不同来源有机肥与氮肥混配后NH_3及CO_2释放规律研究
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摘要
本文针对目前我国农业的氮肥施用量增加,利用效率却很低,通过研究不同来源有机肥料与无机氮肥混配后,有机肥料的种类、状态以及不同施入方式对氨及二氧化碳释放的影响规律,提出抑制肥料中氨及二氧化碳释放的有效途径。进而对有机肥料对氮素的保持和减少温室效应的作用提供理论依据。
研究共分两个部分,在这两部分里均对有机物料做如下五个处理:1)将不同种类的有机物料与尿素混配后分别进行培养实验。2)将不同种类有机物料与尿素混配后施入土壤进行培养实验。3)经过45天腐解的不同种类有机物料与尿素混配后进行培养实验。4)相同种类的有机物料分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵铵混配后进行培养实验。5)以不同的施肥深度分别将尿素和尿素与有机物料的混配物施入土壤进行培养实验。
第一部分,在上述五种实验处理下研究有机物料对氨气释放的影响规律,结果表明:无论是单纯培养、施入土壤培养还是腐解后再培养,鹿粪、牛粪一类的动物粪便有机物料对氨气的释放有较明显的抑制作用,尤其在培养试验中后期该类有机物料对尿素氨气释放的抑制作用表现突出,其中鹿粪的抑制作用较牛粪更为理想;木本有机物料在试验中也表现出对无机氮肥氨气释放的抑制作用;废弃植物籽粒只在试验最初期有微弱的抑制作用,到试验末期其氮气释放量仍然保持很高的水平;秸秆在各处理中均表现出对无机氮肥氨气释放的促进作用。另外,在50天补充水分后,各有机物料的氮气释放量有所增加也说明水分充足会促进有机物料氨气的释放。
在秸秆、鹿粪、杨树叶分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵混配试验中,得出以下结论:以秸秆为代表的草本有机肥料对于尿素中氨的释放有一定的促进作用,而对硫酸铵、氯化铵中氨气的释放有则有相对明显的控制作用;以杨树叶为代表的木本有机肥料对硫酸铵和氯化铵中氨气的释放控制作用更明显;以鹿粪为代表的动物粪便有机肥料对尿素的氨释放有好于硫酸铵和氯化铵的抑制作用。
不同的施肥深度会显著影响尿素的氨挥发损失,尿素施用深度越浅,氨挥发损失越多。但中层和深层施肥的氨气释放量差异不显著,二者与表层施肥比较均有较低的氨气损失量,尿素施入土壤后,其施入的深度,对尿素的氨挥发损失,影响并不显著。玉米秸秆与尿素混配施用增加了尿素的氨挥发损失,尤其是在刚刚施入土壤时,这种作用异常显著。
第二部分,通过上述五种试验处理得出有机物料对二氧化碳释放的影响规律,结果表明:单纯培养、施入土壤培养和腐解后再培养三种实验处理中,尿素对动物粪便有机肥二氧化碳释放有较好抑制作用,在试验中期对牛粪控释作用相对明显,对鹿粪二氧化碳释放的远期抑制效果也比较明显;其次是废弃植物籽粒,在试验初期及中期尿素都表现出一定的抑制二氧化碳释放的作用;在整个过程中尿素对草本及木本有机物料二氧化碳的影响均不明显。
秸秆、杨树叶、鹿粪分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵混配后二氧化碳的释放规律如下:尿素与秸秆混配后对于其二氧化碳释放有更为显著的抑制作用;三种无机物料中对树叶二氧化碳抑制作用的顺序为尿素＞氯化铵＞硫酸铵;三种无机氮肥对于鹿粪二氧化碳释放的控制作用依次为尿素＞氯化铵＞硫酸铵。
无论是在单施尿素还是在秸秆与尿素混配的情况下,施肥深度对气态碳的释放量都没有明显影响,深层施肥的二氧化碳释放量略低于中层施肥和表层施肥方式。
In this paper,against the phenomenon of Chinese agricultural nitrogen fertilizer increased,but the usage is annual decline,Through test different types of organic materials,as well as the state of the application of inorganic fertilizers in the form of nitrate and extent of the impact of carbon dioxide emissions,summed up nitrate inhibit the release of carbon dioxide and effective way.Turn on the nitrogen organic materials to maintain the role and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide a theoretical basis,the achievement of better agricultural production and environmental protection.
This experiment was divided into two parts,In the two parts,all of these organic materials to the following five experiments:1) Different types of organic materials and urea were mixed after a culture experiment.2) Different types of organic materials mixed with urea into the soil after application culture experiment.3) After 45 days of pre-decomposition of organic materials and different types of urea after mixed culture experiment.4) The same types of organic materials with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium nitrate mixed after culture experiment.5) Different way fertilization respectively urea,urea and organic materials mixed into the soil of Oxfam culture experiment.
