小水电建设项目决策研究
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摘要
小水电是可再生的绿色能源,已成为世界各国能源和农村发展中的重点。因地制宜地开发小水电资源,进行小水电项目建设,把水力资源转变成高品位的电能,不但对不发达地区的脱贫致富和提高人民生活水平具有现实意义,而且对促进全面协调可持续发展有着十分重要的作用。本文运用建设项目决策的理论和方法对小水电建设项目决策进行了分析,决策,提出了小水电建设项目的生产、建设、投资和融资的理论和方法,并应用到对非洲小水电建设项目决策中去。
1、各国小水电容量规定进行了分析,阐明了小水电的涵义,说明了小水电的特点及开发时应注意的问题。从国际小水电资源利用情况、发展现状及管理模式,说明了国际小水电资源与开发概况,分析了未来国际小水电的发展趋势。
2、对水资源进行了分析,提出了水资源的开发规划和开发模式、小水电市场需求的预测和小水电价格的确定方法;对小水电站装机容量进行了分析,提出了小水电站装机容量的确定方法;对小发电技术现状进行了分析,提出了小水电计算机监控、电网自动化调度及输配电、电气主接线的技术选择方法;对小水电设备进行了分析,提出了水轮机的选择与优化、发电机和变压器的选配与节能方法。
3、对小水电电站地址条件进行了分析,提出了电站地址选择的原则、步骤和方法;对电站建筑设计原则和内容进行了分析,提出了小水电站厂房设计方案优化方法;按有压进水口和无压进水口两种类型,对小水电进水口和引水道进行了分析,提出了相应的设计方案优化方法。
4、阐述了小水电项目投资决策应遵循的原则,对小水电项目建设投资构成进行了分析,提出了相应的预算方法;对小水电项目的经济、社会、技术、生态等效益进行了分析,提出了相应的评估方法;对小水电项目的投资风险进行了分析,提出了小水电投资风险决策的框架。
5、对小水电项目融资所涉及的基本理论进行了分析,提出了小水电项目融资的优化方法;对小水电项目银行贷款、证券融资、对外借款、贸易融资、外商直接投资等多渠道融资进行了分析,提出了相应的对策;对小水电项目融资风险进行了分析,提出控制项目融资风险的具体措施。
Small hydro offers a wide range of benefits especially for rural areas and developing countries. It has major advantages: it is renewable, it produces negligible amounts of greenhouse gases, it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount of electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers.
Governments, financiers, and developers are finding new ways to fund and promote small hydropower development. Efforts are also being made to improve the exchange of ideas and technology related to small hydropower. Small hydropower stations throughout the world represent about 5 percent of the installed hydropower capacity worldwide.
We expect an increased interest in small hydropower over the coming years, as it in many cases is the most economic method of renewable power generation. In addition, many countries have taken an interest in increased distributed generation, either as a good method in places of lacking infrastructure or just as an addition to the existing power supply. Along with increasing energy prices worldwide, these developments will lead to a growing need for evaluation and adaptation of energy policies and decisions making of small hydropower projects in contest of changes.
The outcome of this research is a methodology for policy making in the development of small scale hydroelectric. These decisions making covers procedures for both new sites where no developments currently exist and existing sites such as small dams and canal drops which can be retrofitted with hydro generation equipment.
The methodology derives from study of existing theories, literature review and analyses of typical projects followed by the extrapolation of the results to the outgoing projects for overall assessment.
The framework for policy making in small hydropower development is for use at the decision making level and covers procedures study execution, energy planning, regional hydrology development, technical site evaluations, cost and economic analyses, environmental and social considerations, and finally assessment.
1、各国小水电容量规定进行了分析,阐明了小水电的涵义,说明了小水电的特点及开发时应注意的问题。从国际小水电资源利用情况、发展现状及管理模式,说明了国际小水电资源与开发概况,分析了未来国际小水电的发展趋势。
2、对水资源进行了分析,提出了水资源的开发规划和开发模式、小水电市场需求的预测和小水电价格的确定方法;对小水电站装机容量进行了分析,提出了小水电站装机容量的确定方法;对小发电技术现状进行了分析,提出了小水电计算机监控、电网自动化调度及输配电、电气主接线的技术选择方法;对小水电设备进行了分析,提出了水轮机的选择与优化、发电机和变压器的选配与节能方法。
3、对小水电电站地址条件进行了分析,提出了电站地址选择的原则、步骤和方法;对电站建筑设计原则和内容进行了分析,提出了小水电站厂房设计方案优化方法;按有压进水口和无压进水口两种类型,对小水电进水口和引水道进行了分析,提出了相应的设计方案优化方法。
4、阐述了小水电项目投资决策应遵循的原则,对小水电项目建设投资构成进行了分析,提出了相应的预算方法;对小水电项目的经济、社会、技术、生态等效益进行了分析,提出了相应的评估方法;对小水电项目的投资风险进行了分析,提出了小水电投资风险决策的框架。
5、对小水电项目融资所涉及的基本理论进行了分析,提出了小水电项目融资的优化方法;对小水电项目银行贷款、证券融资、对外借款、贸易融资、外商直接投资等多渠道融资进行了分析,提出了相应的对策;对小水电项目融资风险进行了分析,提出控制项目融资风险的具体措施。
Small hydro offers a wide range of benefits especially for rural areas and developing countries. It has major advantages: it is renewable, it produces negligible amounts of greenhouse gases, it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount of electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers.
Governments, financiers, and developers are finding new ways to fund and promote small hydropower development. Efforts are also being made to improve the exchange of ideas and technology related to small hydropower. Small hydropower stations throughout the world represent about 5 percent of the installed hydropower capacity worldwide.
We expect an increased interest in small hydropower over the coming years, as it in many cases is the most economic method of renewable power generation. In addition, many countries have taken an interest in increased distributed generation, either as a good method in places of lacking infrastructure or just as an addition to the existing power supply. Along with increasing energy prices worldwide, these developments will lead to a growing need for evaluation and adaptation of energy policies and decisions making of small hydropower projects in contest of changes.
The outcome of this research is a methodology for policy making in the development of small scale hydroelectric. These decisions making covers procedures for both new sites where no developments currently exist and existing sites such as small dams and canal drops which can be retrofitted with hydro generation equipment.
The methodology derives from study of existing theories, literature review and analyses of typical projects followed by the extrapolation of the results to the outgoing projects for overall assessment.
The framework for policy making in small hydropower development is for use at the decision making level and covers procedures study execution, energy planning, regional hydrology development, technical site evaluations, cost and economic analyses, environmental and social considerations, and finally assessment.
引文
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