及其掺烧时的动力与排放特性[J].环境科学,2005,26(3):13-15.
[14]张丽坤.生物柴油喷射特性及其在D6114柴油机上的试验研究[D].上海交通大学,2007,64-70页.
[15] Leon G.Schumacher,Steven C.Borgelt,William G.Hires,et al.Fueling Diesel Engines with Blends of Methyl Ester Soybean Oil and Diesel Fuel.Agricultural Engineering Department,University of Missouri,Columbia.
[16] Deepak Agarwal, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine[J], Applied Thermal Engineering, 27 (2007) 2314–2323.
[7] Breda Kegl, Effects of biodiesel on emissions of a bus diesel engine[J], Bio-resource Technology, 99 (2008) 863–873.
[8] Lynn Wright, Bob Boundy, Bob Perlack and etc., Biomass Energy Data Book Edition One[M], Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy Page 55.
[19] Neely, G.D., Sasaki, S., Huang, Y., Leet, J.A. and Stewart, D.W.,“New Diesel Emission Control Strategy to Meet US Tier 2 Emissions Regulations”,SAE Paper 2005-01-1091, 2005.
[20]周龙保.内燃机学[M].北京,机械工业出版社,2005年,236-237页.
[21] Arjan Helmantel. Reduction of NOx Emissions from a Light Duty DI Diesel Engine in Medium Load Conditions with High EGR Rates, SAE Paper.
[22] Ming Zheng, Xiaoye Han, Yuyu Tan and etc., Low Temperature Combustion of Neat Biodiesel Fuel on a Common-rail Diesel Engine, SAE Paper 2008-01-1396,2008.
[23]金青哲,黄诗洪,周胜利.棕榈油在我国煎炸食品中应用[J].粮食与油脂,2006年,第3期,15-16页.
[24]同济大学,复旦大学,公交车能源动力系统生态设计和生命周期评价—上海公交车柴油和CNG两种能源供应系统的生命周期评价方法与结果,2004年
[25] M Q Wang, GREET1.5-transportantation fuel-cycle model volume 1: methodology, development, use and results, Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory. August, 1999
[26]国家统计局工业交通统计司,2006国家发展和改革委员会能源局,中国能源统计年鉴,北京,北京科学出版社,2007,132-135页,428-430页.
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[28] Michael Wang, GREET 1.8 MODEL[R], Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 2007
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[31]中国物流年鉴协会,中国物流年鉴2005,北京,中国物资出版社,2006 ,268-270页
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[34]中国能源年鉴编辑部,中国能源年鉴2005/2006,北京,科学出版社,2006,年,5-14页,133-134页
[35]郭细根,杨兴礼,当前我国石油进口贸易现状及应对措施,国际市场,重庆,2006年,第12期,45-48页
[36]王庆一,中国能源数据,北京,未出版,2005年,47页
[37]国家统计局,2007中国统计年鉴,北京,中国统计出版社,2006,478-480页
[38]中国石油和化学工业协会,中国化学工业年鉴2006,北京,中国化工信息中心,2007年,137-140页
[39]中国经济贸易年鉴编委会,中国经济贸易年鉴2005,北京,中国经济贸易年鉴社,2006年,320-321页
[40]中国石油和化学工业协会,中国化学工业年鉴2006,北京,中国化工信息中心,2007年,137-140页
[4]王小伍,华贲,我国氮肥工业的全方位评价现代化工,2005年,第4期,5-8页
[42]福建企业年鉴编辑部,福建企业年鉴,北京,中国统计出版社,2001年,439-440页.
[43] Gurmit Singh.马来西亚油棕业在环境无害和可持续作物生产方向上的进展[J].产业与环境,2000,22(2-3):46-48.
[44] Reijnders L. Reijnders, M.A.J. Huijbregts.Palm oil and the emission of carbon-based greenhouse gases[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production 16 (2008) 477—482.
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