In the first part,though the five experimental treatments on the release of organic materials on the effects of nitrate.The results show that:Whether a simple training,training or application into the soil decomposition after training,deer dung,cow dung category of animal waste organic materials on the release of nitrate has been significantly inhibited,particularly in the culture of the late pilot Organic materials such inhibition on the outstanding performance of nitrate,which inhibited deer feces better than cow dung;straw,Bacillus subtilis and other herbaceous organic materials end of the trial also showed inhibition of the release of nitrate; Abandoned plant seeds only the initial stage of the trial have weak inhibition test to the end of its nitrogen emissions remained high level,which produced its own decomposition of nitrate will release relevant.In addition,the added moisture in the 50 days after the release nitrogen organic materials also shows an increase in water sufficient to promote organic materials will be the release of nitrogen.
In the straw,deer dung,Yang leaves with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride mixture test,we have come to such a conclusion:Straw represented by the organic materials and herb leaves as the representative Yang woody organic feed on the release of urea nitrate no obvious effect on its ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride,nitrate in the release of relatively obvious,and to the representatives of deer feces for organic fertilizer,animal dung on urea the release of nitrate in a relatively obvious effect
Different fertilization will affect the depth of inorganic fertilizer in the release of nitrate,fertilizer application of the surface soil conducive to the absorption of nitrogen,and the middle and deep fertilization relative to the control of volatile nitrate.Straw mixing urea after application into different soil depth and the results of urea simple application similar to the experimental results,regardless of the application of a simple mixture of inorganic materials or organic materials,appropriate deep application of fertilizer nitrogen gas to control the release of a very obvious role.
In the second part,the five tests that deal with organic materials on the effects of the release of carbon dioxide.The results show that:pure culture,training and application into the soil decomposition training after three experimental treatment,the release of carbon dioxide is a better inhibition of organic fertilizer animal feces,including cow dung in the test medium-term controlled release relatively obvious,Deer feces and the long-term inhibition effect more visible,followed by the abandoned plant grain,and the beginning of the trial and medium-term performance of a certain inhibiting the release of carbon dioxide role in the entire process of herbaceous and woody organic material effect on the performance of carbon dioxide not obvious.
The straw,Yang leaves,deer feces with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride mixed after the release of carbon dioxide as follows:straw for the representatives of the three organic materials herbal compound inorganic carbon dioxide released no significant impact;represented by the leaves of woody organic fertilizer is ammonium chloride in the inhibition of carbon dioxide have relatively prominent role in deer feces representative of the animal dung for organic fertilizers in the pilot stage of inorganic carbon dioxide expected to have some effect.
Whether in the single application of urea and urea or in the straw mixed circumstances,fertilization depth on the gaseous carbon emissions are not significantly impact on the release of carbon dioxide fertilization deep just below the surface and middle fertilization fertilization methods.
研究共分两个部分,在这两部分里均对有机物料做如下五个处理:1)将不同种类的有机物料与尿素混配后分别进行培养实验。2)将不同种类有机物料与尿素混配后施入土壤进行培养实验。3)经过45天腐解的不同种类有机物料与尿素混配后进行培养实验。4)相同种类的有机物料分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵铵混配后进行培养实验。5)以不同的施肥深度分别将尿素和尿素与有机物料的混配物施入土壤进行培养实验。
第一部分,在上述五种实验处理下研究有机物料对氨气释放的影响规律,结果表明:无论是单纯培养、施入土壤培养还是腐解后再培养,鹿粪、牛粪一类的动物粪便有机物料对氨气的释放有较明显的抑制作用,尤其在培养试验中后期该类有机物料对尿素氨气释放的抑制作用表现突出,其中鹿粪的抑制作用较牛粪更为理想;木本有机物料在试验中也表现出对无机氮肥氨气释放的抑制作用;废弃植物籽粒只在试验最初期有微弱的抑制作用,到试验末期其氮气释放量仍然保持很高的水平;秸秆在各处理中均表现出对无机氮肥氨气释放的促进作用。另外,在50天补充水分后,各有机物料的氮气释放量有所增加也说明水分充足会促进有机物料氨气的释放。
在秸秆、鹿粪、杨树叶分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵混配试验中,得出以下结论:以秸秆为代表的草本有机肥料对于尿素中氨的释放有一定的促进作用,而对硫酸铵、氯化铵中氨气的释放有则有相对明显的控制作用;以杨树叶为代表的木本有机肥料对硫酸铵和氯化铵中氨气的释放控制作用更明显;以鹿粪为代表的动物粪便有机肥料对尿素的氨释放有好于硫酸铵和氯化铵的抑制作用。
不同的施肥深度会显著影响尿素的氨挥发损失,尿素施用深度越浅,氨挥发损失越多。但中层和深层施肥的氨气释放量差异不显著,二者与表层施肥比较均有较低的氨气损失量,尿素施入土壤后,其施入的深度,对尿素的氨挥发损失,影响并不显著。玉米秸秆与尿素混配施用增加了尿素的氨挥发损失,尤其是在刚刚施入土壤时,这种作用异常显著。
第二部分,通过上述五种试验处理得出有机物料对二氧化碳释放的影响规律,结果表明:单纯培养、施入土壤培养和腐解后再培养三种实验处理中,尿素对动物粪便有机肥二氧化碳释放有较好抑制作用,在试验中期对牛粪控释作用相对明显,对鹿粪二氧化碳释放的远期抑制效果也比较明显;其次是废弃植物籽粒,在试验初期及中期尿素都表现出一定的抑制二氧化碳释放的作用;在整个过程中尿素对草本及木本有机物料二氧化碳的影响均不明显。
秸秆、杨树叶、鹿粪分别与尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵混配后二氧化碳的释放规律如下:尿素与秸秆混配后对于其二氧化碳释放有更为显著的抑制作用;三种无机物料中对树叶二氧化碳抑制作用的顺序为尿素＞氯化铵＞硫酸铵;三种无机氮肥对于鹿粪二氧化碳释放的控制作用依次为尿素＞氯化铵＞硫酸铵。
无论是在单施尿素还是在秸秆与尿素混配的情况下,施肥深度对气态碳的释放量都没有明显影响,深层施肥的二氧化碳释放量略低于中层施肥和表层施肥方式。
In this paper,against the phenomenon of Chinese agricultural nitrogen fertilizer increased,but the usage is annual decline,Through test different types of organic materials,as well as the state of the application of inorganic fertilizers in the form of nitrate and extent of the impact of carbon dioxide emissions,summed up nitrate inhibit the release of carbon dioxide and effective way.Turn on the nitrogen organic materials to maintain the role and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide a theoretical basis,the achievement of better agricultural production and environmental protection.
This experiment was divided into two parts,In the two parts,all of these organic materials to the following five experiments:1) Different types of organic materials and urea were mixed after a culture experiment.2) Different types of organic materials mixed with urea into the soil after application culture experiment.3) After 45 days of pre-decomposition of organic materials and different types of urea after mixed culture experiment.4) The same types of organic materials with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium nitrate mixed after culture experiment.5) Different way fertilization respectively urea,urea and organic materials mixed into the soil of Oxfam culture experiment.
In the first part,though the five experimental treatments on the release of organic materials on the effects of nitrate.The results show that:Whether a simple training,training or application into the soil decomposition after training,deer dung,cow dung category of animal waste organic materials on the release of nitrate has been significantly inhibited,particularly in the culture of the late pilot Organic materials such inhibition on the outstanding performance of nitrate,which inhibited deer feces better than cow dung;straw,Bacillus subtilis and other herbaceous organic materials end of the trial also showed inhibition of the release of nitrate; Abandoned plant seeds only the initial stage of the trial have weak inhibition test to the end of its nitrogen emissions remained high level,which produced its own decomposition of nitrate will release relevant.In addition,the added moisture in the 50 days after the release nitrogen organic materials also shows an increase in water sufficient to promote organic materials will be the release of nitrogen.
In the straw,deer dung,Yang leaves with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride mixture test,we have come to such a conclusion:Straw represented by the organic materials and herb leaves as the representative Yang woody organic feed on the release of urea nitrate no obvious effect on its ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride,nitrate in the release of relatively obvious,and to the representatives of deer feces for organic fertilizer,animal dung on urea the release of nitrate in a relatively obvious effect
Different fertilization will affect the depth of inorganic fertilizer in the release of nitrate,fertilizer application of the surface soil conducive to the absorption of nitrogen,and the middle and deep fertilization relative to the control of volatile nitrate.Straw mixing urea after application into different soil depth and the results of urea simple application similar to the experimental results,regardless of the application of a simple mixture of inorganic materials or organic materials,appropriate deep application of fertilizer nitrogen gas to control the release of a very obvious role.
In the second part,the five tests that deal with organic materials on the effects of the release of carbon dioxide.The results show that:pure culture,training and application into the soil decomposition training after three experimental treatment,the release of carbon dioxide is a better inhibition of organic fertilizer animal feces,including cow dung in the test medium-term controlled release relatively obvious,Deer feces and the long-term inhibition effect more visible,followed by the abandoned plant grain,and the beginning of the trial and medium-term performance of a certain inhibiting the release of carbon dioxide role in the entire process of herbaceous and woody organic material effect on the performance of carbon dioxide not obvious.
The straw,Yang leaves,deer feces with urea,ammonium sulfate,ammonium chloride mixed after the release of carbon dioxide as follows:straw for the representatives of the three organic materials herbal compound inorganic carbon dioxide released no significant impact;represented by the leaves of woody organic fertilizer is ammonium chloride in the inhibition of carbon dioxide have relatively prominent role in deer feces representative of the animal dung for organic fertilizers in the pilot stage of inorganic carbon dioxide expected to have some effect.
Whether in the single application of urea and urea or in the straw mixed circumstances,fertilization depth on the gaseous carbon emissions are not significantly impact on the release of carbon dioxide fertilization deep just below the surface and middle fertilization fertilization methods.
引文
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